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Ganotra J, Sharma B, Biswal B, Bhardwaj D, Tuteja N. Emerging role of small GTPases and their interactome in plants to combat abiotic and biotic stress. PROTOPLASMA 2023; 260:1007-1029. [PMID: 36525153 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-022-01830-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Plants are frequently subjected to abiotic and biotic stress which causes major impediments in their growth and development. It is emerging that small guanosine triphosphatases (small GTPases), also known as monomeric GTP-binding proteins, assist plants in managing environmental stress. Small GTPases function as tightly regulated molecular switches that get activated with the aid of guanosine triphosphate (GTP) and deactivated by the subsequent hydrolysis of GTP to guanosine diphosphate (GDP). All small GTPases except Rat sarcoma (Ras) are found in plants, including Ras-like in brain (Rab), Rho of plant (Rop), ADP-ribosylation factor (Arf) and Ras-like nuclear (Ran). The members of small GTPases in plants interact with several downstream effectors to counteract the negative effects of environmental stress and disease-causing pathogens. In this review, we describe processes of stress alleviation by developing pathways involving several small GTPases and their associated proteins which are important for neutralizing fungal infections, stomatal regulation, and activation of abiotic stress-tolerant genes in plants. Previous reviews on small GTPases in plants were primarily focused on Rab GTPases, abiotic stress, and membrane trafficking, whereas this review seeks to improve our understanding of the role of all small GTPases in plants as well as their interactome in regulating mechanisms to combat abiotic and biotic stress. This review brings to the attention of scientists recent research on small GTPases so that they can employ genome editing tools to precisely engineer economically important plants through the overexpression/knock-out/knock-in of stress-related small GTPase genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahanvi Ganotra
- Department of Botany, Central University of Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, Jammu, 181143, India
| | - Bhawana Sharma
- Department of Botany, Central University of Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, Jammu, 181143, India
| | - Brijesh Biswal
- Department of Botany, Central University of Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, Jammu, 181143, India
| | - Deepak Bhardwaj
- Department of Botany, Central University of Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, Jammu, 181143, India.
| | - Narendra Tuteja
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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Tian Z, Zhang Z, Kang L, Li M, Zhang J, Feng Y, Yin J, Gong X, Zhao J. Small G Protein StRab5b positively regulates potato resistance to Phytophthora infestans. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1065627. [PMID: 36699835 PMCID: PMC9868449 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1065627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Rabproteins are the largest members of the small G protein family and are widely distributed in eukaryotes. It comprises eight subfamilies and is responsible for regulating vesicle transport, plant growth and development, and biotic and abiotic stress responses. In this study, the small G protein gene StRab5b was cloned from potato, and its biological information, expression profile and induced expression level, overexpression and gene silencing were examined on regulating potato resistance to Phytophthora infestans using PCR, qPCR and Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS). Our results indicate that the amino acid of StRab5b shows the highest and lowest homology with NbRab5b in N. benthamiana and StRab in potato respectively. StRab5b expression varied among different potato tissues and varieties, and was induced by P. infestans infection. Transiently ectopic expression of StRab5b in N. benthamiana enhanced its resistance to P. infestans, whereas, silencing of StRab5b and its homologous gene facilitated pathogen infection in potato and N. benthamiana respectively. Furthermore, stable expression of the StRab5b gene in potatoes enhanced its redox-stress response capacity, as manifested by the accumulation of H2O2 in infected leaves and subsequent increase in the activity and expression of ROS scavenging enzymes, thereby attenuating the development of P. infestans and ultimately reducing the lesions on infected potato leaves. In addition, the LOX gene transcripts and JA level were upregulated rapidly after inoculation with P. infestans. Collectively, our results suggest that StRab5b positively regulates the resistance against potato late blight (PLB) via JA-mediated defense signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaimin Tian
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Science and Technology, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Zhiwei Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Liru Kang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot, China
| | - Min Li
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yan Feng
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Science and Technology, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Jiang Yin
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Science and Technology, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Xuechen Gong
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Science and Technology, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
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Zhang H, Hu Z, Luo X, Wang Y, Wang Y, Liu T, Zhang Y, Chu L, Wang X, Zhen Y, Zhang J, Yu Y. ZmRop1 participates in maize defense response to the damage of Spodoptera frugiperda larvae through mediating ROS and soluble phenol production. PLANT DIRECT 2022; 6:e468. [PMID: 36540415 PMCID: PMC9751866 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
As plant-specific molecular switches, Rho-like GTPases (Rops) are vital for plant survival in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, their roles in plant defense response to phytophagous insect's damage are largely unknown. In this study, the expression levels of nine maize RAC family genes were analyzed after fall armyworm (FAW) larvae infestation. Among the analyzed genes, ZmRop1 was specifically and highly expressed, and its role in maize response to FAW larvae damage was studied. The results showed that upon FAW larvae infestation, salicylic acid and methyl jasmonate treatment ZmRop1 gene transcripts were all down-regulated. However, upon mechanical injury, the expression level of ZmRop1 was up-regulated. Overexpression of ZmRop1 gene in maize plants could improve maize plant resistance to FAW larvae damage. Conversely, silencing of ZmRop1 increased maize plant susceptibility to FAW larvae damage. The analysis of the potential anti-herbivore metabolites, showed that ZmRop1 promoted the enzyme activities of catalase, peroxidase and the expression levels of ZmCAT, ZmPOD, ZmRBOHA and ZmRBOHB, thereby enhancing the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, including the content of O2- and H2O2. In addition, overexpression or silencing of ZmRop1 could have influence on the content of the total soluble phenol through mediating the activity of polyphenol oxidase. In summary, the results illuminated our understanding of how ZmRop1 participate in maize defense response to FAW larvae damage as a positive regulator through mediating ROS production and can be used as a reference for the green prevention and control of FAW larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Zhang
- College of AgricultureYangtze UniversityJingzhouChina
| | - Zongwei Hu
- College of AgricultureYangtze UniversityJingzhouChina
| | - Xincheng Luo
- College of Life SciencesYangtze UniversityJingzhouChina
| | - Yuxue Wang
- College of AgricultureYangtze UniversityJingzhouChina
| | - Yi Wang
- College of AgricultureYangtze UniversityJingzhouChina
| | - Ting Liu
- College of AgricultureYangtze UniversityJingzhouChina
| | - Yi Zhang
- College of AgricultureYangtze UniversityJingzhouChina
| | - Longyan Chu
- College of AgricultureYangtze UniversityJingzhouChina
| | | | - Yangya Zhen
- College of Life SciencesYangtze UniversityJingzhouChina
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- College of AgricultureYangtze UniversityJingzhouChina
| | - Yonghao Yu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biology for Crop Diseases and Insect PestsNanningChina
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Li G, Song P, Wang X, Ma Q, Xu J, Zhang Y, Qi B. Genome-Wide Identification of Genes Encoding for Rho-Related Proteins in ' Duli' Pear ( Pyrus betulifolia Bunge) and Their Expression Analysis in Response to Abiotic Stress. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:1608. [PMID: 35736759 PMCID: PMC9230837 DOI: 10.3390/plants11121608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Twelve Rho-related proteins (ROPs), namely PbROPs, were identified from the genome of the recently sequenced 'Duli' pear (Pyrus betulifolia Bunge), a wild-type pear variety routinely used for rootstocks in grafting in China. The length and molecular weight of these proteins are between 175 and 215 amino acids and 19.46 and 23.45 kDa, respectively. The 12 PbROPs are distributed on 8 of the 17 chromosomes, where chromosome 15 has the highest number of 3 PbROPs. Analysis of the deduced protein sequences showed that they are relatively conserved and all have the G domain, insertion sequence, and HVR motif. The expression profiles were monitored by quantitative RT-PCR, which showed that these 12 PbROP genes were ubiquitously expressed, indicating their involvement in growth and development throughout the life cycle of 'Duli' pear. However, they were altered upon treatments with abscisic acid (ABA, mimicking abiotic stress), polyethylene glycol (PEG, mimicking drought), and sodium chloride (NaCl, mimicking salt) to tissue-cultured seedlings. Further, transgenic Arabidopsis expressing PbROP1, PbROP2, and PbROP9 exhibited enhanced sensitivity to ABA, demonstrating that these 3 PbROPs may play important roles in the abiotic stress of 'Duli' pear. The combined results showed that the 'Duli' genome encodes 12 typical ROPs and they appeared to play important roles in growth, development, and abiotic stress. These preliminary data may guide future research into the molecular mechanisms of these 12 PbROPs and their utility in molecular breeding for abiotic stress-resistant 'Duli' pear rootstocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Li
- Hebei Pear Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (G.L.); (P.S.); (X.W.); (Q.M.); (J.X.)
| | - Pingli Song
- Hebei Pear Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (G.L.); (P.S.); (X.W.); (Q.M.); (J.X.)
| | - Xiang Wang
- Hebei Pear Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (G.L.); (P.S.); (X.W.); (Q.M.); (J.X.)
| | - Qingcui Ma
- Hebei Pear Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (G.L.); (P.S.); (X.W.); (Q.M.); (J.X.)
| | - Jianfeng Xu
- Hebei Pear Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (G.L.); (P.S.); (X.W.); (Q.M.); (J.X.)
| | - Yuxing Zhang
- Hebei Pear Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (G.L.); (P.S.); (X.W.); (Q.M.); (J.X.)
| | - Baoxiu Qi
- Hebei Pear Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (G.L.); (P.S.); (X.W.); (Q.M.); (J.X.)
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Science, Liverpool John Moors University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
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A Small Gtp-Binding Protein GhROP3 Interacts with GhGGB Protein and Negatively Regulates Drought Tolerance in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11121580. [PMID: 35736735 PMCID: PMC9227279 DOI: 10.3390/plants11121580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
As a plant-specific Rho-like small G protein, the ROP (Rho-related GTPase of plants) protein regulates the growth and development of plants and various stress responses in the form of molecular switches. Drought is a major abiotic stress that limits cotton yield and fiber quality. In this study, virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) technology was used to analyze the biological function of GhROP3 in cotton drought stress tolerance. Meanwhile, we used yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays to examine the interaction between GhROP3 and GhGGB. GhROP3 has a high expression level in cotton true leaves and roots, and responds to drought, high salt, cold, heat stress, and exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) and auxin (IAA) treatments. Silencing GhROP3 improved the drought tolerance of cotton. The water loss rates (WLR) of detached leaves significantly reduced in silenced plants. Also, the relative water content (RWC) and total contents of chlorophyll (Chl) and proline (Pro) of leaves after drought stress and the activities of three antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and peroxidase (POD) significantly increased, whereas the contents of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) significantly reduced. In the leaves of silenced plants, the expression of genes related to ABA synthesis and its related pathway was significantly upregulated, and the expression of decomposition-related GhCYP707A gene and genes related to IAA synthesis and its related pathways was significantly downregulated. It indicated that GhROP3 was a negative regulator of cotton response to drought by participating in the negative regulation of the ABA signaling pathway and the positive regulation of the IAA signaling pathway. Yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays showed that the GhROP3 protein interacted with the GhGGB protein in vivo and in vitro. This study provided a theoretical basis for the in-depth investigation of the drought resistance–related molecular mechanism of the GhROP3 gene and the biological function of the GhGGB gene.
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Hong Z, Li Y, Zhao Y, Yang M, Zhang X, Teng Y, Jing L, Kong D, Liu T, Li S, Meng F, Wang Q, Zhang L. Heterologous Expression of Arabidopsis AtARA6 in Soybean Enhances Salt Tolerance. Front Genet 2022; 13:849357. [PMID: 35646070 PMCID: PMC9134241 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.849357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Salt damage is an important abiotic stress affecting the agronomic traits of soybean. Soybeans rapidly sense and transmit adverse signals when salt-damaged, inducing a set of response mechanisms to resist salt stress. AtARA6 encodes a small GTPase, which plays an important role in Arabidopsis vesicle transport and salt tolerance. In this study, we transformed the Arabidopsis gene AtARA6 into the cultivated soybean Shen Nong 9 (SN9). To investigate the salt tolerance pathways affected by AtARA6 in soybean, we performed transcriptome sequencing using transgenic soybean and wild-type (SN9) under salt treatment and water treatment. Our results suggest that AtARA6 is involved in the regulation of soybean SNARE complexes in the vesicle transport pathway, which may directly strengthen salt tolerance. In addition, we comprehensively analyzed the RNA-seq data of transgenic soybean and SN9 under different treatments and obtained 935 DEGs. GO analysis showed that these DEGs were significantly enriched in transcription factor activity, sequence-specific DNA binding, and the inositol catabolic process. Three salt-responsive negative regulator transcription factors, namely MYC2, WRKY6, and WRKY86, were found to be significantly downregulated after salt treatment in transgenic soybeans. Moreover, four genes encoding inositol oxygenase were significantly enriched in the inositol catabolic process pathway, which could improve the salt tolerance of transgenic soybeans by reducing their reactive oxygen species content. These are unique salt tolerance effects produced by transgenic soybeans. Our results provide basic insights into the function of AtARA6 in soybeans and its role in abiotic stress processes in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Hong
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Mingyu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuhan Teng
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Linjie Jing
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Danxun Kong
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Tongxin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Shuanglin Li
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Fanli Meng
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Fanli Meng, ; Qi Wang, ; Ling Zhang,
| | - Qi Wang
- Institute of Crop Cultivation and Tillage, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Fanli Meng, ; Qi Wang, ; Ling Zhang,
| | - Ling Zhang
- Agro-Biotechnology Research Institute, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Fanli Meng, ; Qi Wang, ; Ling Zhang,
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Mansour MMF, Hassan FAS. How salt stress-responsive proteins regulate plant adaptation to saline conditions. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 108:175-224. [PMID: 34964081 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01232-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
An overview is presented of recent advances in our knowledge of candidate proteins that regulate various physiological and biochemical processes underpinning plant adaptation to saline conditions. Salt stress is one of the environmental constraints that restrict plant distribution, growth and yield in many parts of the world. Increased world population surely elevates food demands all over the globe, which anticipates to add a great challenge to humanity. These concerns have necessitated the scientists to understand and unmask the puzzle of plant salt tolerance mechanisms in order to utilize various strategies to develop salt tolerant crop plants. Salt tolerance is a complex trait involving alterations in physiological, biochemical, and molecular processes. These alterations are a result of genomic and proteomic complement readjustments that lead to tolerance mechanisms. Proteomics is a crucial molecular tool that indicates proteins expressed by the genome, and also identifies the functions of proteins accumulated in response to salt stress. Recently, proteomic studies have shed more light on a range of promising candidate proteins that regulate various processes rendering salt tolerance to plants. These proteins have been shown to be involved in photosynthesis and energy metabolism, ion homeostasis, gene transcription and protein biosynthesis, compatible solute production, hormone modulation, cell wall structure modification, cellular detoxification, membrane stabilization, and signal transduction. These candidate salt responsive proteins can be therefore used in biotechnological approaches to improve tolerance of crop plants to salt conditions. In this review, we provided comprehensive updated information on the proteomic data of plants/genotypes contrasting in salt tolerance in response to salt stress. The roles of salt responsive proteins that are potential determinants for plant salt adaptation are discussed. The relationship between changes in proteome composition and abundance, and alterations observed in physiological and biochemical features associated with salt tolerance are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fahmy A S Hassan
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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Shi B, Wang J, Gao H, Yang Q, Wang Y, Day B, Ma Q. The small GTP-binding protein TaRop10 interacts with TaTrxh9 and functions as a negative regulator of wheat resistance against the stripe rust. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 309:110937. [PMID: 34134844 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.110937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Small GTP-binding proteins, also known as ROPs (Rho of Plants), are a subfamily of the Ras superfamily of signaling G-proteins and are required for numerous signaling processes, ranging from growth and development to biotic and abiotic signaling. In this study, we cloned and characterized wheat TaRop10, a homolog of Arabidopsis ROP10 and member of the class II ROP, and uncovered a role for TaRop10 in wheat response to Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst). TaRop10 was downregulated by actin depolymerization and was observed to be differentially induced by abiotic stress and the perception of plant hormones. A combination of yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays revealed that TaRop10 interacted with a h-type thioredoxin (TaTrxh9). Knocking-down of TaRop10 and TaTrxh9 was performed using the BSMV-VIGS (barley stripe mosaic virus-based virus-induced gene silencing) technique and revealed that TaRop10 and TaTrxh9 play a role in the negative regulation of defense signaling in response to Pst infection. In total, the data presented herein further illuminate our understanding of how intact plant cells accommodate fungal infection structures, and furthermore, support the function of TaRop10 and TaTrxh9 in negative modulation of defense signaling in response to stripe rust infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Juan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; School of Life Science, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, Shanxi 037009, China
| | - Haifeng Gao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crop in Northwestern Oasis, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830091, China
| | - Qichao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Brad Day
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States; Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States.
| | - Qing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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Cheng X, Mwaura BW, Chang Stauffer SR, Bezanilla M. A Fully Functional ROP Fluorescent Fusion Protein Reveals Roles for This GTPase in Subcellular and Tissue-Level Patterning. THE PLANT CELL 2020; 32:3436-3451. [PMID: 32917738 PMCID: PMC7610296 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.20.00440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Rho of Plants (ROPs) are GTPases that regulate polarity and patterned wall deposition in plants. As these small, globular proteins have many interactors, it has been difficult to ensure that methods to visualize ROP in live cells do not affect ROP function. Here, motivated by work in fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe), we generated a fluorescent moss (Physcomitrium [Physcomitrella] patens) ROP4 fusion protein by inserting mNeonGreen after Gly-134. Plants harboring tagged ROP4 and no other ROP genes were phenotypically normal. Plants lacking all four ROP genes comprised an unpatterned clump of spherical cells that were unable to form gametophores, demonstrating that ROP is essentially for spatial patterning at the cellular and tissue levels. The functional ROP fusion protein formed a steep gradient at the apical plasma membranes of growing tip cells. ROP also predicted the site of branch formation in the apical cell at the onset of mitosis, which occurs one to two cell cycles before a branch cell emerges. While fluorescence recovery after photobleaching studies demonstrated that ROP dynamics do not depend on the cytoskeleton, acute depolymerization of the cytoskeleton removed ROP from the membrane only in recently divided cells, pointing to a feedback mechanism between the cell cycle, cytoskeleton, and ROP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohang Cheng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
| | - Bethany W Mwaura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
| | | | - Magdalena Bezanilla
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
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Hála M, Žárský V. Protein Prenylation in Plant Stress Responses. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24213906. [PMID: 31671559 PMCID: PMC6866125 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24213906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein prenylation is one of the most important posttranslational modifications of proteins. Prenylated proteins play important roles in different developmental processes as well as stress responses in plants as the addition of hydrophobic prenyl chains (mostly farnesyl or geranyl) allow otherwise hydrophilic proteins to operate as peripheral lipid membrane proteins. This review focuses on selected aspects connecting protein prenylation with plant responses to both abiotic and biotic stresses. It summarizes how changes in protein prenylation impact plant growth, deals with several families of proteins involved in stress response and highlights prominent regulatory importance of prenylated small GTPases and chaperons. Potential possibilities of these proteins to be applicable for biotechnologies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Hála
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Viktor Žárský
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic.
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11
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Hernández JA. Salinity Tolerance in Plants: Trends and Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102408. [PMID: 31096626 PMCID: PMC6567217 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Salinity stress is one of the more prevailing abiotic stresses which results in significant losses in agricultural crop production, particularly in arid and semi-arid areas [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Antonio Hernández
- Group of Fruit Trees Biotechnology, Dept. Plant Breeding, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 25, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
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Wu J, Zhao Q, Wu G, Yuan H, Ma Y, Lin H, Pan L, Li S, Sun D. Comprehensive Analysis of Differentially Expressed Unigenes under NaCl Stress in Flax ( Linum usitatissimum L.) Using RNA-Seq. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E369. [PMID: 30654562 PMCID: PMC6359340 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) is an important industrial crop that is often cultivated on marginal lands, where salt stress negatively affects yield and quality. High-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) using the powerful Illumina platform was employed for transcript analysis and gene discovery to reveal flax response mechanisms to salt stress. After cDNA libraries were constructed from flax exposed to water (negative control) or salt (100 mM NaCl) for 12 h, 24 h or 48 h, transcription expression profiles and cDNA sequences representing expressed mRNA were obtained. A total of 431,808,502 clean reads were assembled to form 75,961 unigenes. After ruling out short-length and low-quality sequences, 33,774 differentially expressed unigenes (DEUs) were identified between salt-stressed and unstressed control (C) flax. Of these DEUs, 3669, 8882 and 21,223 unigenes were obtained from flax exposed to salt for 12 h (N1), 24 h (N2) and 48 h (N4), respectively. Gene function classification and pathway assignments of 2842 DEUs were obtained by comparing unigene sequences to information within public data repositories. qRT-PCR of selected DEUs was used to validate flax cDNA libraries generated for various durations of salt exposure. Based on transcriptome sequences, 1777 EST-SSRs were identified of which trinucleotide and dinucleotide repeat microsatellite motifs were most abundant. The flax DEUs and EST-SSRs identified here will serve as a powerful resource to better understand flax response mechanisms to salt exposure for development of more salt-tolerant varieties of flax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhong Wu
- Institute of Forage and Grassland Sciences, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China.
| | - Qian Zhao
- Institute of Industrial Crop, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China.
| | - Guangwen Wu
- Institute of Industrial Crop, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China.
| | - Hongmei Yuan
- Institute of Industrial Crop, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China.
| | - Yanhua Ma
- Institute of Forage and Grassland Sciences, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China.
| | - Hong Lin
- Institute of Forage and Grassland Sciences, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China.
| | - Liyan Pan
- Institute of Forage and Grassland Sciences, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China.
| | - Suiyan Li
- Institute of Forage and Grassland Sciences, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China.
| | - Dequan Sun
- Institute of Forage and Grassland Sciences, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China.
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