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Kozieł MJ, Piastowska-Ciesielska AW. Estrogens, Estrogen Receptors and Tumor Microenvironment in Ovarian Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14673. [PMID: 37834120 PMCID: PMC10572993 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is one of the most common cancers in women and the most concerning issues in gynecological oncology in recent years. It is postulated that many factors may contribute to the development of ovarian cancer, including hormonal imbalance. Estrogens are a group of hormones that have an important role both in physiological and pathological processes. In ovarian cancer, they may regulate proliferation, invasiveness and epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Estrogen signaling also takes part in the regulation of the biology of the tumor microenvironment. This review summarizes the information connected with estrogen receptors, estrogens and their association with a tumor microenvironment. Moreover, this review also includes information about the changes in estrogen receptor expression upon exposition to various environmental chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Justyna Kozieł
- Department of Cell Cultures and Genomic Analysis, Medical University of Lodz, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
- BRaIn Laboratories, Medical University of Lodz, 92-216 Lodz, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Wanda Piastowska-Ciesielska
- Department of Cell Cultures and Genomic Analysis, Medical University of Lodz, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
- BRaIn Laboratories, Medical University of Lodz, 92-216 Lodz, Poland
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Vogelsang TLR, Vattai A, Schmoeckel E, Kaltofen T, Chelariu-Raicu A, Zheng M, Mahner S, Mayr D, Jeschke U, Trillsch F. Trace Amine-Associated Receptor 1 (TAAR1) Is a Positive Prognosticator for Epithelial Ovarian Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168479. [PMID: 34445181 PMCID: PMC8395182 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) is a Gαs- protein coupled receptor that plays an important role in the regulation of the immune system and neurotransmission in the CNS. In ovarian cancer cell lines, stimulation of TAAR1 via 3-iodothyronamine (T1AM) reduces cell viability and induces cell death and DNA damage. Aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value of TAAR1 on overall survival of ovarian carcinoma patients and the correlation of TAAR1 expression with clinical parameters. Ovarian cancer tissue of n = 156 patients who were diagnosed with epithelial ovarian cancer (serous, n = 110 (high-grade, n = 80; low-grade, n = 24; unknown, n = 6); clear cell, n = 12; endometrioid, n = 21; mucinous, n = 13), and who underwent surgery at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Germany between 1990 and 2002, were analyzed. The tissue was stained immunohistochemically with anti-TAAR1 and evaluated with the semiquantitative immunoreactive score (IRS). TAAR1 expression was correlated with grading, FIGO and TNM-classification, and analyzed via the Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. Further statistical analysis was obtained using nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis rank-sum test and Mann-Whitney-U-test. This study shows that high TAAR1 expression is a positive prognosticator for overall survival in ovarian cancer patients and is significantly enhanced in low-grade serous carcinomas compared to high-grade serous carcinomas. The influence of TAAR1 as a positive prognosticator on overall survival indicates a potential prognostic relevance of signal transduction of thyroid hormone derivatives in epithelial ovarian cancer. Further studies are required to evaluate TAAR1 and its role in the development of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilman L. R. Vogelsang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany; (T.L.R.V.); (A.V.); (T.K.); (A.C.-R.); (M.Z.); (S.M.); (F.T.)
| | - Aurelia Vattai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany; (T.L.R.V.); (A.V.); (T.K.); (A.C.-R.); (M.Z.); (S.M.); (F.T.)
| | - Elisa Schmoeckel
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathology, LMU Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany; (E.S.); (D.M.)
| | - Till Kaltofen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany; (T.L.R.V.); (A.V.); (T.K.); (A.C.-R.); (M.Z.); (S.M.); (F.T.)
| | - Anca Chelariu-Raicu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany; (T.L.R.V.); (A.V.); (T.K.); (A.C.-R.); (M.Z.); (S.M.); (F.T.)
| | - Mingjun Zheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany; (T.L.R.V.); (A.V.); (T.K.); (A.C.-R.); (M.Z.); (S.M.); (F.T.)
| | - Sven Mahner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany; (T.L.R.V.); (A.V.); (T.K.); (A.C.-R.); (M.Z.); (S.M.); (F.T.)
| | - Doris Mayr
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathology, LMU Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany; (E.S.); (D.M.)
| | - Udo Jeschke
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany; (T.L.R.V.); (A.V.); (T.K.); (A.C.-R.); (M.Z.); (S.M.); (F.T.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-89-4400-74775
| | - Fabian Trillsch
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany; (T.L.R.V.); (A.V.); (T.K.); (A.C.-R.); (M.Z.); (S.M.); (F.T.)
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Macpherson AM, Barry SC, Ricciardelli C, Oehler MK. Epithelial Ovarian Cancer and the Immune System: Biology, Interactions, Challenges and Potential Advances for Immunotherapy. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E2967. [PMID: 32937961 PMCID: PMC7564553 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9092967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in the understanding of immune function and the interactions with tumour cells have led to the development of various cancer immunotherapies and strategies for specific cancer types. However, despite some stunning successes with some malignancies such as melanomas and lung cancer, most patients receive little or no benefit from immunotherapy, which has been attributed to the tumour microenvironment and immune evasion. Although the US Food and Drug Administration have approved immunotherapies for some cancers, to date, only the anti-angiogenic antibody bevacizumab is approved for the treatment of epithelial ovarian cancer. Immunotherapeutic strategies for ovarian cancer are still under development and being tested in numerous clinical trials. A detailed understanding of the interactions between cancer and the immune system is vital for optimisation of immunotherapies either alone or when combined with chemotherapy and other therapies. This article, in two main parts, provides an overview of: (1) components of the normal immune system and current knowledge regarding tumour immunology, biology and their interactions; (2) strategies, and targets, together with challenges and potential innovative approaches for cancer immunotherapy, with attention given to epithelial ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M. Macpherson
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Adelaide Medical School, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000, Australia; (A.M.M.); (C.R.)
| | - Simon C. Barry
- Molecular Immunology, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia;
| | - Carmela Ricciardelli
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Adelaide Medical School, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000, Australia; (A.M.M.); (C.R.)
| | - Martin K. Oehler
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Adelaide Medical School, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000, Australia; (A.M.M.); (C.R.)
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide 5000, Australia
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Ditsch N, Heublein S, Jeschke U, Sattler C, Kuhn C, Hester A, Czogalla B, Trillsch F, Mahner S, Engel J, Mayr D, Schmoeckel E. Cytoplasmic versus nuclear THR alpha expression determines survival of ovarian cancer patients. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2020; 146:1923-1932. [PMID: 32533406 PMCID: PMC7324415 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-020-03241-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
Thyroid hormone receptors (THR) have manifold functions and are involved in the carcinogenesis of several tumor types. Within this study, we aimed to investigate the expression pattern (nuclear versus cytoplasmic) of the THR alpha and its impact on patients survival in ovarian cancer (OvCa). Methods The presence of the thyroid hormone receptors THRα, THRα1 and − 2 was investigated in 156 ovarian cancer samples using immunohistochemistry (IHC) using semi-quantitative immunoreactivity (IR) scores and correlated with clinical, pathological data, subtype of ovarian cancer, clinical data, staining of 20 already described OvCa marker proteins and overall survival (OS). Results Among all subtypes of OvCa, clear cell carcinomas showed the highest THRα expression. Furthermore, nuclear THRα was associated with a reduced survival in this subtype. However, nuclear expressed THRα1 turned out to be a positive prognosticator for all subtypes of OvCa patients. Nuclear THRα2 is a positive prognosticator for OvCa patients of the serous subtype. In contrast, cytoplasmic expression THRα2 was associated with a reduced OS in all subtypes of OvCa patients; while, cytoplasmic expression of THRα1 is associated with reduced OS in mucinous OvCa patients only. In addition, THRα expression correlates with gonadotropin receptors, steroid hormone receptors, TA-MUC1 and glycodelin. Conclusion Depending on nuclear or cytoplasmic expression, our study shows that THRα and its isoforms 1 and 2 provide different prognostic information for ovarian cancer patients. Further investigations should analyze if THRs may represent new endocrine targets for the treatment of ovarian cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00432-020-03241-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Ditsch
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, LMU Munich, University Hospital, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Augsburg, Stenglinstrasse 2, 86156 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Heublein
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, LMU Munich, University Hospital, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Ruprecht-Karls-University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Udo Jeschke
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, LMU Munich, University Hospital, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Augsburg, Stenglinstrasse 2, 86156 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Cornelia Sattler
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, LMU Munich, University Hospital, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Christina Kuhn
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, LMU Munich, University Hospital, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Anna Hester
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, LMU Munich, University Hospital, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Bastian Czogalla
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, LMU Munich, University Hospital, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Fabian Trillsch
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, LMU Munich, University Hospital, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Sven Mahner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, LMU Munich, University Hospital, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Jutta Engel
- Munich Cancer Registry (MCR), Bavarian Cancer Registry—Regional Centre Munich (LGL), Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry and Epidemiology (IBE), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Doris Mayr
- Department of Pathology, LMU Munich, Thalkirchner Str. 36, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Elisa Schmoeckel
- Department of Pathology, LMU Munich, Thalkirchner Str. 36, 80337 Munich, Germany
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EP3 receptor is a prognostic factor in TA-MUC1-negative ovarian cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2019; 145:2519-2527. [PMID: 31485769 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-019-03017-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Prostaglandin-mediated inflammatory reactions play a major role in different cancers. Recently, it has been observed that prostaglandin E2-receptor 3 (EP3) might be an independent prognostic factor for overall survival in cervical and endometrial cancer. The role of EP3 expression in ovarian cancer is currently unknown. METHODS EP3 expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry in 156 patient samples using the IR-scoring system. Expression levels were correlated with clinical and pathological parameters and with overall survival (OS) to assess for prognostic relevance. Data analysis was performed using Spearman's correlations, Kruskal-Wallis test and Kaplan-Meier estimates. RESULTS EP3 expression was significantly higher in clear-cell carcinoma (p < 0.001) compared to the other histological subtypes. No further correlations with clinical parameters could be found. EP3 expression correlated significantly with FSH-receptor expression (p < 0.001), galectin-1 expression in the tumor (p = 0.012) and with cytoplasmatic TA-MUC1 expression (p = 0.001). None of these parameters showed significant correlation with OS. In the TA-MUC1 negative subgroup, EP3 negative patients showed significantly longer OS (median OS: 102 months vs. 34 months in EP3 positive patients, p = 0.035), while EP3 did not appear to have prognostic relevance in the TA-MUC1-positive subgroup. CONCLUSION The potential prognostic relevance of EP3 expression for OS in TA-MUC1 negative patients might reflect an interplay between the COX and the MUC1 pathway, as it has been shown that MUC1 could induce COX2 expression. Our findings support the importance of the prostanoid signaling in TA-MUC1 negative ovarian cancer; however, future studies are necessary to characterize specific pathways and possible interactions.
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