Tea and Its Components Prevent Cancer: A Review of the Redox-Related Mechanism

Teadenol B as a Component of Microorganism-Fermented Tea Extract Inhibited Breast Cancers by Promoting Autophagy

Breast cancer is a significant threat to life and health, which needs more safe and effective drugs to be explored. Teadenol B is a characteristic chemical component of microbial fermented tea. This study discovered that teadenol B could exhibit obvious inhibitory effects on all four different clinical subtype characteristics of breast cancer cells. Proteomic studies show that deoxycytidine triphosphate deaminase (DCTD), which could block DNA synthesis and repair DNA damage, had the most significant and consistent reduction in all four types of breast cancer cells with the treatment of teadenol B. Considering MDA-MB-231 cells exhibit poor clinical prognosis and displayed substantial statistical differences in KEGG pathway enrichment analysis results, we investigated its impact on the size and growth of MDA-MB-231 triple-negative breast tumors transplanted into nude mice and demonstrated that teadenol B significantly suppressed tumor growth without affecting body weight significantly. Finally, we found that the conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II in MDA-MB-231 increased significantly with teadenol B treatment. This proved that teadenol B could be a strong autophagy promotor, which explained the down-regulation of DCTD to some extent and may be the potential mechanism underlying teadenol B's anti-breast cancer effects. This finding provides new evidence for drinking fermented tea to prevent breast cancer and highlights the potential of teadenol B as a novel therapeutic option for breast cancer prevention and treatment, necessitating further investigations to clarify its exact target and the details involved.

The entrancing role of dietary polyphenols against the most frequent aging-associated diseases

Aging, a fundamental physiological process influenced by innumerable biological and genetic pathways, is an important driving factor for several aging-associated disorders like diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. In the modern era, the several mechanisms associated with aging have been deeply studied. Treatment and therapeutics for age-related diseases have also made considerable advances; however, for the effective and long-lasting treatment, nutritional therapy particularly including dietary polyphenols from the natural origin are endorsed. These dietary polyphenols (e.g., apigenin, baicalin, curcumin, epigallocatechin gallate, kaempferol, quercetin, resveratrol, and theaflavin), and many other phytochemicals target certain molecular, genetic mechanisms. The most common pathways of age-associated diseases are mitogen-activated protein kinase, reactive oxygen species production, nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells signaling pathways, metal chelation, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and inflammation. Polyphenols slow down the course of aging and help in combatting age-linked disorders. This exemplified in the form of clinical trials on specific dietary polyphenols in various aging-associated diseases. With this context in mind, this review reveals the new insights to slow down the aging process, and consequently reduce some classic diseases associated with age such as aforementioned, and targeting age-associated diseases by the activities of dietary polyphenols of natural origin.

Possible Side Effects of Polyphenols and Their Interactions with Medicines

Polyphenols are an important component of plant-derived food with a wide spectrum of beneficial effects on human health. For many years, they have aroused great interest, especially due to their antioxidant properties, which are used in the prevention and treatment of many diseases. Unfortunately, as with any chemical substance, depending on the conditions, dose, and interactions with the environment, it is possible for polyphenols to also exert harmful effects. This review presents a comprehensive current state of the knowledge on the negative impact of polyphenols on human health, describing the possible side effects of polyphenol intake, especially in the form of supplements. The review begins with a brief overview of the physiological role of polyphenols and their potential use in disease prevention, followed by the harmful effects of polyphenols which are exerted in particular situations. The individual chapters discuss the consequences of polyphenols’ ability to block iron uptake, which in some subpopulations can be harmful, as well as the possible inhibition of digestive enzymes, inhibition of intestinal microbiota, interactions of polyphenolic compounds with drugs, and impact on hormonal balance. Finally, the prooxidative activity of polyphenols as well as their mutagenic, carcinogenic, and genotoxic effects are presented. According to the authors, there is a need to raise public awareness about the possible side effects of polyphenols supplementation, especially in the case of vulnerable subpopulations.

Onset of p53/NF-κB signaling crosstalk in human melanoma cells in response to anti-cancer theabrownin

As a major tea component, theabrownin represents a promising anti-cancer candidate. However, its effect on the melanoma is unknown. To evaluate the in vitro and in vivo anti-melanoma efficacy of TB, we conducted cell viability, immunostaining, comet, and TUNEL assays on human A375 melanoma cells, and employed a zebrafish xenograft model of A375 cells. Real-time PCR (qPCR) and western blot were conducted to explore the molecular mechanisms of TB. In vitro, TB significantly inhibited the proliferation of A375 cells, and A375 cells showed the highest inhibitory rate among the other melanoma cell line (A875) and human dermal fibroblasts. TB triggered DNA damage and induced apoptosis of A375 cells and significantly inhibited the growth of A375 xenograft tumors in zebrafishes. Several key molecular events were activated by TB, including DNA damage-associated p53 and NF-κB pathways, through up-regulation of GADD45α, γ-H2A.X, phospho-ATM(p-ATM), phospho-ATR (p-ATR), phospho-p53 (p-p53), phospho-IKKα/β (p-IKKα/β), phospho-p65 (p-p65), etc. However, the TB-activated molecular events were counteracted by either knockdown of p53 or p65, and only dual knockdown of both p53 and p65 completed counteracted the anti-melanoma efficacy of TB. In conclusion, TB triggered DNA damage and thereby inhibited proliferation and induced cellular senescence and apoptosis of melanoma cells through mechanisms mediated by p53/NF-κB signaling crosstalk. This is the first report on the efficacy and mechanisms of TB on melanoma cells, making TB a promising candidate for anti-melanoma agent development.

Flexion of Nrf2 by tea phytochemicals: A review on the chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic implications

Nuclear factor erythroid 2 [NF-E2]-related factor 2 (Nrf2), the redox-sensitive transcription factor, plays a key role in stress-defense and detoxification. Nrf2 is tightly controlled by its negative regulator cum sensor Kelch-[ECH]-associated protein 1 (Keap1). Nrf2 is well known for its dual nature owing to its cancer preventive and cancer promoting abilities. Modulation of this biphasic nature of Nrf2 signaling by phytochemicals may be a potential cancer preventive and anticancer therapeutic strategy. Phytocompounds may either act as Nrf2-activator or Nrf2-inhibitor depending on their differential concentration and varied cellular environment. Tea is not just the most popular global beverage with innumerable health-benefits but has well-established chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic effects. Various types of tea infusions contain a wide range of bioactive compounds, such as polyphenolic catechins and flavonols, which are endowed with potent antioxidant properties. Despite of their rapid biotransformation and poor bioavailability, regular tea consumption is risk-reductive for several cancer forms. Tea catechins show their dual Nrf2-modulatory effect by directly acting on Nrf2-Keap1 or their upstream regulators and downstream effectors in a highly case-specific manner. In this review, we have tried to present a comprehensive evaluation of the Nrf2-mediated chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic applications of tea in various preclinical cancer models, the Nrf2-modulatory mechanisms, and the limitations which need to be addressed in future research.

Theaflavin-3,3'-di-gallate represses prostate cancer by activating the PKCδ/aSMase signaling pathway through a 67 kDa laminin receptor

Prostate cancer is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in men. Theaflavin-3,3'-digallate (TF-3) is an important functional ingredient of black tea. We aimed to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of TF-3 on prostate cancer and to identify the underlying molecular mechanism. In this study, we explored the effects of TF-3 on prostate cancer in PC-3 cells and in NOD/SCID mice with prostate cancer. The results demonstrated that TF-3 inhibited prostate cancer cell proliferation by regulating the PKCδ/aSMase signaling pathway. The anti-prostate cancer effect of TF-3 was attributed to the expression of the 67 kDa laminin receptor (67LR), which is overexpressed in various cancers, playing a vital role in the growth and metastasis of tumor cells. Stable knockdown of 67LR could efficiently inhibit TF-3 induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in PC-3 cells, through interacting with the PKCδ/aSMase signaling pathway. In vivo studies also confirmed the above findings that TF-3 effectively inhibited tumor growth in terms of tumor volume. TF-3 treatment can significantly inhibit tumor growth and up-regulate the phosphorylation of PKCδ and the expression of aSMase in tumor xenografts developed by subcutaneously implanting PC-3 cells and 67LR-overexpressing PC-3 cells in mice. However, in tumor xenografts formed by subcutaneously implanting 67LR-knockdown PC-3 cells, TF-3 has no significant effect on PKCδ/aSMase pathway regulation and tumor growth inhibition.

Hot Tea Drinking and the Risk of Esophageal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

This study aimed to explore the association between hot tea drinking and the risk of esophageal cancer. PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Scopus and Cochrane library were searched for relevant studies from inception to October 29, 2020 by using (Tea OR "Green Tea" OR "Black Tea") AND ("Esophageal Neoplasms" OR "Esophageal Cancer" OR "Esophagus Cancer") as key words. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) was used to evaluate the quality of the literatures. The meta-analysis was performed using the Revman 5.3 and Stata 13.0 software. The subgroup analyses were conducted on publication year, population regions, tea type, tea temperature, and type of esophageal cancer, and the publication bias was calculated using the funnel plot and Begg's regression. A total of 12 case-control studies with 5253 cases and 8273 controls were included. The meta-analysis displayed that hot tea drinking was significantly associated with the risk of esophageal cancer (pooled odds ratio, 2.04; 95% CI, 1.78-2.31). However, the research evidence is still limited, therefore, it needs further discussion.

Solid-state fermentation by Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma koningii improves the quality of tea dregs for use as feed additives

This study evaluated the ability of Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma koningii to improve the quality of tea dregs (TDs) through solid-state fermentation as well as the value of the fermented tea dregs (FTDs) produced for use as bio-feed additives. After fermentation, FTDs differed in color and structure. Fermentation with A. niger and T. koningii increased the contents of crude protein, crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber of TDs. Compared to the unfermented group, the contents of reducing sugar, total flavonoids, total polyphenols, and theasaponins were increased in A. niger FTDs, while in T. koningii FTDs caffeine was completely degraded, the theasaponins were lower, and the contents of reducing sugar and caffeine higher. Regarding free amino acids, A. niger FTDs had the highest content of total amino acids, total essential amino acids, total non-essential amino acids, total aromatic amino acids, total branched-chain amino acids, and total non-protein amino acids, and all types of essential amino acids, followed by T. koningii FTDs and the control TDs. Fungal fermentation had similar effects on the content of various hydrolytic amino acids as those on above free amino acids, and increased the content of bitter and umami components. The composition of essential amino acids of TDs or FTDs was similar to that of the standard model, except for sulfur-containing amino acids and isoleucine. Solid-state fermentation with A. niger and T. koningii effectively improved the nutritional value of TDs, increased the contents of functional substances, and improved the flavor of TDs. This study demonstrated a feasible approach to utilize TDs that not only increases animal feed resources, but also reduces the production of resource waste and pollution.

The Novel Antioxidant Compound JSH-23 Prevents Osteolysis by Scavenging ROS During Both Osteoclastogenesis and Osteoblastogenesis

Inflammatory osteolysis is a pathological skeletal disease associated with not only the production of inflammatory cytokines but also local oxidative status. Excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) promote bone resorption by osteoclasts and induce the apoptosis of osteoblasts. In consideration of the lack of effective preventive or treatments options against osteolysis, the exploitation of novel pharmacological compounds/agents is critically required. In our study, we found that a novel antioxidant compound, JSH-23, plays a role in restoring bone homeostasis by scavenging intracellular ROS during both osteoclastogenesis and osteoblastogenesis. Mechanically, JSH-23 suppressed RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis, bone resorption and the expression of specific genes (including NFATc1, c-Fos, TRAP, CTSK and DC-STAMP) via inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway. Meanwhile, JSH-23 suppressed RANKL-induced ROS generation via the TRAF6/Rac1/NOX1 pathway and the enhanced expression of Nrf2/HO-1. In addition, JSH-23 attenuated H₂O₂-induced apoptosis and mineralization reduction in osteoblasts by reducing ROS production and enhancing Nrf2/HO-1 expression. Our in vivo results further revealed that JSH-23 exerts its protective effects on bone mass through its antioxidant activity. In conclusion, our results show that the application of JSH-23 might be a novel and plausible strategy for the treatment of osteolysis-related disease.

Molecular mechanisms and applications of tea polyphenols: A narrative review

Tea is a worldwide popular drink with high nutritional and medicinal values as it is rich in nutrients, such as polyphenols, amino acids, vitamins, glycosides, and so on. Among them, tea polyphenols (TPs) are the current research hotspot. TPs are known to have multiple biological activities such as anti-oxidation, anti-tumor, anti-inflammation, anti-bacteria, lowering lipid, and liver protection. By reviewing a large number of literatures, we explained the mechanism of TPs exerting biological activity and a wide range of applications. We also discussed the deficiencies and development potential of TPs, in order to provide theoretical reference and scientific basis for the subsequent development and utilization of TPs. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: We summarized the bioactivity mechanisms of TPs in anti-tumor, anti-oxidation, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, lipid-lowering, and liver protection, focused on its application fields in food and medicine, and discussed the deficiency and development potential of current research on TPs, so as to provide a certain convenient way for scholars studying TPs. It is expected to contribute to the subsequent discovery of biological activity and the broadening of the field of TPs.

The Effect of Yellow Tea Leaves Camellia sinensis on the Quality of Stored Chocolate Confectionery

Chocolate and tea leaves are considered the most valuable sources of highly bioactive polyphenols due to their potential anti-cancer properties and beneficial effects on the cardiovascular and nervous systems. The objective of the present study was the development of a sensory profiling modality that is correlated with the taste of the chocolate enriched with yellow tea phytochemicals. The additive concentration was optimized in white chocolate and the designed product was evaluated using the sensory profiling method. It was shown that the yellow tea extract in chocolate had a significant effect on the taste and color of the product. Addition of 2.0% yellow tea powdered extract increased the value of color acceptance and caused an intensification of the aromas, particularly the leafy taste, compared to the control samples. The next step of the study was to determine the influence of tea addition in white, milk and dark chocolate subjected to 6 months of storage. The designed chocolates were tested for their activity as antioxidants (DPPH, ABTS and ORAC assay) and cholinesterase inhibitors (AChE, BChE assay). It was confirmed that the yellow tea addition affected the activity of prepared chocolates with respect to radical scavenging activity and was highest for dark chocolate with yellow tea where the values were as follows: 4373 mg Tx/100 g (DPPH), 386 mg Tx/100 g (ABTS) and 4363 µM Tx/100 g (ORAC). An increase in the anti-radical activity of chocolate with yellow tea was found after 3 months of storage, but the subsequent 3 months of storage resulted in its reduction. AChE values ranged from 0.118 to 0.730 [µM eserine/g dw] and from 0.095 to 0.480 [µM eserine/g dw] for BChE assay. Total capacity to inhibit AChE and BChE differed depending on the type of chocolate and was negatively influenced by the half-year storage. Summarizing tested values for individual samples were higher, with increasing content of cocoa liquor and yellow tea extract in the product. The results of the research show that the use of yellow tea in confectionery is promising and may appoint a new direction in functional foods.

Tea Polyphenols Prevent Sepsis-Induced Lung Injury via Promoting Translocation of DJ-1 to Mitochondria

Background

Sepsis is the systemic inflammatory response syndrome caused by infection, which commonly targets on the lung. Tea polyphenols (TP) have many pharmacological activities, but their role in sepsis induced lung injury remains unclear.

Results

Injection of TP after cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) operation elevated the survival rate in a concentration dependent manner. TP treatment improved alveoli structure injury under CLP operation. CLP surgery increased the expression of inflammatory factors IL1β, IL6, and TNFα expression, which was reversed by TP injection. In addition, CLP operation promoted apoptosis and senescence in tissues and cells during lung injury, while TP administration removed the damaged role of CLP on lung tissues and cells. Furthermore, CLP operation or LPS (lipopolysaccharide) treatment induced dysfunction of mitochondria in lung tissues and cells, but TP contributed to recover mitochondria function, which exhibited as inhibition of ROS production inhibition and increase of ATP content and Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Interestingly, DJ-1 was inhibited by CLP operation but promoted by TP treatment. Overexpression of DJ-1 reversed the injury of LPS on L2 cells and recovered mitochondria normal function. And silencing of DJ-1 in rats or alveolar epithelial cells blocked the protection effect of TP.

Conclusion

Our research revealed that TP protected against lung injury via upregulating of DJ-1 to improve mitochondria function, which contributed to the prevention and treatment of sepsis induced lung injury.

Tea bioactive components prevent carcinogenesis via anti-pathogen, anti-inflammation, and cell survival pathways

Cancer seriously impairs human health and survival. Many perturbations, such as increased oxidative stress, pathogen infection, and inflammation, promote the accumulation of DNA mutations, and ultimately lead to carcinogenesis. Tea is one of the most highly consumed beverages worldwide and has been linked to improvements in human health. Tea contains many active components, including tea polyphenols, tea polysaccharides, L-theanine, tea pigments, and caffeine among other common components. Several studies have identified components in tea that can directly or indirectly reduce carcinogenesis with some being used in a clinical setting. Many previous studies, in vitro and in vivo, have focused on the mechanisms that functional components of tea utilized to protect against cancer. One particular mechanism that has been well described is an improvement in antioxidant capacity seen with tea consumption. However, other mechanisms, including anti-pathogen, anti-inflammation and alterations in cell survival pathways, are also involved. The current review focuses on these anti-cancer mechanisms. This will be beneficial for clinical utilization of tea components in preventing and treating cancer in the future.

The Interactions between Polyphenols and Microorganisms, Especially Gut Microbiota

This review presents the comprehensive knowledge about the bidirectional relationship between polyphenols and the gut microbiome. The first part is related to polyphenols' impacts on various microorganisms, especially bacteria, and their influence on intestinal pathogens. The research data on the mechanisms of polyphenol action were collected together and organized. The impact of various polyphenols groups on intestinal bacteria both on the whole "microbiota" and on particular species, including probiotics, are presented. Moreover, the impact of polyphenols present in food (bound to the matrix) was compared with the purified polyphenols (such as in dietary supplements) as well as polyphenols in the form of derivatives (such as glycosides) with those in the form of aglycones. The second part of the paper discusses in detail the mechanisms (pathways) and the role of bacterial biotransformation of the most important groups of polyphenols, including the production of bioactive metabolites with a significant impact on the human organism (both positive and negative).

Oxidation of Hydrogen Sulfide by Quinones: How Polyphenols Initiate Their Cytoprotective Effects

We have shown that autoxidized polyphenolic nutraceuticals oxidize H₂S to polysulfides and thiosulfate and this may convey their cytoprotective effects. Polyphenol reactivity is largely attributed to the B ring, which is usually a form of hydroxyquinone (HQ). Here, we examine the effects of HQs on sulfur metabolism using H₂S- and polysulfide-specific fluorophores (AzMC and SSP4, respectively) and thiosulfate sensitive silver nanoparticles (AgNP). In buffer, 1,4-dihydroxybenzene (1,4-DB), 1,4-benzoquinone (1,4-BQ), pyrogallol (PG) and gallic acid (GA) oxidized H₂S to polysulfides and thiosulfate, whereas 1,2-DB, 1,3-DB, 1,2-dihydroxy,3,4-benzoquinone and shikimic acid did not. In addition, 1,4-DB, 1,4-BQ, PG and GA also increased polysulfide production in HEK293 cells. In buffer, H₂S oxidation by 1,4-DB was oxygen-dependent, partially inhibited by tempol and trolox, and absorbance spectra were consistent with redox cycling between HQ autoxidation and H₂S-mediated reduction. Neither 1,2-DB, 1,3-DB, 1,4-DB nor 1,4-BQ reduced polysulfides to H₂S in either 21% or 0% oxygen. Epinephrine and norepinephrine also oxidized H₂S to polysulfides and thiosulfate; dopamine and tyrosine were ineffective. Polyphenones were also examined, but only 2,5-dihydroxy- and 2,3,4-trihydroxybenzophenones oxidized H₂S. These results show that H₂S is readily oxidized by specific hydroxyquinones and quinones, most likely through the formation of a semiquinone radical intermediate derived from either reaction of oxygen with the reduced quinones, or from direct reaction between H₂S and quinones. We propose that polysulfide production by these reactions contributes to the health-promoting benefits of polyphenolic nutraceuticals.

Are Reactive Sulfur Species the New Reactive Oxygen Species?

Significance: Oxidative stress in moderation positively affects homeostasis through signaling, while in excess it is associated with adverse health outcomes. Both activities are generally attributed to reactive oxygen species (ROS); hydrogen peroxide as the signal, and cysteines on regulatory proteins as the target. However, using antioxidants to affect signaling or benefit health has not consistently translated into expected outcomes, or when it does, the mechanism is often unclear. Recent Advances: Reactive sulfur species (RSS) were integral in the origin of life and throughout much of evolution. Sophisticated metabolic pathways that evolved to regulate RSS were easily "tweaked" to deal with ROS due to the remarkable similarities between the two. However, unlike ROS, RSS are stored, recycled, and chemically more versatile. Despite these observations, the relevance and regulatory functions of RSS in extant organisms are generally underappreciated. Critical Issues: A number of factors bias observations in favor of ROS over RSS. Research conducted in room air is hyperoxic to cells, and promotes ROS production and RSS oxidation. Metabolic rates of rodent models greatly exceed those of humans; does this favor ROS? Analytical methods designed to detect ROS also respond to RSS. Do these disguise the contributions of RSS? Future Directions: Resolving the ROS/RSS issue is vital to understand biology in general and human health in particular. Improvements in experimental design and analytical methods are crucial. Perhaps the most important is an appreciation of all the attributes of RSS and keeping an open mind.

Insight into Polyphenol and Gut Microbiota Crosstalk: Are Their Metabolites the Key to Understand Protective Effects against Metabolic Disorders?

Lifestyle factors, especially diet and nutrition, are currently regarded as essential avenues to decrease modern-day cardiometabolic disorders (CMD), including obesity, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and atherosclerosis. Many groups around the world attribute these trends, at least partially, to bioactive plant polyphenols given their anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory actions. In fact, polyphenols can prevent or reverse the progression of disease processes through many distinct mechanisms. In particular, the crosstalk between polyphenols and gut microbiota, recently unveiled thanks to DNA-based tools and next generation sequencing, unravelled the central regulatory role of dietary polyphenols and their intestinal micro-ecology metabolites on the host energy metabolism and related illnesses. The objectives of this review are to: (1) provide an understanding of classification, structure, and bioavailability of dietary polyphenols; (2) underline their metabolism by gut microbiota; (3) highlight their prebiotic effects on microflora; (4) discuss the multifaceted roles of their metabolites in CMD while shedding light on the mechanisms of action; and (5) underscore their ability to initiate host epigenetic regulation. In sum, the review clearly documents whether dietary polyphenols and micro-ecology favorably interact to promote multiple physiological functions on human organism.

Theaflavin Induces Apoptosis of A375 Human Melanoma Cells and Inhibits Tumor Growth in Xenograft Zebrafishes Through P53- and JNK-Related Mechanism

Theaflavin (TF) is a major active pigment and polyphenol of tea, possessing anti-cancer activities. However, little is known about its activity and mechanism on melanoma cells. To fill this gap, we conducted in vitro experiments (cell viability assay, morphology observation, DAPI staining, and flow cytometry) and in vivo experiment by using a xenograft model of larval zebrafishes. Real-time PCR (qPCR) and Western blot (WB) analyses were conducted to explore the mechanism of TF. The in vitro data showed that TF exerted significant anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects on A375 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. In vivo, TF significantly inhibited A375 tumor growth in larval zebrafishes at 0.67 and 2.0 μg/ml (1.3 to 3.9 μM). qPCR and WB data showed that TF significantly activated the P53 pathway-related proteins (ATM, CHK1/2, P53, and CASP8/3) and the JNK pathway-related proteins (ASK1, JNK, and C-JUN) through phosphorylation and cleavage, followed by activation of pro-apoptotic molecules (PARP, BAX, BIM, PUMA, and P53). In sum, TF possessed cytotoxic pro-apoptotic and tumor-inhibitory effects on A375 cells through activations of P53 and JNK pathways. This is the first report on TF regarding its effects and mechanism on A375 cells, making it a promising candidate of natural products for clinical treatment of melanoma.

Green tea polyphenolic antioxidants oxidize hydrogen sulfide to thiosulfate and polysulfides: A possible new mechanism underpinning their biological action

Matcha and green tea catechins such as (−)-epicatechin (EC), (−)-epigallocatechin (EGC) and (−)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) have long been studied for their antioxidant and health-promoting effects. Using specific fluorophores for H₂S (AzMC) and polysulfides (SSP4) as well as IC-MS and UPLC-MS/MS-based techniques we here show that popular Japanese and Chinese green teas and select catechins all catalytically oxidize hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) to polysulfides with the potency of EGC > EGCG >> EG. This reaction is accompanied by the formation of sulfite, thiosulfate and sulfate, consumes oxygen and is partially inhibited by the superoxide scavenger, tempol, and superoxide dismutase but not mannitol, trolox, DMPO, or the iron chelator, desferrioxamine. We propose that the reaction proceeds via a one-electron autoxidation process during which one of the OH-groups of the catechin B-ring is autooxidized to a semiquinone radical and oxygen is reduced to superoxide, either of which can then oxidize HS⁻ to thiyl radicals (HS^•) which react to form hydrogen persulfide (H₂S₂). H₂S oxidation reduces the B-ring back to the hydroquinone for recycling while the superoxide is reduced to hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). Matcha and catechins also concentration-dependently and rapidly produce polysulfides in HEK293 cells with the potency order EGCG > EGC > EG, an EGCG threshold of ~300 nM, and an EC₅₀ of ~3 μM, suggesting green tea also acts as powerful pro-oxidant in vivo. The resultant polysulfides formed are not only potent antioxidants, but elicit a cascade of secondary cytoprotective effects, and we propose that many of the health benefits of green tea are mediated through these reactions. Remarkably, all green tea leaves constitutively contain small amounts of H₂S₂.

Beta-lactoglobulin-nutrition allergen and nanotransporter of different nature ligands therapy with therapeutic action

β-lactoglobulin is one of the nutrition allergens present in the milk of many mammals, with the exception of human. This protein belongs to the family of lipocalins, consisting of nine antiparallel β-strands (β-A to β-I) and one α-helix. This structure allows it to serve as a nanotransporter of various nature ligands in a pH dependent manner, which allows us to confidently consider it as a reliable carrier of drugs directly into the intestine, bypassing the destructive acidic environment of the stomach. Based on the latest data, this review describes the currently known methods of reducing the allergenicity of beta-lactoglobulin, as well as the mechanisms and methods of forming complexes of this protein with ligands, which emphasizes its importance and versatility and explains the growing interest in studying its properties in recent decades, and also opens up prospects for its practical application in medicine and pharmaceuticals.

Tea polyphenols inhibits biofilm formation, attenuates the quorum sensing-controlled virulence and enhances resistance to Klebsiella pneumoniae infection in Caenorhabditis elegans model

Bacteria cells can communicate with each other via quorum sensing (QS) system. Various physiological characteristics including virulence factors and biofilm formation are controlled by QS. So interrupting the bacterial communication is an alternative strategy instead of antibiotics for control bacterial infection. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of tea polyphenols (TPs) on quorum sensing and virulence factors of Klebsiella pneumoniae. In vitro study showed that the anti-QS activity of tea polyphenols against Chromobacterium violaceum in violacein production. At sub-MICs, TPs inhibited the motility, reduced protease and exopolysaccharide (EPS) production and also biofilm formation in K. pneumoniae. In addition, in vivo study showed that tea polyphenols at 200 μg/mL and 400 μg/mL increased the survival rate of Caenorhabditis elegans to 73.3% and 82.2% against K. pneumonia infection. Our findings suggest that tea polyphenols can act as an effective QS inhibitor and can serve as a novel anti-virulence agent for the management of bacterial pathogens.

Molecular interaction of tea catechin with bovine β-lactoglobulin: A spectroscopic and in silico studies

Polyphenols has attained pronounced attention due to their beneficial values of health and found to prevent several chronic diseases. Here, we elucidated binding mechanism between frequently consumed polyphenol “tea catechin” and milk protein bovine beta-lactoglobulin (β-Lg). We investigated the conformational changes of β-Lg due to interaction with catechin using spectroscopic and in silico studies. Fluorescence quenching data (Stern-Volmer quenching constant) revealed that β-Lg interacted with catechin via dynamic quenching. Thermodynamic data revealed that the interaction between β-Lg and catechin is endothermic and spontaneously interacted mainly through hydrophobic interactions. The UV-Vis absorption and far-UV circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy exhibited that the tertiary as well as secondary structure of β-Lg distorted after interaction with catechin. Molecular docking and simulation studies also confirm that catechin binds at the central cavity of β-Lg with high affinity (~10⁵ M⁻¹) and hydrophobic interactions play significant role in the formation of a stable β-Lg-catechin complex.

Novel N,N'-Disubstituted Acylselenoureas as Potential Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Agents

Selenium compounds are pivotal in medicinal chemistry for their antitumoral and antioxidant properties. Forty seven acylselenoureas have been designed and synthesized following a fragment-based approach. Different scaffolds, including carbo- and hetero-cycles, along with mono- and bi-cyclic moieties, have been linked to the selenium containing skeleton. The dose- and time-dependent radical scavenging activity for all of the compounds were assessed using the in vitro 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays. Some of them showed a greater radical scavenging capacity at low doses and shorter times than ascorbic acid. Therefore, four compounds were evaluated to test their protective effects against H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress. One derivative protected cells against H₂O₂-induced damage, increasing cell survival by up to 3.6-fold. Additionally, in vitro cytotoxic activity of all compounds was screened against several cancer cells. Eight compounds were selected to determine their half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) values towards breast and lung cancer cells, along with their selectivity indexes. The breast cancer cells turned out to be much more sensitive than the lung. Two compounds (5d and 10a) stood out with IC₅₀ values between 4.2 μM and 8.0 μM towards MCF-7 and T47D cells, with selectivity indexes greater than 22.9. In addition, compound 10b exhibited dual antioxidant and cytotoxic activities. Although further evidence is needed, the acylselenourea scaffold could be a feasible frame to develop new dual agents.