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Li X, Guo Z, Zhou Y, Zhang B, Ruan H, Chen W. Three new discovery effector proteins from Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus psy62 inhibit plant defense through interaction with AtCAT3 and AtGAPA. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2024; 43:130. [PMID: 38652336 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-024-03220-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE We identify three SDEs that inhibiting host defence from Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus psy62, which is an important supplement to the pathogenesis of HLB. Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) is the main pathogen of citrus Huanglongbing (HLB). 38 new possible sec-dependent effectors (SDEs) of CLas psy62 were predicted by updated predictor SignalP 5.0, which 12 new SDEs were found using alkaline phosphate assay. Among them, SDE4310, SDE4435 and SDE4955 inhibited hypersensitivity reactions (HR) in Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis, At) and Nicotiana benthamiana leaves induced by pathogens, which lead to a decrease in cell death and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. And the expression levels of SDE4310, SDE4435, and SDE4955 genes elevated significantly in mild symptom citrus leaves. When SDE4310, SDE4435 and SDE4955 were overexpressed in Arabidopsis, HR pathway key genes pathogenesis-related 2 (PR2), PR5, nonexpressor of pathogenesis-related 1 (NPR1) and isochorismate synthase 1 (ICS1) expression significantly decreased and the growth of pathogen was greatly increased relative to control with Pst DC3000/AvrRps4 treatment. Our findings also indicated that SDE4310, SDE4435 and SDE4955 interacted with AtCAT3 (catalase 3) and AtGAPA (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase A). In conclusion, our results suggest that SDE4310, SDE4435 and SDE4955 are CLas psy62 effector proteins that may have redundant functions. They inhibit ROS burst and cell death by interacting with AtCAT3 and AtGAPA to negatively regulate host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, Institute of Laser Life Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zetian Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, Institute of Laser Life Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, Institute of Laser Life Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baihong Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, Institute of Laser Life Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huaqin Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenli Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, Institute of Laser Life Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.
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2
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Zuo S, Xu L, Zhang H, Jiang M, Wu S, Zhang LH, Zhou X, Wang J. FlgI Is a Sec-Dependent Effector of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus That Can Be Blocked by Small Molecules Identified Using a Yeast Screen. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:318. [PMID: 38276775 PMCID: PMC10819201 DOI: 10.3390/plants13020318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB) is one of the most devastating diseases of citrus worldwide. The phloem-restricted bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) is considered to be the main pathogen responsible for HLB. There is currently no effective practical strategy for the control of HLB. Our understanding of how pathogens cause HLB is limited because CLas has not been artificially cultured. In this study, 15 potential virulence factors were predicted from the proteome of CLas through DeepVF and PHI-base searches. One among them, FlgI, was found to inhibit yeast growth when expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The expression of the signal peptide of FlgI fused with PhoA in Escherichia coli resulted in the discovery that FlgI was a novel Sec-dependent secretory protein. We further found that the carboxyl-terminal HA-tagged FlgI was secreted via outer membrane vesicles in Sinorhizobium meliloti. Fluoresence localization of transient expression FlgI-GFP in Nicotiana benthamiana revealed that FlgI is mainly localized in the cytoplasm, cell periphery, and nuclear periphery of tobacco cells. In addition, our experimental results suggest that FlgI has a strong ability to induce callose deposition and cell necrosis in N. benthamiana. Finally, by screening a large library of compounds in a high-throughput format, we found that cyclosporin A restored the growth of FlgI-expressing yeast. These results confirm that FlgI is a novel Sec-dependent effector, enriching our understanding of CLas pathogenicity and helping to develop new and more effective strategies to manage HLB.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiaofan Zhou
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (S.Z.); (L.X.); (H.Z.); (M.J.); (S.W.); (L.-H.Z.)
| | - Junxia Wang
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (S.Z.); (L.X.); (H.Z.); (M.J.); (S.W.); (L.-H.Z.)
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3
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Carreón-Anguiano KG, Vila-Luna SE, Sáenz-Carbonell L, Canto-Canche B. PhyEffector, the First Algorithm That Identifies Classical and Non-Classical Effectors in Phytoplasmas. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:550. [PMID: 37999191 PMCID: PMC10669590 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8070550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytoplasmas are the causal agents of more than 100 plant diseases in economically important crops. Eleven genomes have been fully sequenced and have allowed us to gain a better understanding of the biology and evolution of phytoplasmas. Effectors are key players in pathogenicity and virulence, and their identification and description are becoming an essential practice in the description of phytoplasma genomes. This is of particular importance because effectors are possible candidates for the development of new strategies for the control of plant diseases. To date, the prediction of effectors in phytoplasmas has been a great challenge; the reliable comparison of effectoromes has been hindered because research teams have used the combination of different programs in their predictions. This is not trivial since significant differences in the results can arise, depending on the predictive pipeline used. Here, we tested different predictive pipelines to create the PhyEffector algorithm; the average value of the F1 score for PhyEffector was 0.9761 when applied to different databases or genomes, demonstrating its robustness as a predictive tool. PhyEffector can recover both classical and non-classical phytoplasma effectors, making it an invaluable tool to accelerate effectoromics in phytoplasmas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Blondy Canto-Canche
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida C.P. 97205, Yucatán, Mexico (S.E.V.-L.); (L.S.-C.)
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4
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Shi J, Gong Y, Shi H, Ma X, Zhu Y, Yang F, Wang D, Fu Y, Lin Y, Yang N, Yang Z, Zeng C, Li W, Zhou C, Wang X, Qiao Y. ' Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' secretory protein SDE3 inhibits host autophagy to promote Huanglongbing disease in citrus. Autophagy 2023; 19:2558-2574. [PMID: 37249424 PMCID: PMC10392736 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2213040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial acroautophagy/autophagy plays a vital role in degrading intracellular pathogens or microbial molecules in host-microbe interactions. However, microbes evolved various mechanisms to hijack or modulate autophagy to escape elimination. Vector-transmitted phloem-limited bacteria, Candidatus Liberibacter (Ca. Liberibacter) species, cause Huanglongbing (HLB), one of the most catastrophic citrus diseases worldwide, yet contributions of autophagy to HLB disease proliferation remain poorly defined. Here, we report the identification of a virulence effector in "Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus" (Las), SDE3, which is highly conserved among the "Ca. Liberibacter". SDE3 expression not only promotes the disease development of HLB and canker in sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) plants but also facilitates Phytophthora and viral infections in Arabidopsis, and Nicotiana benthamiana (N. benthamiana). SDE3 directly associates with citrus cytosolic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases (CsGAPCs), which negatively regulates plant immunity. Overexpression of CsGAPCs and SDE3 significantly inhibits autophagy in citrus, Arabidopsis, and N. benthamiana. Intriguingly, SDE3 undermines autophagy-mediated immunity by the specific degradation of CsATG8 family proteins in a CsGAPC1-dependent manner. CsATG8 degradation is largely rescued by treatment with an inhibitor of the late autophagic pathway, E64d. Furthermore, ectopic expression of CsATG8s enhances Phytophthora resistance. Collectively, these results suggest that SDE3-CsGAPC interactions modulate CsATG8-mediated autophagy to enhance Las progression in citrus.Abbreviations: ACP: asian citrus psyllid; ACD2: ACCELERATED CELL DEATH 2; ATG: autophagy related; Ca. Liberibacter: Candidatus Liberibacter; CaMV: cauliflower mosaic virus; CMV: cucumber mosaic virus; Cs: Citrus sinensis; EV: empty vector; GAPC: cytosolic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; HLB: huanglongbing; H2O2: hydrogen peroxide; Las: liberibacter asiaticus; Laf: liberibacter africanus; Lam: liberibacter americanus; Pst: Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato; PVX: potato virus X; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SDE3: sec-delivered effector 3; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; VIVE : virus-induced virulence effector; WT: wild-type; Xcc: Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxia Shi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinan Gong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongwei Shi
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoding Ma
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanhong Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yating Fu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Lin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Naiying Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuhui Yang
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunhua Zeng
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Weimin Li
- Key Laboratory for Northern Urban Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Changyong Zhou
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongli Qiao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
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5
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Zhang S, Wang X, He J, Zhang S, Zhao T, Fu S, Zhou C. A Sec-dependent effector, CLIBASIA_04425, contributes to virulence in ' Candidatus Liberibater asiaticus'. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1224736. [PMID: 37554557 PMCID: PMC10405523 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1224736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Citrus Huanglongbing (HLB) is the most destructive citrus disease worldwide, mainly caused by 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' (CLas). It encodes a large number of Sec-dependent effectors that contribute to HLB progression. In this study, an elicitor triggering ROS burst and cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana, CLIBASIA_04425 (CLas4425), was identified. Of particular interest, its cell death-inducing activity is associated with its subcellular localization and the cytoplasmic receptor Botrytis-induced kinase 1 (BIK1). Compared with CLas infected psyllids, CLas4425 showed higher expression level in planta. The transient expression of CLas4425 in N. benthamiana and its overexpression in Citrus sinensis enhanced plant susceptibility to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 ΔhopQ1-1 and CLas, respectively. Furthermore, the salicylic acid (SA) level along with the expression of genes NPR1/EDS1/NDR1/PRs in SA signal transduction was repressed in CLas4425 transgenic citrus plants. Taken together, CLas4425 is a virulence factor that promotes CLas proliferation, likely by interfering with SA-mediated plant immunity. The results obtained facilitate our understanding of CLas pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shushe Zhang
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing, China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun He
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Song Zhang
- Guangxi Citrus Breeding and Cultivation Engineering Technology Center Academy of Specialty Crops, Guangxi, Guilin, China
| | - Tingchang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing, China
| | - Shimin Fu
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Changyong Zhou
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing, China
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6
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Du J, Wang Q, Shi H, Zhou C, He J, Wang X. A prophage-encoded effector from "Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus" targets ASCORBATE PEROXIDASE6 in citrus to facilitate bacterial infection. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:302-316. [PMID: 36692022 PMCID: PMC10013806 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Citrus huanglongbing (HLB), associated with the unculturable phloem-limited bacterium "Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus" (CLas), is the most devastating disease in the citrus industry worldwide. However, the pathogenicity of CLas remains poorly understood. In this study, we show that AGH17488, a secreted protein encoded by the prophage region of the CLas genome, suppresses plant immunity via targeting the host ASCORBATE PEROXIDASE6 (APX6) protein in Nicotiana benthamiana and Citrus sinensis. The transient expression of AGH17488 reduced the chloroplast localization of APX6 and its enzyme activity, inhibited the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (H2 O2 and O2 - ) and the lipid oxidation endproduct malondialdehyde in plants, and promoted the proliferation of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 and Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri. This study reveals a novel mechanism underlying how CLas uses a prophage-encoded effector, AGH17488, to target a reactive oxygen species accumulation-related gene, APX6, in the host to facilitate its infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Du
- National Citrus Engineering Research CenterCitrus Research Institute, Southwest UniversityChongqingChina
- Fruit Tree and Melon Information Research CenterZhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesZhengzhouChina
| | - Qiying Wang
- National Citrus Engineering Research CenterCitrus Research Institute, Southwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Hongwei Shi
- National Citrus Engineering Research CenterCitrus Research Institute, Southwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Changyong Zhou
- National Citrus Engineering Research CenterCitrus Research Institute, Southwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Jun He
- National Citrus Engineering Research CenterCitrus Research Institute, Southwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- National Citrus Engineering Research CenterCitrus Research Institute, Southwest UniversityChongqingChina
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7
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Bai B, Zhang G, Li Y, Wang Y, Sujata S, Zhang X, Wang L, Zhao L, Wu Y. The 'Candidatus Phytoplasma tritici' effector SWP12 degrades the transcription factor TaWRKY74 to suppress wheat resistance. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 112:1473-1488. [PMID: 36380696 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
'Candidatus Phytoplasma tritici' ('Ca. P. tritici') is an insect-borne obligate pathogen that infects wheat (Triticum aestivum) causing wheat blue dwarf disease, and leads to yield losses. SWP12 is a potential effector secreted by 'Ca. P. tritici' that manipulates host processes to create an environment conducive to phytoplasma colonization, but the detailed mechanism of action remains to be investigated. In this study, the expression of SWP12 weakened the basal immunity of Nicotiana benthamiana and promoted leaf colonization by Phytophthora parasitica, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, and tobacco mild green mosaic virus. Moreover, the expression of SWP12 in wheat plants promoted phytoplasma colonization. Triticum aestivum WRKY74 and N. benthamiana WRKY17 were identified as host targets of SWP12. The expression of TaWRKY74 triggered reactive oxygen species bursts, upregulated defense-related genes, and decreased TaCRR6 transcription, leading to reductions in NADH dehydrogenase complex (NDH) activity. Expression of TaWRKY74 in wheat increased plant resistance to 'Ca. P. tritici', and silencing of TaWRKY74 enhanced plant susceptibility, which indicates that TaWRKY74 is a positive regulator of wheat resistance to 'Ca. P. tritici'. We showed that SWP12 weakens plant resistance and promotes 'Ca. P. tritici' colonization by destabilizing TaWRKY74.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bixin Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Guoding Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanbin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shrestha Sujata
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xudong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Licheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yunfeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
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8
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Shen P, Li X, Fu S, Zhou C, Wang X. A " Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus"-secreted polypeptide suppresses plant immune responses in Nicotiana benthamiana and Citrus sinensis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:997825. [PMID: 36352861 PMCID: PMC9638108 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.997825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Citrus Huanglongbing (HLB), known as the most economically devastating disease in citrus industry, is mainly caused by phloem-restricted Gram-negative bacterium "Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus" (CLas). To date, CLas is still unculturable in vitro, which has been dramatically delaying the research on its pathogenesis, and only few Sec-dependent effectors (SDEs) have been identified to elucidate the pathogenesis of CLas. Here, we confirmed that a CLas-secreted Sec-dependent polypeptide, namely SECP8 (CLIBASIA_05330), localized in nucleus, cytoplasm and cytoplasmic membrane, and showed remarkably higher transcript abundance in citrus than in psyllids. Potato virus X (PVX)-mediated transient expression assays indicated that mSECP8 (the mature form of SECP8) suppressed pro-apoptotic mouse protein BAX and Phytophthora infestans elicitin INF1-triggered hypersensitive response (HR) associated phenotypes, including cell death, H2O2 accumulation and callose deposition. Intriguingly, mSECP8 also inhibited SDE1 (CLIBASIA_05315)-induced water-soaked and dwarfing symptoms in Nicotiana benthamiana. In addition, mSECP8 can promote the susceptibility of transgenic Wanjincheng orange (Citrus sinensis) to CLas invasion and further HLB symptom development, and it contributes to the proliferation of Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc). Moreover, the expression of ten immunity-related genes were significantly down-regulated in mSECP8 transgenic citrus than those in wide-type (WT) plants. Overall, we propose that mSECP8 may serve as a novel broad-spectrum suppressor of plant immunity, and provide the first evidence counteractive effect among CLas effectors. This study will enrich and provide new evidences for elucidating the pathogenic mechanisms of CLas in citrus host.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Changyong Zhou
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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9
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Du J, Wang Q, Zeng C, Zhou C, Wang X. A prophage-encoded nonclassical secretory protein of "Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus" induces a strong immune response in Nicotiana benthamiana and citrus. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:1022-1034. [PMID: 35279937 PMCID: PMC9190977 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB), associated with "Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus" (CLas), is a globally devastating plant disease. The highly reduced genome of CLas encodes a number of secretory proteins. The conserved prophage-encoded protein AGH17470 is herein identified as a nonclassical secretory protein. We confirmed that the N-terminal and C-terminal sequences jointly determine the secretion of AGH17470. The transient expression of AGH17470 protein in Nicotiana benthamiana caused hypersensitive response (HR) cell death in infiltrated leaves and systemically infected leaves as well as the dwarfing of the entire plant, suggesting that AGH17470 is involved in the plant immune response, growth, and development. Overexpression of AGH17470 in N. benthamiana and citrus plants up-regulated the transcription of pathogenesis-related and salicylic acid (SA)-signalling pathway genes and promoted SA accumulation. Furthermore, transient expression of AGH17470 enhanced the resistance of sweet orange to Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri. To our knowledge, AGH17470 is the first prophage-encoded secretory protein demonstrated to elicit an HR and induce a strong plant immune response. The findings have increased our understanding of prophage-encoded secretory protein genes, and the results provide clues as to the plant defence response against CLas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Du
- National Citrus Engineering Research CenterCitrus Research InstituteSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Qiying Wang
- National Citrus Engineering Research CenterCitrus Research InstituteSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Chunhua Zeng
- National Citrus Engineering Research CenterCitrus Research InstituteSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Changyong Zhou
- National Citrus Engineering Research CenterCitrus Research InstituteSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- National Citrus Engineering Research CenterCitrus Research InstituteSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
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10
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Hu B, Rao MJ, Deng X, Pandey SS, Hendrich C, Ding F, Wang N, Xu Q. Molecular signatures between citrus and Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010071. [PMID: 34882744 PMCID: PMC8659345 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Citrus Huanglongbing (HLB), also known as citrus greening, is one of the most devastating citrus diseases worldwide. Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) is the most prevalent strain associated with HLB, which is yet to be cultured in vitro. None of the commercial citrus cultivars are resistant to HLB. The pathosystem of Ca. Liberibacter is complex and remains a mystery. In this review, we focus on the recent progress in genomic research on the pathogen, the interaction of host and CLas, and the influence of CLas infection on the transcripts, proteins, and metabolism of the host. We have also focused on the identification of candidate genes for CLas pathogenicity or the improvements of HLB tolerance in citrus. In the end, we propose potentially promising areas for mechanistic studies of CLas pathogenicity, defense regulators, and genetic improvement for HLB tolerance/resistance in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Ministry of Agriculture), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Muhammad Junaid Rao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Ministry of Agriculture), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiuxin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Ministry of Agriculture), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Sheo Shankar Pandey
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida, United States of America
| | - Connor Hendrich
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida, United States of America
| | - Fang Ding
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Nian Wang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida, United States of America
| | - Qiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Ministry of Agriculture), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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11
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Tan Y, Wang C, Schneider T, Li H, de Souza RF, Tang X, Swisher Grimm KD, Hsieh TF, Wang X, Li X, Zhang D. Comparative Phylogenomic Analysis Reveals Evolutionary Genomic Changes and Novel Toxin Families in Endophytic Liberibacter Pathogens. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0050921. [PMID: 34523996 PMCID: PMC8557891 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00509-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Liberibacter pathogens are the causative agents of several severe crop diseases worldwide, including citrus Huanglongbing and potato zebra chip. These bacteria are endophytic and nonculturable, which makes experimental approaches challenging and highlights the need for bioinformatic analysis in advancing our understanding about Liberibacter pathogenesis. Here, we performed an in-depth comparative phylogenomic analysis of the Liberibacter pathogens and their free-living, nonpathogenic, ancestral species, aiming to identify major genomic changes and determinants associated with their evolutionary transitions in living habitats and pathogenicity. Using gene neighborhood analysis and phylogenetic classification, we systematically uncovered, annotated, and classified all prophage loci into four types, including one previously unrecognized group. We showed that these prophages originated through independent gene transfers at different evolutionary stages of Liberibacter and only the SC-type prophage was associated with the emergence of the pathogens. Using ortholog clustering, we vigorously identified two additional sets of genomic genes, which were either lost or gained in the ancestor of the pathogens. Consistent with the habitat change, the lost genes were enriched for biosynthesis of cellular building blocks. Importantly, among the gained genes, we uncovered several previously unrecognized toxins, including new toxins homologous to the EspG/VirA effectors, a YdjM phospholipase toxin, and a secreted endonuclease/exonuclease/phosphatase (EEP) protein. Our results substantially extend the knowledge of the evolutionary events and potential determinants leading to the emergence of endophytic, pathogenic Liberibacter species, which will facilitate the design of functional experiments and the development of new methods for detection and blockage of these pathogens. IMPORTANCELiberibacter pathogens are associated with several severe crop diseases, including citrus Huanglongbing, the most destructive disease to the citrus industry. Currently, no effective cure or treatments are available, and no resistant citrus variety has been found. The fact that these obligate endophytic pathogens are not culturable has made it extremely challenging to experimentally uncover the genes/proteins important to Liberibacter pathogenesis. Further, earlier bioinformatics studies failed to identify key genomic determinants, such as toxins and effector proteins, that underlie the pathogenicity of the bacteria. In this study, an in-depth comparative genomic analysis of Liberibacter pathogens along with their ancestral nonpathogenic species identified the prophage loci and several novel toxins that are evolutionarily associated with the emergence of the pathogens. These results shed new light on the disease mechanism of Liberibacter pathogens and will facilitate the development of new detection and blockage methods targeting the toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Tan
- Department of Biology, College of Arts & Sciences, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Cindy Wang
- Department of Biology, College of Arts & Sciences, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Theresa Schneider
- Department of Biology, College of Arts & Sciences, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Huan Li
- Department of Biology, College of Arts & Sciences, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Robson Francisco de Souza
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Xueming Tang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kylie D. Swisher Grimm
- United States Department of Agriculture—Agricultural Research Service, Temperate Tree Fruit and Vegetable Research Unit, Prosser, Washington, USA
| | - Tzung-Fu Hsieh
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, North Carolina, USA
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
- Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, USA
| | - Xu Li
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dapeng Zhang
- Department of Biology, College of Arts & Sciences, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, College of Arts & Sciences, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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12
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" Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus" Secretes Nonclassically Secreted Proteins That Suppress Host Hypersensitive Cell Death and Induce Expression of Plant Pathogenesis-Related Proteins. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:AEM.00019-21. [PMID: 33579681 PMCID: PMC8091116 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00019-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although emerging evidence indicates that bacteria extracellularly export many cytoplasmic proteins referred to as non-classically secreted proteins (ncSecPs) for their own benefit, the mechanisms and functional significance of the ncSecPs in extracellular milieu remain elusive. "Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus" (CLas) is a fastidious Gram-negative bacterium that causes Huanglongbing (HLB), the most globally devastating citrus disease. In this study, using the SecretomeP program coupled with an Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase assay, we identified 27 ncSecPs from the CLas genome. Further, we demonstrated that 10 of these exhibited significantly higher levels of gene expression in citrus than in psyllid hosts, and particularly suppressed hypersensitive response (HR)-based cell death and H2O2 overaccumulation in Nicotiana benthamiana, indicating their opposing effects on early plant defenses. However, these proteins also dramatically enhanced the gene expression of pathogenesis-related 1 protein (PR-1), PR-2, and PR-5, essential components of plant defense mechanisms. Additional experiments disclosed that the increased expression of these PR genes, in particular PR-1 and PR-5, could negatively regulate HR-based cell death development and H2O2 accumulation. Remarkably, CLas infection clearly induced gene expression of PR-1, PR-2, and PR-5 in both HLB-tolerant and HLB-susceptible species of citrus plants. Taken together, we hypothesized that CLas has evolved an arsenal of ncSecPs that function cooperatively to overwhelm the early plant defenses by inducing host PR genes.IMPORTANCE In this study, we present a combined computational and experimental methodology that allows a rapid and efficient identification of the ncSecPs from bacteria, in particular the unculturable bacteria like CLas. Meanwhile, the study determined that a number of CLas ncSecPs suppressed HR-based cell death, and thus indicated a novel role for the bacterial ncSecPs in extracellular milieu. More importantly, these ncSecPs were found to suppress cell death presumably by utilizing host PR proteins. The data overall provide a novel clue to understand the CLas pathogenesis and also suggest a new way by which phytopathogens manipulate host cellular machinery to establish infection.
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13
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Shi J, Zhu Y, Li M, Ma Y, Liu H, Zhang P, Fang D, Guo Y, Xu P, Qiao Y. Establishment of a novel virus-induced virulence effector assay for the identification of virulence effectors of plant pathogens using a PVX-based expression vector. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:1654-1661. [PMID: 33029873 PMCID: PMC7694669 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogens deliver virulence effectors into plant cells to modulate plant immunity and facilitate infection. Although species-specific virulence effector screening approaches have been developed for several pathogens, these assays do not apply to pathogens that cannot be cultured and/or transformed outside of their hosts. Here, we established a rapid and parallel screening assay, called the virus-induced virulence effector (VIVE) assay, to identify putative effectors in various plant pathogens, including unculturable pathogens, using a virus-based expression vector. The VIVE assay uses the potato virus X (PVX) vector to transiently express candidate effector genes of various bacterial and fungal pathogens into Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Using the VIVE assay, we successfully identified Avh148 as a potential virulence effector of Phytophthora sojae. Plants infected with PVX carrying Avh148 showed strong viral symptoms and high-level Avh148 and viral RNA accumulation. Analysis of P. sojae Avh148 deletion mutants and soybean hairy roots overexpressing Avh148 revealed that Avh148 is required for full pathogen virulence. In addition, the VIVE assay was optimized in N. benthamiana plants at different developmental stages across a range of Agrobacterium cell densities. Overall, we identified six novel virulence effectors from seven pathogens, thus demonstrating the broad effectiveness of the VIVE assay in plant pathology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxia Shi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular SciencesCollege of Life SciencesShanghai Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yuanhong Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular SciencesCollege of Life SciencesShanghai Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Ming Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular SciencesCollege of Life SciencesShanghai Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yuqing Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular SciencesCollege of Life SciencesShanghai Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Huarong Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular SciencesCollege of Life SciencesShanghai Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Peng Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular SciencesCollege of Life SciencesShanghai Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
- College of AgricultureYangtze UniversityJingzhouChina
| | | | - Yushuang Guo
- Laboratory of Molecular GeneticsChina National Tobacco CorporationGuizhou Institute of Tobacco ScienceGuiyangChina
| | - Ping Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular SciencesCollege of Life SciencesShanghai Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yongli Qiao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular SciencesCollege of Life SciencesShanghai Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
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14
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Zhang C, Du P, Yan H, Zhu Z, Wang X, Li W. A Sec-Dependent Secretory Protein of the Huanglongbing-Associated Pathogen Suppresses Hypersensitive Cell Death in Nicotiana benthamiana. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:594669. [PMID: 33329478 PMCID: PMC7734103 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.594669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
"Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus" (CLas) is a phloem-restricted Gram-negative bacterium that is the causal agent of citrus huanglongbing (HLB). In this study, we identified a CLas-encoded Sec-dependent secretory protein CLIBASIA_04405 that could contribute to the pathogenicity of this bacterium. The gene expression level of CLIBASIA_04405 was significantly higher in citrus than in psyllids. Transient overexpression of the mature CLIBASIA_04405 protein (m4405) in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves could suppress hypersensitive response (HR)-based cell death and H2O2 accumulation triggered by the mouse BAX and the Phytophthora infestans INF1. An alanine-substitution mutagenesis assay revealed the essential of amino acid clusters EKR45-47 and DE64-65 in cell death suppression. Challenge inoculation of the transgenic N. benthamiana-expressing m4405 with Pseudomonas syringae DC3000ΔhopQ1-1 demonstrated the greatly reduced bacterial proliferation. Remarkably, transcriptome profiling and RT-qPCR analysis disclosed that the gene expression of six small heat shock proteins (sHSPs), a set of plant defense regulators, were significantly elevated in the transgenic m4405 lines compared with those in wild-type N. benthamiana. In addition, the transgenic m4405 lines displayed phenotypes of dwarfism and leaf deformation. Altogether, these data indicated that m4405 was a virulence factor of CLas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peixiu Du
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hailin Yan
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Plant Science, Tarim University, Alar, China
| | - Zongcai Zhu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Plant Science, Tarim University, Alar, China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Weimin Li
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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15
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Heterologous Expression of the Constitutive Disease Resistance 2 and 8 Genes from Poncirus trifoliata Restored the Hypersensitive Response and Resistance of Arabidopsis cdr1 Mutant to Bacterial Pathogen Pseudomonas syringae. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9070821. [PMID: 32629813 PMCID: PMC7412121 DOI: 10.3390/plants9070821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB), also known as citrus greening, is the most destructive disease of citrus worldwide. In the United States, this disease is associated with a phloem-restricted bacterium, Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus. Commercial citrus cultivars are susceptible to HLB, but Poncirus trifoliata, a close relative of Citrus, is highly tolerant of HLB. Isolating P. trifoliata gene(s) controlling its HLB tolerance followed by expressing the gene(s) in citrus is considered a potential cisgenic approach to engineering citrus for tolerance to HLB. Previous gene expression studies indicated that the constitutive disease resistance (CDR) genes in P. trifoliata (PtCDRs) may play a vital role in its HLB tolerance. This study was designed to use Arabidopsis mutants as a model system to confirm the function of PtCDRs in plant disease resistance. PtCDR2 and PtCDR8 were amplified from P. trifoliata cDNA and transferred into the Arabidopsis cdr1 mutant, whose resident CDR1 gene was disrupted by T-DNA insertion. The PtCDR2 and PtCDR8 transgenic Arabidopsis cdr1 mutant restored its hypersensitive response to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000 (Pst DC3000) expressing avrRpt2. The defense marker gene PATHOGENESIS RELATED 1 (PR1) expressed at much higher levels in the PtCDR2 or PtCDR8 transgenic cdr1 mutant than in the non-transgenic cdr1 mutant with or without pathogen infection. Multiplication of Pst DC3000 bacteria in Arabidopsis was inhibited by the expression of PtCDR2 and PtCDR8. Our results showed that PtCDR2 and PtCDR8 were functional in Arabidopsis and played a positive role in disease resistance and demonstrated that Arabidopsis mutants can be a useful alternate system for screening Poncirus genes before making the time-consuming effort to transfer them into citrus, a perennial woody plant that is highly recalcitrant for Agrobacterium or biolistic-mediated transformation.
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16
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Nan J, Zhang S, Zhan P, Jiang L. Evaluation of Bronopol and Disulfiram as Potential Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus Inosine 5'-Monophosphate Dehydrogenase Inhibitors by Using Molecular Docking and Enzyme Kinetic. Molecules 2020; 25:E2313. [PMID: 32423116 PMCID: PMC7287799 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25102313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrus huanglongbing (HLB) is a destructive disease that causes significant damage to many citrus producing areas worldwide. To date, no strategy against this disease has been established. Inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) plays crucial roles in the de novo synthesis of guanine nucleotides. This enzyme is used as a potential target to treat bacterial infection. In this study, the crystal structure of a deletion mutant of CLas IMPDHΔ98-201 in the apo form was determined. Eight known bioactive compounds were used as ligands for molecular docking. The results showed that bronopol and disulfiram bound to CLas IMPDHΔ98-201 with high affinity. These compounds were tested for their inhibition against CLas IMPDHΔ98-201 activity. Bronopol and disulfiram showed high inhibition at nanomolar concentrations, and bronopol was found to be the most potent molecule (Ki = 234 nM). The Ki value of disulfiram was 616 nM. These results suggest that bronopol and disulfiram can be considered potential candidate agents for the development of CLas inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Nan
- College of Horticulture and Forestry, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.N.); (P.Z.)
| | - Shaoran Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Ping Zhan
- College of Horticulture and Forestry, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.N.); (P.Z.)
| | - Ling Jiang
- College of Horticulture and Forestry, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.N.); (P.Z.)
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