Nutraceutical Compounds Targeting Inflammasomes in Human Diseases

Natural Immunosuppressants as a Treatment for Chronic Insomnia Targeting the Inflammatory Response Induced by NLRP3/caspase-1/IL-1β Axis Activation: A Scooping Review

Chronic insomnia is an inflammatory-related disease with an important pathological basis for various diseases which is a serious threat to a person's physical and mental health. So far, many hypotheses have been proposed to explain the pathogenesis of insomnia, among which inflammatory mechanisms have become the focus of scientific attention. In this regard, the aim of the present scooping review is to evaluate the potential benefits of natural compounds in treatment of chronic insomnia targeting nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor-pyrin-containing protein 3 (NLRP3)/caspase-1/IL-1β axis as one of the most important activators of inflammatory cascades. The data show that compounds that have the potential to cause inflammation induce sleep disorders, and that inflammatory mediators are key molecules in regulating the sleep-related activity of neurons. In the inflammatory process of insomnia, the role of NLRP3 in the pathogenesis of insomnia has been gradually considered by researchers. NLRP3 is an intracellular sensor that recognizes the widest range of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). After identification and binding to damage factors, NLRP3 inflammasome is assembled to activate the caspase-1 and IL-1β. Increased production and secretion of IL-1β may be involved in central nervous system dysregulation of physiological sleep. The current scooping review reports the potential benefits of natural compounds that target NLRP3 inflammasome pathway activity and highlights the hypothesis which NLRP3 /caspase-1/IL-1β may serve as a potential therapeutic target for managing inflammation and improving symptoms in chronic insomnia.

Aqueous core epigallocatechin gallate PLGA nanocapsules: characterization, antibacterial activity against uropathogens, and in vivo reno-protective effect in cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity

Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) was isolated from Cycas thouarsii leaves for the first time and encapsulated in aqueous core poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanocapsules (NCs). This work investigates antimicrobial activity and in vivo reno-protective effects of EGCG-PLGA NCs in cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. A double emulsion solvent evaporation process was adopted to prepare PLGA NCs loaded with EGCG. Particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, percent entrapment efficiency (%EE), structural morphology, and in vitro release platform were all studied in vitro. The optimum formula (F2) with particle size (61.37 ± 5.90 nm), PDI (0.125 ± 0.027), zeta potential (-11.83 ± 3.22 mV), %EE (85.79 ± 5.89%w/w), initial burst (36.85 ± 4.79), and percent cumulative release (87.79 ± 9.84) was selected for further in vitro/in vivo studies. F2 exhibited an enhanced antimicrobial activity against uropathogens as it had lower minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values and a more significant impact on bacterial growth than free EGCG. Forty male adult mice were randomly allocated into five groups: control vehicle, untreated methotrexate, MTX groups treated with a daily oral dose of free EGCG, placebo PLGA NCs, and EGCG PLGA NCs (F2) for 10 days. Results showed that EGCG PLGA NCs (F2) exerted promising renoprotective effects compared to free EGCG. EGCG PLGA NCs group induced a significant decrease in kidney index, serum creatinine, kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), NGAL serum levels, and pronounced inhibition of NLPR-3/caspase-1/IL/1β inflammasome pathway. It also significantly ameliorated oxidative stress and decreased NFκB, Bax expression levels. Aqueous core PLGA NCs are a promising formulation strategy that provides high polymeric protection and sustained release pattern for hydrophilic therapeutic agents.

Nutraceutical-Based Nanoformulations for Breast and Ovarian Cancer Treatment

Different strategies have been investigated for a more satisfactory treatment of advanced breast cancer, including the adjuvant use of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). These nutritional compounds have been shown to possess potent anti-inflammatory and antiangiogenic activities, the capacity to affect transduction pathways/receptors involved in cell growth and to reprogram tumor microenvironment. Omega-3 PUFA-containing nanoformulations designed for drug delivery in breast cancer were shown to potentiate the effects of enclosed drugs, enhance drug delivery to target sites, and minimize drug-induced side effects. We have critically analyzed here the results of the most recent studies investigating the effects of omega-3 PUFA-containing nanoformulations in breast cancer. The anti-neoplastic efficacy of omega-3 PUFAs has also been convincingly demonstrated by using preclinical in vivo models of ovarian cancer. The results obtained are critically analyzed here and seem to provide a sufficient rationale to move to still lacking interventional clinical trials, as well as to evaluate possible advantages of enclosing omega-3 PUFAs to drug-delivery nanosystems for ovarian cancer. Future perspectives in this area are also provided.

Peptidomimetic Lipid-Nanoparticle-Mediated Knockdown of TLR4 in CNS Protects against Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Mice

Ischemic stroke activates toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling, resulting in proinflammatory polarization of microglia and secondary neuronal damage. Herein, we report a novel lipid-nanoparticle (LNP)-mediated knockdown of TLR4 in microglia and amelioration of neuroinflammation in a mouse model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). siRNA against TLR4 (siTLR4) complexed to the novel LNP (siTLR4/DoGo310), which was based on a dioleoyl-conjugated short peptidomimetic (denote DoGo310), was readily internalized by the oxygen–glucose-deprived (OGD) mouse primary microglia, knocked-down TLR4, and polarized the cell to the anti-inflammatory phenotype in vitro. Systemic administration of siTLR4/DoGo310 LNPs in the tMCAO mice model resulted in the accumulation of siRNA mainly in the Iba1 positive cells in the peri-infarct. Analysis of the peri-infarct brain tissue revealed that a single injection of siTLR4/DoGo310 LNPs led to significant knockdown of TLR4 gene expression, reversing the pattern of cytokines expression, and improving the neurological functions in tMCAO model mice. Our data demonstrate that DoGo310 LNPs could be a promising nanocarrier for CNS-targeted siRNA delivery for the treatment of CNS disorders.

Modulatory Properties of Food and Nutraceutical Components Targeting NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation

Inflammasomes are key intracellular multimeric proteins able to initiate the cellular inflammatory signaling pathway. NLRP3 inflammasome represents one of the main protein complexes involved in the development of inflammatory events, and its activity has been largely demonstrated to be connected with inflammatory or autoinflammatory disorders, including diabetes, gouty arthritis, liver fibrosis, Alzheimer’s disease, respiratory syndromes, atherosclerosis, and cancer initiation. In recent years, it has been demonstrated how dietary intake and nutritional status represent important environmental elements that can modulate metabolic inflammation, since food matrices are an important source of several bioactive compounds. In this review, an updated status of knowledge regarding food bioactive compounds as NLRP3 inflammasome modulators is discussed. Several chemical classes, namely polyphenols, organosulfurs, terpenes, fatty acids, proteins, amino acids, saponins, sterols, polysaccharides, carotenoids, vitamins, and probiotics, have been shown to possess NLRP3 inflammasome-modulating activity through in vitro and in vivo assays, mainly demonstrating an anti-NLRP3 inflammasome activity. Plant foods are particularly rich in important bioactive compounds, each of them can have different effects on the pathway of inflammatory response, confirming the importance of the nutritional pattern (food model) as a whole rather than any single nutrient or functional compound.

MicroRNA (miR)-590-3p alleviates high-glucose induced renal tubular epithelial cell damage by targeting C-X3-C motif chemokine ligand 1 (CX3CL1) in diabetic nephropathy

We attempted to analyze the clinical value of microRNA (miR)-590-3p in diabetic nephropathy (DN) patients and its role in high glucose (HG)-induced renal tubular epithelial cell (HK-2) injury. Serum levels of miR-590-3p were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Spearman correlation coefficient analysis of the correlation between miR-590-3p and clinical indicators. The diagnostic value of miR-590-3p was analyzed by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Then, the DN cell model induced by HG in HK-2 cells was established. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), flow cytometry, and CCK-8 assay were employed to assess cell inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and proliferation. Dual-luciferase reporter assay confirmed the target of miR-590-3p. Serum miR-590-3p was reduced in patients of DN, which was positively correlated with eGFR and negatively associated with albuminuria. Furthermore, miR-590-3p also can diagnose patients of DN from healthy subjects or patients of T2DM. Furthermore, miR-590-3p was decreased in a concentration- and time-dependent manner during HG-induction. miR-590-3p overexpression bated HG-induced inhibition effect on cell proliferation and promotion effects on apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation. C-X3-C motif chemokine ligand1 (CX3CL1) is the target of miR-590-3p, whose levels were enhanced in DN patients and are negatively regulated by miR-590-3p. Our discoveries offered new insights that reduced miR-590-3p as a potential biomarker for the diagnosis of DN, and elevated miR-590-3p can alleviate renal tubular injury by HG-induced through targeting CX3XL1, which may be a novel target for improving the development of DN.

LncRNA TUG1 Regulates Proliferation of Cardiac Fibroblast via the miR-29b-3p/TGF-β1 Axis

Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a very common clinical arrhythmia, accompanied by the overproliferation of cardiac fibroblasts (CFs). This study aimed to investigate the role of the long non-coding RNA(lncRNA) taurine upregulated gene 1 (TUG1) in the proliferation of CFs and further investigated its underlying mechanism.

Methods: One hundred four paroxysmal AF patients and 94 healthy controls were recruited. Human cardiac fibroblasts (HCFs) were applied to establish an AF cell model through treatment with angiotensin II (AngII). qRT-PCR was used for the measurement of gene levels. The cell proliferation was detected by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8). Luciferase reporter assay was performed for target gene analysis.

Results: Elevated levels of TUG1 and low expression of miR-29b-3p were detected in the serum of AF patients compared with the healthy controls. Pearson's correlation analysis exhibited an inverse relationship between TUG1 and miR-29b-3p expression in AF patients (r = −7.106, p < 0.001). Knockdown of TUG1 inhibited AngII-induced CF proliferation. Taurine upregulated gene 1 (TUG1) functions as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) for miR-29b-3p, and downregulation of miR-29b-3p reversed the role of TUG1 in CF proliferation. TGF-β1 is a direct target gene of miR-29b-3p.

Conclusions: Long non-coding RNA taurine upregulated gene 1 is a key regulator in the occurrence of AF. Slicing TUG1 inhibits CF proliferation by regulating the miR-29b-3p/TGF-β1 axis.

Effects of a novel polyphenol-rich plant extract on body composition, inflammation, insulin sensitivity, and glucose homeostasis in obese mice

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

The worldwide prevalence of obesity, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes (T2D) is reaching epidemic proportions that urge the development of new management strategies. Totum-63 is a novel, plant-based polyphenol-rich active principle that has been shown to reduce body weight, fasting glycemia, glucose intolerance, and fatty liver index in obese subjects with prediabetes. Here, we investigated the effects and underlying mechanism(s) of Totum-63 on metabolic homeostasis in insulin-resistant obese mice.

METHODS

Male C57Bl6/J mice were fed a high-fat diet for 12 weeks followed by supplementation with Totum-63 for 4 weeks. The effects on whole-body energy and metabolic homeostasis, as well as on tissue-specific inflammation and insulin sensitivity were assessed using a variety of immunometabolic phenotyping tools.

RESULTS

Totum-63 decreased body weight and fat mass in obese mice, without affecting lean mass, food intake and locomotor activity, and increased fecal energy excretion and whole-body fatty acid oxidation. Totum-63 reduced fasting plasma glucose, insulin and leptin levels, and improved whole-body insulin sensitivity and peripheral glucose uptake. The expression of insulin receptor β and the insulin-induced phosphorylation of Akt/PKB were increased in liver, skeletal muscle, white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT). Hepatic steatosis was also decreased by Totum-63 and associated with a lower expression of genes involved in fatty acid uptake, de novo lipogenesis, inflammation, and fibrosis. Furthermore, a significant reduction in pro-inflammatory macrophages was also observed in epidydimal WAT. Finally, a potent decrease in BAT mass associated with enhanced tissue expression of thermogenic genes was found, suggesting BAT activation by Totum-63.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results show that Totum-63 reduces inflammation and improves insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis in obese mice through pleiotropic effects on various metabolic organs. Altogether, plant-derived Totum-63 might constitute a promising novel nutritional supplement for alleviating metabolic dysfunctions in obese people with or without T2D.

Redox modulation of vitagenes via plant polyphenols and vitamin D: Novel insights for chemoprevention and therapeutic interventions based on organoid technology

Polyphenols are chemopreventive through the induction of nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2)-mediated proteins and anti-inflammatory pathways. These pathways, encoding cytoprotective vitagenes, include heat shock proteins, such as heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), as well as glutathione redox system to protect against cancer initiation and progression. Phytochemicals exhibit biphasic dose responses on cancer cells, activating at low dose, signaling pathways resulting in upregulation of vitagenes, as in the case of the Nrf2 pathway upregulated by hydroxytyrosol (HT) or curcumin and NAD/NADH-sirtuin-1 activated by resveratrol. Here, the importance of vitagenes in redox stress response and autophagy mechanisms, as well as the potential use of dietary antioxidants in the prevention and treatment of multiple types of cancer are discussed. We also discuss the possible relationship between SARS-CoV-2, inflammation and cancer, exploiting innovative therapeutic approaches with HT-rich aqueous olive pulp extract (Hidrox®), a natural polyphenolic formulation, as well as the rationale of Vitamin D supplementation. Finally, we describe innovative approaches with organoids technology to study human carcinogenesis in preclinical models from basic cancer research to clinical practice, suggesting patient-derived organoids as an innovative tool to test drug toxicity and drive personalized therapy.

Nutraceutical Strategies for Suppressing NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation: Pertinence to the Management of COVID-19 and Beyond

Inflammasomes are intracellular protein complexes that form in response to a variety of stress signals and that serve to catalyze the proteolytic conversion of pro-interleukin-1β and pro-interleukin-18 to active interleukin-1β and interleukin-18, central mediators of the inflammatory response; inflammasomes can also promote a type of cell death known as pyroptosis. The NLRP3 inflammasome has received the most study and plays an important pathogenic role in a vast range of pathologies associated with inflammation-including atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, the complications of diabetes, neurological and autoimmune disorders, dry macular degeneration, gout, and the cytokine storm phase of COVID-19. A consideration of the molecular biology underlying inflammasome priming and activation enables the prediction that a range of nutraceuticals may have clinical potential for suppressing inflammasome activity-antioxidants including phycocyanobilin, phase 2 inducers, melatonin, and N-acetylcysteine, the AMPK activator berberine, glucosamine, zinc, and various nutraceuticals that support generation of hydrogen sulfide. Complex nutraceuticals or functional foods featuring a number of these agents may find utility in the prevention and control of a wide range of medical disorders.

The Role of Natural Compounds and their Nanocarriers in the Treatment of CNS Inflammation

Neuroinflammation, which is involved in various inflammatory cascades in nervous tissues, can result in persistent and chronic apoptotic neuronal cell death and programmed cell death, triggering various degenerative disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). The neuroprotective effects of natural compounds against neuroinflammation are mainly mediated by their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic properties that specifically promote or inhibit various molecular signal transduction pathways. However, natural compounds have several limitations, such as their pharmacokinetic properties and stability, which hinder their clinical development and use as medicines. This review discusses the molecular mechanisms of neuroinflammation and degenerative diseases of CNS. In addition, it emphasizes potential natural compounds and their promising nanocarriers for overcoming their limitations in the treatment of neuroinflammation. Moreover, recent promising CNS inflammation-targeted nanocarrier systems implementing lesion site-specific active targeting strategies for CNS inflammation are also discussed.

ROS systems are a new integrated network for sensing homeostasis and alarming stresses in organelle metabolic processes

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are critical for the progression of cardiovascular diseases, inflammations and tumors. However, the mechanisms of how ROS sense metabolic stress, regulate metabolic pathways and initiate proliferation, inflammation and cell death responses remain poorly characterized. In this analytic review, we concluded that: 1) Based on different features and functions, eleven types of ROS can be classified into seven functional groups: metabolic stress-sensing, chemical connecting, organelle communication, stress branch-out, inflammasome-activating, dual functions and triple functions ROS. 2) Among the ROS generation systems, mitochondria consume the most amount of oxygen; and nine types of ROS are generated; thus, mitochondrial ROS systems serve as the central hub for connecting ROS with inflammasome activation, trained immunity and immunometabolic pathways. 3) Increased nuclear ROS production significantly promotes cell death in comparison to that in other organelles. Nuclear ROS systems serve as a convergent hub and decision-makers to connect unbearable and alarming metabolic stresses to inflammation and cell death. 4) Balanced ROS levels indicate physiological homeostasis of various metabolic processes in subcellular organelles and cytosol, while imbalanced ROS levels present alarms for pathological organelle stresses in metabolic processes. Based on these analyses, we propose a working model that ROS systems are a new integrated network for sensing homeostasis and alarming stress in metabolic processes in various subcellular organelles. Our model provides novel insights on the roles of the ROS systems in bridging metabolic stress to inflammation, cell death and tumorigenesis; and provide novel therapeutic targets for treating those diseases. (Word count: 246).