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Okhina AA, Kornienko TE, Rogachev AD, Luzina OA, Popova NA, Nikolin VP, Zakharenko AL, Dyrkheeva NS, Pokrovsky AG, Salakhutdinov NF, Lavrik OI. Pharmacokinetic study of Tdp1 inhibitor resulted in a significant increase in antitumor effect in the treatment of Lewis lung carcinoma in mice by its combination with topotecan. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 236:115731. [PMID: 37741072 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown that the Tdp1 inhibitor, enamine derivative of usnic acid, the agent OL9-116, enhances the antitumor activity of topotecan. In the present study, we developed and validated LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of OL9-116 in mouse whole blood and studied pharmacokinetics of the agent. The substance OL9-116 was shown to be stable in the whole blood in vitro. Sample preparation included two steps: mixing 10 µL of a blood sample with 10 µL of 0.2 M ZnSO4 aqueous solution, followed by protein precipitation with 100 µL of acetonitrile containing internal standard. Quantification of the compound was performed using SCIEX 6500 QTRAP mass spectrometer in MRM mode following chromatographic separation on a C8 reversed-phase column. The method was validated in terms of selectivity, linearity, accuracy, precision, recovery, and stability of the prepared sample. When the agent OL9-116 was administered intragastrically at a dose of 150 mg/kg, the maximum concentration in the blood (about 5000 ng/mL) was reached after 2-4 h followed by the distribution and elimination of the compound. A study of the antitumor activity of a combination of OL9-116 and topotecan against Lewis lung carcinoma revealed that administration of topotecan 3 h after OL9-116 resulted in the most pronounced antitumor effect compared to simultaneous or individual administration of both compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina A Okhina
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrent'ev ave., 9, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; Novosibirsk State University, Pirogov St., 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Tatyana E Kornienko
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine of the Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrent'ev ave., 8, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Artem D Rogachev
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrent'ev ave., 9, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; Novosibirsk State University, Pirogov St., 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Olga A Luzina
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrent'ev ave., 9, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Nelly A Popova
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogov St., 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrent'ev ave., 10, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Valery P Nikolin
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrent'ev ave., 10, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Alexandra L Zakharenko
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine of the Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrent'ev ave., 8, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Nadezhda S Dyrkheeva
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine of the Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrent'ev ave., 8, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Andrey G Pokrovsky
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogov St., 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Nariman F Salakhutdinov
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrent'ev ave., 9, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Olga I Lavrik
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogov St., 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine of the Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrent'ev ave., 8, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
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2
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Lin X, Chen J, Li X, Chen D, Luo K, Deng Y, Yang D, Huang Z, Tao C. Dimeric oxyberberine CT4-1 targets LINC02331 to induce cytotoxicity and inhibit chemoresistance via suppressing Wnt/β-catenin signaling in hepatocellular carcinoma. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:1627-1647. [PMID: 37120773 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03501-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a type of cancer characterized by high recurrence rates. Overcoming chemoresistance can reduce HCC recurrence and improve patients' prognosis. This work aimed to identify HCC chemoresistance-associated long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) and find an effective drug targeting the identified lncRNA for ameliorating the chemoresistance. In this investigation, bioinformatics analysis based on The Cancer Genome Atlas revealed a new chemoresistance index and suggested LINC02331 as an HCC chemoresistance and patients' prognosis-associated lncRNA that served as an independent prognostic indicator. Moreover, LINC02331 promoted DNA damage repair, DNA replication, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition as well as attenuated cell cycle arrest and apoptosis through regulating Wnt/β-catenin signaling, thus stimulating HCC resistance to cisplatin cytotoxicity, proliferation, and metastasis. Interestingly, we developed a novel oxidative coupling approach to synthesize a dimeric oxyberberine CT4-1, which exerted superior anti-HCC activities without obvious side effects measured by in vivo mice model and could downregulate LINC02331 mice model and could downregulate LINC02331 to mitigate LINC02331-induced HCC progression by suppressing Wnt/β-catenin signaling. RNA sequencing analyses verified the involvement of CT4-1-affected differential expression genes in dysregulated pathways and processes, including Wnt, DNA damage repair, cell cycle, DNA replication, apoptosis, and cell adhesion molecules. Furthermore, CT4-1 was demonstrated to be an effective cytotoxic drug in ameliorating HCC patients' prognosis with a prediction model constructed based on RNA-sequencing data from CT4-1-treated cancer cells and public cancer database. In summary, HCC chemoresistance-associated LINC02331 independently predicted poor patients' prognosis and enhanced HCC progression by promoting resistance to cisplatin cytotoxicity, proliferation, and metastasis. Targeting LINC02331 by the dimeric oxyberberine CT4-1 that exhibited synergistic cytotoxicity with cisplatin could alleviate HCC progression and improve patients' prognosis. Our study identified LINC02331 as an alternative target and suggested CT4-1 as an effective cytotoxic drug in HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Drugs, and School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immunology Diseases, Shenzhen, 518036, China
- Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518036, China
| | - Xin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Drugs, and School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Dong Chen
- Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518036, China
| | - Kaixuan Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Drugs, and School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Yongxing Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Drugs, and School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Dinghua Yang
- Unit of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Zunnan Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Drugs, and School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China.
- Key Laboratory of Big Data Mining and Precision Drug Design of Guangdong Medical University, Key Laboratory of Computer-Aided Drug Design of Dongguan City, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China.
| | - Cheng Tao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Drugs, and School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China.
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3
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Volcho KP, Lavrik OI. Inhibition of DNA Repair Enzymes as a Valuable Pharmaceutical Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097954. [PMID: 37175662 PMCID: PMC10177907 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The DNA repair system plays a crucial role in maintaining the integrity of the genome [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin P Volcho
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 9, Akademika Lavrentieva Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Olga I Lavrik
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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Zakharenko AL, Luzina OA, Chepanova AA, Dyrkheeva NS, Salakhutdinov NF, Lavrik OI. Natural Products and Their Derivatives as Inhibitors of the DNA Repair Enzyme Tyrosyl-DNA Phosphodiesterase 1. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065781. [PMID: 36982848 PMCID: PMC10051138 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 1 (TDP1) is an important repair enzyme that removes various covalent adducts from the 3' end of DNA. Particularly, covalent complexes of topoisomerase 1 (TOP1) with DNA stabilized by DNA damage or by various chemical agents are an examples of such adducts. Anticancer drugs such as the TOP1 poisons topotecan and irinotecan are responsible for the stabilization of these complexes. TDP1 neutralizes the effect of these anticancer drugs, eliminating the DNA adducts. Therefore, the inhibition of TDP1 can sensitize tumor cells to the action of TOP1 poisons. This review contains information about methods for determining the TDP1 activity, as well as describing the inhibitors of these enzyme derivatives of natural biologically active substances, such as aminoglycosides, nucleosides, polyphenolic compounds, and terpenoids. Data on the efficiency of combined inhibition of TOP1 and TDP1 in vitro and in vivo are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra L Zakharenko
- Novosibirsk Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 8, Akademika Lavrentieva Ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Olga A Luzina
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 9, Akademika Lavrentieva Ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Arina A Chepanova
- Novosibirsk Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 8, Akademika Lavrentieva Ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Nadezhda S Dyrkheeva
- Novosibirsk Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 8, Akademika Lavrentieva Ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Nariman F Salakhutdinov
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 9, Akademika Lavrentieva Ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Olga I Lavrik
- Novosibirsk Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 8, Akademika Lavrentieva Ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
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5
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Dyrkheeva NS, Malakhova AA, Zakharenko AL, Okorokova LS, Shtokalo DN, Pavlova SV, Medvedev SP, Zakian SM, Nushtaeva AA, Tupikin AE, Kabilov MR, Khodyreva SN, Luzina OA, Salakhutdinov NF, Lavrik OI. Transcriptomic Analysis of CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated PARP1-Knockout Cells under the Influence of Topotecan and TDP1 Inhibitor. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065148. [PMID: 36982223 PMCID: PMC10049738 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Topoisomerase 1 (TOP1) is an enzyme that regulates DNA topology and is essential for replication, recombination, and other processes. The normal TOP1 catalytic cycle involves the formation of a short-lived covalent complex with the 3' end of DNA (TOP1 cleavage complex, TOP1cc), which can be stabilized, resulting in cell death. This fact substantiates the effectiveness of anticancer drugs-TOP1 poisons, such as topotecan, that block the relegation of DNA and fix TOP1cc. Tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 1 (TDP1) is able to eliminate TOP1cc. Thus, TDP1 interferes with the action of topotecan. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) is a key regulator of many processes in the cell, such as maintaining the integrity of the genome, regulation of the cell cycle, cell death, and others. PARP1 also controls the repair of TOP1cc. We performed a transcriptomic analysis of wild type and PARP1 knockout HEK293A cells treated with topotecan and TDP1 inhibitor OL9-119 alone and in combination. The largest number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs, about 4000 both up- and down-regulated genes) was found in knockout cells. Topotecan and OL9-119 treatment elicited significantly fewer DEGs in WT cells and negligible DEGs in PARP1-KO cells. A significant part of the changes caused by PARP1-KO affected the synthesis and processing of proteins. Differences under the action of treatment with TOP1 or TDP1 inhibitors alone were found in the signaling pathways for the development of cancer, DNA repair, and the proteasome. The drug combination resulted in DEGs in the ribosome, proteasome, spliceosome, and oxidative phosphorylation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda S Dyrkheeva
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Lavrentyeva Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Anastasia A Malakhova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Lavrentyeva Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Federal Research Centre Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Lavrentyeva Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Aleksandra L Zakharenko
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Lavrentyeva Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | - Dmitriy N Shtokalo
- AcademGene LLC, 6 Lavrentyeva Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- A.P. Ershov Institute of Informatics Systems SB RAS, 6 Lavrentyeva Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Sophia V Pavlova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Lavrentyeva Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Federal Research Centre Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Lavrentyeva Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Sergey P Medvedev
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Lavrentyeva Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Federal Research Centre Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Lavrentyeva Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Suren M Zakian
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Lavrentyeva Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Federal Research Centre Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Lavrentyeva Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Anna A Nushtaeva
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Lavrentyeva Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexey E Tupikin
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Lavrentyeva Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Marsel R Kabilov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Lavrentyeva Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Svetlana N Khodyreva
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Lavrentyeva Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Olga A Luzina
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 9 Lavrentyeva Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nariman F Salakhutdinov
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 9 Lavrentyeva Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Olga I Lavrik
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Lavrentyeva Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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6
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Ivankin DI, Kornienko TE, Mikhailova MA, Dyrkheeva NS, Zakharenko AL, Achara C, Reynisson J, Golyshev VM, Luzina OA, Volcho KP, Salakhutdinov NF, Lavrik OI. Novel TDP1 Inhibitors: Disubstituted Thiazolidine-2,4-Diones Containing Monoterpene Moieties. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043834. [PMID: 36835244 PMCID: PMC9964680 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyrosyl-DNA-phosphodiesterase 1 (TDP1) is a promising target for antitumor therapy; the use of TDP1 inhibitors with a topoisomerase 1 poison such as topotecan is a potential combination therapy. In this work, a novel series of 3,5-disubstituted thiazolidine-2,4-diones was synthesized and tested against TDP1. The screening revealed some active compounds with IC50 values less than 5 μM. Interestingly, compounds 20d and 21d were the most active, with IC50 values in the submicromolar concentration range. None of the compounds showed cytotoxicity against HCT-116 (colon carcinoma) and MRC-5 (human lung fibroblasts) cell lines in the 1-100 μM concentration range. Finally, this class of compounds did not sensitize cancer cells to the cytotoxic effect of topotecan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry I. Ivankin
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 9, Akademika Lavrentieva Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Tatyana E. Kornienko
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 8, Akademika Lavrentieva Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Marina A. Mikhailova
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nadezhda S. Dyrkheeva
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 8, Akademika Lavrentieva Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexandra L. Zakharenko
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 8, Akademika Lavrentieva Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Chigozie Achara
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Hornbeam Building, Newcastle-under-Lyme, Staffordshire ST5 5BC, UK
| | - Jóhannes Reynisson
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Hornbeam Building, Newcastle-under-Lyme, Staffordshire ST5 5BC, UK
| | - Victor M. Golyshev
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 8, Akademika Lavrentieva Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Olga A. Luzina
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 9, Akademika Lavrentieva Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Konstantin P. Volcho
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 9, Akademika Lavrentieva Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Nariman F. Salakhutdinov
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 9, Akademika Lavrentieva Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Olga I. Lavrik
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 8, Akademika Lavrentieva Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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7
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Suslov EV, Ponomarev KY, Volcho KP, Salakhutdinov NF. Azaadamantanes, a New Promising Scaffold for Medical Chemistry. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2021; 47:1133-1154. [PMID: 34931112 PMCID: PMC8675118 DOI: 10.1134/s1068162021060236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Azaadamantanes are nitrogen-containing analogs of adamantane, which contain one or more nitrogen atoms instead of carbon atoms. This substitution leads to several specific chemical and physical properties. The azaadamantane derivatives have less lipophilicity compared to their adamantane analogs, which affects both their interaction with biological targets and bioavailability. The significant increase in the number of publications during the last decade (2009-2020) concerning the study of reactivity and biological activity of azaadamantanes and their derivatives indicates a great theoretical and practical interest in these compounds. Compounds with pronounced biological activity have been already discovered among azaadamantane derivatives. The review is devoted to the biological activity of azaadamantanes and their derivatives. It presents the main methods for the synthesis of di- and triazaadamantanes and summarizes the accumulated data on studying the biological activity of these compounds. The prospects for the use of azaadamantanes in medical chemistry and pharmacology are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. V. Suslov
- Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - K. Yu. Ponomarev
- Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - K. P. Volcho
- Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - N. F. Salakhutdinov
- Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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8
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Nikolin VP, Popova NA, Kaledin VI, Luzina OA, Zakharenko AL, Salakhutdinov NF, Lavrik OI. The influence of an enamine usnic acid derivative (a tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 1 inhibitor) on the therapeutic effect of topotecan against transplanted tumors in vivo. Clin Exp Metastasis 2021; 38:431-440. [PMID: 34370156 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-021-10113-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 1 (Tdp1) is a repair enzyme for 3'-end DNA lesions, predominantly stalled DNA-topoisomerase 1 (Top1) cleavage complexes. Tdp1 is a promising target for anticancer therapy based on DNA damage caused by Top1 poisoning. Earlier, we have reported about usnic acid enamine derivatives that are Tdp1 inhibitors sensitizing tumor cells to the action of Top1 poison (Zakharenko in J Nat Prod 79:2961-2967, 2016). In the present work, we showed a sensitizing effect of an enamine derivative of usnic acid (when administered intragastrically) on Lewis lung carcinoma in mice in combination with topotecan (TPT, Top1 poison used in the clinic). In the presence of the usnic acid derivative, both the volume of the primary tumor and the number of metastases significantly diminished. The absence of acute toxicity of this compound was demonstrated, as was the importance of the method of its administration for the manifestation of the sensitizing properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- V P Nikolin
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Akademika Lavrentieva Ave., Novosibirsk, Russian Federation, 630090
| | - N A Popova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Akademika Lavrentieva Ave., Novosibirsk, Russian Federation, 630090
- Novosibirsk State University, 1 Pirogova Str., Novosibirsk, Russian Federation, 630090
| | - V I Kaledin
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Akademika Lavrentieva Ave., Novosibirsk, Russian Federation, 630090
| | - O A Luzina
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 9 Akademika Lavrentieva Ave., Novosibirsk, Russian Federation, 630090
| | - A L Zakharenko
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Akademika Lavrentieva Ave., Novosibirsk, Russian Federation, 630090
| | - N F Salakhutdinov
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 9 Akademika Lavrentieva Ave., Novosibirsk, Russian Federation, 630090
- Novosibirsk State University, 1 Pirogova Str., Novosibirsk, Russian Federation, 630090
| | - O I Lavrik
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Akademika Lavrentieva Ave., Novosibirsk, Russian Federation, 630090.
- Novosibirsk State University, 1 Pirogova Str., Novosibirsk, Russian Federation, 630090.
- Altai State University, 61 Lenina Ave., Barnaul, Russian Federation, 656049.
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9
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A Dual-Sensor-Based Screening System for In Vitro Selection of TDP1 Inhibitors. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21144832. [PMID: 34300575 PMCID: PMC8309759 DOI: 10.3390/s21144832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
DNA sensors can be used as robust tools for high-throughput drug screening of small molecules with the potential to inhibit specific enzymes. As enzymes work in complex biological pathways, it is important to screen for both desired and undesired inhibitory effects. We here report a screening system utilizing specific sensors for tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 1 (TDP1) and topoisomerase 1 (TOP1) activity to screen in vitro for drugs inhibiting TDP1 without affecting TOP1. As the main function of TDP1 is repair of TOP1 cleavage-induced DNA damage, inhibition of TOP1 cleavage could thus reduce the biological effect of the TDP1 drugs. We identified three new drug candidates of the 1,5-naphthyridine and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolinylphosphine sulfide families. All three TDP1 inhibitors had no effect on TOP1 activity and acted synergistically with the TOP1 poison SN-38 to increase the amount of TOP1 cleavage-induced DNA damage. Further, they promoted cell death even with low dose SN-38, thereby establishing two new classes of TDP1 inhibitors with clinical potential. Thus, we here report a dual-sensor screening approach for in vitro selection of TDP1 drugs and three new TDP1 drug candidates that act synergistically with TOP1 poisons.
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10
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Leung E, Patel J, Hollywood JA, Zafar A, Tomek P, Barker D, Pilkington LI, van Rensburg M, Langley RJ, Helsby NA, Squire CJ, Baguley BC, Denny WA, Reynisson J, Leung IKH. Validating TDP1 as an Inhibition Target for the Development of Chemosensitizers for Camptothecin-Based Chemotherapy Drugs. Oncol Ther 2021; 9:541-556. [PMID: 34159519 PMCID: PMC8593127 DOI: 10.1007/s40487-021-00158-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer chemotherapy sensitizers hold the key to maximizing the potential of standard anticancer treatments. We have a long-standing interest in developing and validating inhibitors of the DNA repair enzyme tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 1 (TDP1) as chemosensitizers for topoisomerase I poisons such as topotecan. Herein, by using thieno[2,3-b]pyridines, a class of TDP1 inhibitors, we showed that the inhibition of TDP1 can restore sensitivity to topotecan, results that are supported by TDP1 knockout cell experiments using CRISPR/Cas9. However, we also found that the restored sensitivity towards topoisomerase I inhibitors is likely regulated by multiple complementary DNA repair pathways. Our results showed that one of these pathways is likely modulated by PARP1, although it is also possible that other redundant and partially overlapping pathways may be involved in the DNA repair process. Our work thus raises the prospect of targeting multiple DNA repair pathways to increase the sensitivity to topoisomerase I inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Euphemia Leung
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Victoria Street West, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand. .,Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Victoria Street West, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand. .,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Victoria Street West, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Jinal Patel
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Victoria Street West, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Jennifer A Hollywood
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Victoria Street West, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Ayesha Zafar
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Victoria Street West, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Petr Tomek
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Victoria Street West, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - David Barker
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Victoria Street West, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.,The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand
| | - Lisa I Pilkington
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Victoria Street West, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Michelle van Rensburg
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Victoria Street West, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Ries J Langley
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Victoria Street West, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Victoria Street West, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Nuala A Helsby
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Victoria Street West, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Christopher J Squire
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Victoria Street West, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.,School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Victoria Street West, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Bruce C Baguley
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Victoria Street West, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - William A Denny
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Victoria Street West, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Jóhannes Reynisson
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Victoria Street West, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand. .,School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK.
| | - Ivanhoe K H Leung
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Victoria Street West, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand. .,School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Victoria Street West, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand. .,School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia. .,Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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11
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Hu DX, Tang WL, Zhang Y, Yang H, Wang W, Agama K, Pommier Y, An LK. Synthesis of Methoxy-, Methylenedioxy-, Hydroxy-, and Halo-Substituted Benzophenanthridinone Derivatives as DNA Topoisomerase IB (TOP1) and Tyrosyl-DNA Phosphodiesterase 1 (TDP1) Inhibitors and Their Biological Activity for Drug-Resistant Cancer. J Med Chem 2021; 64:7617-7629. [PMID: 34008967 PMCID: PMC10087287 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
As a recently discovered DNA repair enzyme, tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 1 (TDP1) removes topoisomerase IB (TOP1)-mediated DNA protein cross-links. Inhibiting TDP1 can potentiate the cytotoxicity of TOP1 inhibitors and overcome cancer cell resistance to TOP1 inhibitors. On the basis of our previous study, herein we report the synthesis of benzophenanthridinone derivatives as TOP1 and TDP1 inhibitors. Seven compounds (C2, C4, C5, C7, C8, C12, and C14) showed a robust TOP1 inhibitory activity (+++ or ++++), and four compounds (A13, C12, C13, and C26) showed a TDP1 inhibition (half-maximal inhibitory concentration values of 15 or 19 μM). We also show that the dual TOP1 and TDP1 inhibitor C12 induces both cellular TOP1cc, TDP1cc formation and DNA damage, resulting in cancer cell apoptosis at a sub-micromolar concentration. In addition, C12 showed an enhanced activity in drug-resistant MCF-7/TDP1 cancer cells and was synergistic with topotecan in both MCF-7 and MCF-7/TDP1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Xuan Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wen-Lin Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hao Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wenjie Wang
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892, Maryland, United States
| | - Keli Agama
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892, Maryland, United States
| | - Yves Pommier
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892, Maryland, United States
| | - Lin-Kun An
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, Guangzhou 510006, China
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12
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Gladkova ED, Chepanova AA, Ilina ES, Zakharenko AL, Reynisson J, Luzina OA, Volcho KP, Lavrik OI, Salakhutdinov NF. Discovery of Novel Sultone Fused Berberine Derivatives as Promising Tdp1 Inhibitors. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26071945. [PMID: 33808389 PMCID: PMC8037669 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26071945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A new type of berberine derivatives was obtained by the reaction of berberrubine with aliphatic sulfonyl chlorides. The new polycyclic compounds have a sultone ring condensed to C and D rings of a protoberberine core. The reaction conditions were developed to facilitate the formation of sultones with high yields without by-product formation. Thus, it was shown that the order of addition of reagents affects the composition of the reaction products: when sulfochlorides are added to berberrubine, their corresponding 9-O-sulfonates are predominantly formed; when berberrubine is added to pre-generated sulfenes, sultones are the only products. The reaction was shown to proceed stereo-selectively and the cycle configuration was confirmed by 2D NMR spectroscopy. The inhibitory activity of the synthesized sultones and their 12-brominated analogs against the DNA-repair enzyme tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 1 (Tdp1), an important target for a potential antitumor therapy, was studied. All derivatives were active in the micromolar and submicromolar range, in contrast to the acyclic analogs and 9-O-sulfonates, which were inactive. The significance of the sultone cycle and bromine substituent in binding with the enzyme was confirmed using molecular modeling. The active inhibitors are mostly non-toxic to the HeLa cancer cell line, and several ligands show synergy with topotecan, a topoisomerase 1 poison in clinical use. Thus, novel berberine derivatives can be considered as candidates for adjuvant therapy against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizaveta D. Gladkova
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 9, Akademika Lavrentieva Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (E.D.G.); (K.P.V.)
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova str. 1, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Arina A. Chepanova
- Novosibirsk Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 8, Akademika Lavrentieva Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (A.A.C.); (E.S.I.); (A.L.Z.); (O.I.L.)
| | - Ekaterina S. Ilina
- Novosibirsk Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 8, Akademika Lavrentieva Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (A.A.C.); (E.S.I.); (A.L.Z.); (O.I.L.)
| | - Alexandra L. Zakharenko
- Novosibirsk Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 8, Akademika Lavrentieva Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (A.A.C.); (E.S.I.); (A.L.Z.); (O.I.L.)
| | - Jóhannes Reynisson
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Hornbeam Building, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK;
| | - Olga A. Luzina
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 9, Akademika Lavrentieva Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (E.D.G.); (K.P.V.)
- Correspondence: (O.A.L.); (N.F.S.)
| | - Konstantin P. Volcho
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 9, Akademika Lavrentieva Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (E.D.G.); (K.P.V.)
| | - Olga I. Lavrik
- Novosibirsk Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 8, Akademika Lavrentieva Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (A.A.C.); (E.S.I.); (A.L.Z.); (O.I.L.)
| | - Nariman F. Salakhutdinov
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 9, Akademika Lavrentieva Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (E.D.G.); (K.P.V.)
- Correspondence: (O.A.L.); (N.F.S.)
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13
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Zhao XZ, Kiselev E, Lountos GT, Wang W, Tropea JE, Needle D, Hilimire TA, Schneekloth JS, Waugh DS, Pommier Y, Burke TR. Small molecule microarray identifies inhibitors of tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 1 that simultaneously access the catalytic pocket and two substrate binding sites. Chem Sci 2021; 12:3876-3884. [PMID: 34163656 PMCID: PMC8179437 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc05411a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 1 (TDP1) is a member of the phospholipase D family of enzymes, which catalyzes the removal of both 3′- and 5′-DNA phosphodiester adducts. Importantly, it is capable of reducing the anticancer effects of type I topoisomerase (TOP1) inhibitors by repairing the stalled covalent complexes of TOP1 with DNA. It achieves this by promoting the hydrolysis of the phosphodiester bond between the Y723 residue of human TOP1 and the 3′-phosphate of its DNA substrate. Blocking TDP1 function is an attractive means of enhancing the efficacy of TOP1 inhibitors and overcoming drug resistance. Previously, we reported the use of an X-ray crystallographic screen of more than 600 fragments to identify small molecule variations on phthalic acid and hydroxyquinoline motifs that bind within the TDP1 catalytic pocket. Yet, the majority of these compounds showed limited (millimolar) TDP1 inhibitory potencies. We now report examining a 21 000-member library of drug-like Small Molecules in Microarray (SMM) format for their ability to bind Alexa Fluor 647 (AF647)-labeled TDP1. The screen identified structurally similar N,2-diphenylimidazo[1,2-a]pyrazin-3-amines as TDP1 binders and catalytic inhibitors. We then explored the core heterocycle skeleton using one-pot Groebke–Blackburn–Bienayme multicomponent reactions and arrived at analogs having higher inhibitory potencies. Solving TDP1 co-crystal structures of a subset of compounds showed their binding at the TDP1 catalytic site, while mimicking substrate interactions. Although our original fragment screen differed significantly from the current microarray protocol, both methods identified ligand–protein interactions containing highly similar elements. Importantly inhibitors identified through the SMM approach show competitive inhibition against TDP1 and access the catalytic phosphate-binding pocket, while simultaneously providing extensions into both the substrate DNA and peptide-binding channels. As such, they represent a platform for further elaboration of trivalent ligands, that could serve as a new genre of potent TDP1 inhibitors. Using small molecule microarray TDP1 inhibitors have been identified that bind in a trivalent mode.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhi Zhao
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute Frederick MD USA
| | - Evgeny Kiselev
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute Bethesda MD USA
| | - George T Lountos
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research Frederick MD USA
| | - Wenjie Wang
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute Bethesda MD USA
| | - Joseph E Tropea
- Center for Structural Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute Frederick MD USA
| | - Danielle Needle
- Center for Structural Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute Frederick MD USA
| | - Thomas A Hilimire
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute Frederick MD USA
| | - John S Schneekloth
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute Frederick MD USA
| | - David S Waugh
- Center for Structural Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute Frederick MD USA
| | - Yves Pommier
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute Bethesda MD USA
| | - Terrence R Burke
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute Frederick MD USA
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