1
|
Wickel J, Chung HY, Ceanga M, von Stackelberg N, Hahn N, Candemir Ö, Baade-Büttner C, Mein N, Tomasini P, Woldeyesus DM, Andreas N, Baumgarten P, Koch P, Groth M, Wang ZQ, Geis C. Repopulated microglia after pharmacological depletion decrease dendritic spine density in adult mouse brain. Glia 2024; 72:1484-1500. [PMID: 38780213 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Microglia are innate immune cells in the brain and show exceptional heterogeneity. They are key players in brain physiological development regulating synaptic plasticity and shaping neuronal networks. In pathological disease states, microglia-induced synaptic pruning mediates synaptic loss and targeting microglia was proposed as a promising therapeutic strategy. However, the effect of microglia depletion and subsequent repopulation on dendritic spine density and neuronal function in the adult brain is largely unknown. In this study, we investigated whether pharmacological microglia depletion affects dendritic spine density after long-term permanent microglia depletion and after short-term microglia depletion with subsequent repopulation. Long-term microglia depletion using colony-stimulating-factor-1 receptor (CSF1-R) inhibitor PLX5622 resulted in increased overall spine density, especially of mushroom spines, and increased excitatory postsynaptic current amplitudes. Short-term PLX5622 treatment with subsequent repopulation of microglia had an opposite effect resulting in activated microglia with increased synaptic phagocytosis and consequently decreased spine density and reduced excitatory neurotransmission, while Barnes maze and elevated plus maze testing was unaffected. Moreover, RNA sequencing data of isolated repopulated microglia showed an activated and proinflammatory phenotype. Long-term microglia depletion might be a promising therapeutic strategy in neurological diseases with pathological microglial activation, synaptic pruning, and synapse loss. However, repopulation after depletion induces activated microglia and results in a decrease of dendritic spines possibly limiting the therapeutic application of microglia depletion. Instead, persistent modulation of pathological microglia activity might be beneficial in controlling synaptic damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Wickel
- Section of Translational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Ha-Yeun Chung
- Section of Translational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Mihai Ceanga
- Section of Translational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Nikolai von Stackelberg
- Section of Translational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Nina Hahn
- Section of Translational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Özge Candemir
- Section of Translational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Carolin Baade-Büttner
- Section of Translational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Nils Mein
- Section of Translational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Paula Tomasini
- Section of Translational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Dan M Woldeyesus
- Section of Translational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Nico Andreas
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Peter Baumgarten
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Philipp Koch
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Marco Groth
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Zhao-Qi Wang
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Christian Geis
- Section of Translational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Center for Intervention and Research on Adaptive and Maladaptive Brain Circuits Underlying Mental Health (C-I-R-C), Jena-Magdeburg-Halle, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kline-Schoder AR, Chintamen S, Willner MJ, DiBenedetto MR, Noel RL, Batts AJ, Kwon N, Zacharoulis S, Wu CC, Menon V, Kernie SG, Konofagou EE. Characterization of the responses of brain macrophages to focused ultrasound-mediated blood-brain barrier opening. Nat Biomed Eng 2024; 8:650-663. [PMID: 37857722 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-023-01107-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
The opening of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) by focused ultrasound (FUS) coupled with intravenously injected microbubbles can be leveraged as a form of immunotherapy for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. However, how FUS BBB opening affects brain macrophages is not well understood. Here by using single-cell sequencing to characterize the distinct responses of microglia and central nervous system-associated macrophages (CAMs) to FUS-mediated BBB opening in mice, we show that the treatment remodels the immune landscape via the recruitment of CAMs and the proliferation of microglia and via population size increases in disease-associated microglia. Both microglia and CAMs showed early and late increases in population sizes, yet only the proliferation of microglia increased at both timepoints. The population of disease-associated microglia also increased, accompanied by the upregulation of genes associated with gliogenesis and phagocytosis, with the depletion of brain macrophages significantly decreasing the duration of BBB opening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sana Chintamen
- Department of Neurobiology and Behaviour, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Moshe J Willner
- Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Rebecca L Noel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alec J Batts
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nancy Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Cheng-Chia Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vilas Menon
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Steven G Kernie
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elisa E Konofagou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pallarés-Moratalla C, Bergers G. The ins and outs of microglial cells in brain health and disease. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1305087. [PMID: 38665919 PMCID: PMC11043497 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1305087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the brain's resident macrophages that play pivotal roles in immune surveillance and maintaining homeostasis of the Central Nervous System (CNS). Microglia are functionally implicated in various cerebrovascular diseases, including stroke, aneurysm, and tumorigenesis as they regulate neuroinflammatory responses and tissue repair processes. Here, we review the manifold functions of microglia in the brain under physiological and pathological conditions, primarily focusing on the implication of microglia in glioma propagation and progression. We further review the current status of therapies targeting microglial cells, including their re-education, depletion, and re-population approaches as therapeutic options to improve patient outcomes for various neurological and neuroinflammatory disorders, including cancer.
Collapse
|
4
|
Weyer MP, Strehle J, Schäfer MKE, Tegeder I. Repurposing of pexidartinib for microglia depletion and renewal. Pharmacol Ther 2024; 253:108565. [PMID: 38052308 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Pexidartinib (PLX3397) is a small molecule receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor of colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) with moderate selectivity over other members of the platelet derived growth factor receptor family. It is approved for treatment of tenosynovial giant cell tumors (TGCT). CSF1R is highly expressed by microglia, which are macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS) that defend the CNS against injury and pathogens and contribute to synapse development and plasticity. Challenged by pathogens, apoptotic cells, debris, or inflammatory molecules they adopt a responsive state to propagate the inflammation and eventually return to a homeostatic state. The phenotypic switch may fail, and disease-associated microglia contribute to the pathophysiology in neurodegenerative or neuropsychiatric diseases or long-lasting detrimental brain inflammation after brain, spinal cord or nerve injury or ischemia/hemorrhage. Microglia also contribute to the growth permissive tumor microenvironment of glioblastoma (GBM). In rodents, continuous treatment for 1-2 weeks via pexidartinib food pellets leads to a depletion of microglia and subsequent repopulation from the remaining fraction, which is aided by peripheral monocytes that search empty niches for engraftment. The putative therapeutic benefit of such microglia depletion or forced renewal has been assessed in almost any rodent model of CNS disease or injury or GBM with heterogeneous outcomes, but a tendency of partial beneficial effects. So far, microglia monitoring e.g. via positron emission imaging is not standard of care for patients receiving Pexidartinib (e.g. for TGCT), so that the depletion and repopulation efficiency in humans is still largely unknown. Considering the virtuous functions of microglia, continuous depletion is likely no therapeutic option but short-lasting transient partial depletion to stimulate microglia renewal or replace microglia in genetic disease in combination with e.g. stem cell transplantation or as part of a multimodal concept in treatment of glioblastoma appears feasible. The present review provides an overview of the preclinical evidence pro and contra microglia depletion as a therapeutic approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc-Philipp Weyer
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Faculty of Medicine, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jenny Strehle
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael K E Schäfer
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany
| | - Irmgard Tegeder
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Faculty of Medicine, Frankfurt, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Claeys W, Verhaege D, Van Imschoot G, Van Wonterghem E, Van Acker L, Amelinck L, De Ponti FF, Scott C, Geerts A, Van Steenkiste C, Van Hoecke L, Vandenbroucke RE. Limitations of PLX3397 as a microglial investigational tool: peripheral and off-target effects dictate the response to inflammation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1283711. [PMID: 38077359 PMCID: PMC10703484 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1283711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS), play a critical role in CNS homeostasis and neuroinflammation. Pexidartinib (PLX3397), a colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF1) receptor inhibitor, is widely used to deplete microglia, offering flexible options for both long-term depletion and highly versatile depletion-repopulation cycles. However, the potential impact of PLX3397 on peripheral (immune) cells remains controversial. Until now, the microglia-specificity of this type of compounds has not been thoroughly evaluated, particularly in the context of peripherally derived neuroinflammation. Our study addresses this gap by examining the effects of PLX3397 on immune cells in the brain, liver, circulation and bone marrow, both in homeostasis and systemic inflammation models. Intriguingly, we demonstrate that PLX3397 treatment not only influences the levels of tissue-resident macrophages, but also affects circulating and bone marrow immune cells beyond the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS). These alterations in peripheral immune cells disrupt the response to systemic inflammation, consequently impacting the phenotype irrespective of microglial depletion. Furthermore, we observed that a lower dose of PLX3397, which does not deplete microglia, demonstrates similar (non-)MPS effects, both in the periphery and the brain, but fails to fully replicate the peripheral alterations seen in the higher doses, questioning lower doses as a 'peripheral control' strategy. Overall, our data highlight the need for caution when interpreting studies employing this compound, as it may not be suitable for specific investigation of microglial function in the presence of systemic inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wouter Claeys
- Department of Internal Medicine and Paediatrics, Hepatology Research Unit, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Liver Research Center Ghent, Ghent University, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Barriers in Inflammation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Daan Verhaege
- Barriers in Inflammation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Griet Van Imschoot
- Barriers in Inflammation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Elien Van Wonterghem
- Barriers in Inflammation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lore Van Acker
- Barriers in Inflammation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Laura Amelinck
- Barriers in Inflammation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Federico F. De Ponti
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Myeloid Cell Biology in Tissue Damage and Inflammation, VIB–UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Scott
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Myeloid Cell Biology in Tissue Damage and Inflammation, VIB–UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anja Geerts
- Department of Internal Medicine and Paediatrics, Hepatology Research Unit, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Liver Research Center Ghent, Ghent University, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christophe Van Steenkiste
- Antwerp University, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maria Middelares Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lien Van Hoecke
- Barriers in Inflammation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Roosmarijn E. Vandenbroucke
- Barriers in Inflammation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Okojie AK, Uweru JO, Coburn MA, Li S, Cao-Dao VD, Eyo UB. Distinguishing the effects of systemic CSF1R inhibition by PLX3397 on microglia and peripheral immune cells. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:242. [PMID: 37865779 PMCID: PMC10590528 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02924-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the primary immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), are derived from the yolk sac and populate the brain during development. Once microglia migrate to the CNS, they are self-renewing and require CSF1R signaling for their maintenance. Pexidartinib (PLX3397, PLX), a small molecule inhibitor of the CSF1R, has been shown to effectively deplete microglia since microglial maintenance is CSF1R-dependent. There have, however, been several conflicting reports that have shown the potential off-target effects of PLX on peripheral immune cells particularly those of lymphoid origin. Given this controversy in the use of the PLX family of drugs, it has become important to ascertain to what extent PLX affects the peripheral immune profile in lymphoid (spleen, and bone marrow) and non-lymphoid (kidney, lungs, and heart) organs. PLX3397 chow treatment at 660 mg/kg for 7 days significantly reduced CD45+ macrophages, CX3CR1-GFP cells, CD11b+CD45intermediate cells, and P2RY12 expression in the brain. However, there were minimal effects on peripheral immune cells from both lymphoid and non-lymphoid organs except in the heart where there was a significant decrease in CD3+ cells, inflammatory and patrolling monocytes, and CD11b+Ly6G+ neutrophils. We then stimulated the immune system with 1 mg/kg of LPS which resulted in a significant reduction in the number of innate immune cells. In this context, PLX did not alter the cytokine profile in the serum and the brain of naïve mice but did so in the LPS-stimulated group resulting in a significant reduction in TNFα, IL-1α, IFN-γ and IL-1β. Furthermore, PLX did not alter locomotor activity in the open field test suggesting that microglia do not contribute to LPS-induced sickness behavior. Our results provide an assessment of immune cell populations with PLX3397 treatment on brain, lymphoid and non-lymphoid organs without and during LPS treatment that can serve as a resource for understanding consequences of such approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akhabue K Okojie
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
| | - Joseph O Uweru
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Morgan A Coburn
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Sihan Li
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Vivian D Cao-Dao
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Ukpong B Eyo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lei F, Cui N, Zhou C, Chodosh J, Vavvas DG, Paschalis EI. CSF1R inhibition is not specific to innate immune cells but also affects T-helper cell differentiation independently of microglia depletion. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3308220. [PMID: 37720036 PMCID: PMC10503844 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3308220/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) inhibition has been proposed as a specific method for microglia depletion. However, recent work revealed that in addition to microglia, CSF1R inhibition also affects other innate immune cells, such as peripheral monocytes and tissue-resident macrophages of the lung, liver, spleen, and peritoneum. Here, we show that this effect is not restricted to innate immune cells only but extends to the adaptive immune compartment. CSF1R inhibition alters the transcriptional profile of bone marrow cells that control T helper cell activation. In vivo or ex vivo inhibition of CSF1R profoundly changes the transcriptional profile of CD4+ cells and suppresses Th1 and Th2 differentiation in directionally stimulated and unstimulated cells and independently of microglia depletion. Given that T cells also contribute in CNS pathology, these effects may have practical implications in the interpretation of relevant experimental data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengyang Lei
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang Q, Wang YY, Pu WJ, Ma X, Ni RJ. Dynamic changes in microglia in the mouse hippocampus during administration and withdrawal of the CSF1R inhibitor PLX3397. J Anat 2023; 243:394-403. [PMID: 37038887 PMCID: PMC10439370 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Pexidartinib (PLX3397), a colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF1R) inhibitor, is currently in phase 1-3 clinical trials as a treatment for a variety of tumours. CSF1R signalling regulates the development, survival and maintenance of microglia, the resident brain innate immune cells. In this study, we examined the effects of PLX3397 in the drinking water of mice on microglia in the hippocampus using ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1, a microglial marker) immunocytochemistry. A high concentration of PLX3397 (1 mg/mL) significantly decreased the density of Iba1-immunoreactive cells after 7 days of exposure, but a low concentration of PLX3397 (0.5 mg/mL) did not. In addition, both low and high concentrations of PLX3397 significantly increased the intersection number, total length and maximum length of microglial processes in male mice. PLX3397 administered for 21 days eliminated microglia with 78% efficiency in males and 84% efficiency in females. Significant increases in microglial processes were found after both seven and 21 days of PLX3397 exposure in males, whereas decreases in microglial processes were observed after both 14 and 21 days of exposure in females. After PLX3397 withdrawal following its administration for 14 days in males, the soma size quickly returned to normal levels within a week. However, the microglial density, intersection number and total length of microglial processes after 3 days of recovery stabilized to untreated levels. In summary, these findings provide detailed insight into the dynamic changes in microglial number and morphology in the hippocampus in a dose- and time-dependent manner after PLX3397 treatment and withdrawal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qirun Wang
- Psychiatric Laboratory and Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Clinical Medical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi-Yan Wang
- Psychiatric Laboratory and Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Clinical Medical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Chengdu, China
| | - Wen-Jun Pu
- Psychiatric Laboratory and Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Clinical Medical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaohong Ma
- Psychiatric Laboratory and Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Clinical Medical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Chengdu, China
| | - Rong-Jun Ni
- Psychiatric Laboratory and Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Clinical Medical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhou C, Lei F, Mittermaier M, Ksander B, Dana R, Dohlman CH, Vavvas DG, Chodosh J, Paschalis EI. Opposing Roles of Blood-Borne Monocytes and Tissue-Resident Macrophages in Limbal Stem Cell Damage after Ocular Injury. Cells 2023; 12:2089. [PMID: 37626899 PMCID: PMC10453077 DOI: 10.3390/cells12162089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Limbal stem cell (LSC) deficiency is a frequent and severe complication after chemical injury to the eye. Previous studies have assumed this is mediated directly by the caustic agent. Here we show that LSC damage occurs through immune cell mediators, even without direct injury to LSCs. In particular, pH elevation in the anterior chamber (AC) causes acute uveal stress, the release of inflammatory cytokines at the basal limbal tissue, and subsequent LSC damage and death. Peripheral C-C chemokine receptor type 2 positive/CX3C motif chemokine receptor 1 negative (CCR2+ CX3CR1-) monocytes are the key mediators of LSC damage through the upregulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) at the limbus. In contrast to peripherally derived monocytes, CX3CR1+ CCR2- tissue-resident macrophages have a protective role, and their depletion prior to injury exacerbates LSC loss and increases LSC vulnerability to TNF-α-mediated apoptosis independently of CCR2+ cell infiltration into the tissue. Consistently, repopulation of the tissue by new resident macrophages not only restores the protective M2-like phenotype of macrophages but also suppresses LSC loss after exposure to inflammatory signals. These findings may have clinical implications in patients with LSC loss after chemical burns or due to other inflammatory conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengxin Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear and Schepens Eye Research Institute, Mass General Brigham, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (C.Z.); (F.L.); (M.M.); (B.K.); (R.D.); (C.H.D.); (J.C.)
- Boston Keratoprosthesis Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Mass General Brigham, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Disruptive Technology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Fengyang Lei
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear and Schepens Eye Research Institute, Mass General Brigham, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (C.Z.); (F.L.); (M.M.); (B.K.); (R.D.); (C.H.D.); (J.C.)
- Boston Keratoprosthesis Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Mass General Brigham, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Disruptive Technology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Mirja Mittermaier
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear and Schepens Eye Research Institute, Mass General Brigham, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (C.Z.); (F.L.); (M.M.); (B.K.); (R.D.); (C.H.D.); (J.C.)
| | - Bruce Ksander
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear and Schepens Eye Research Institute, Mass General Brigham, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (C.Z.); (F.L.); (M.M.); (B.K.); (R.D.); (C.H.D.); (J.C.)
| | - Reza Dana
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear and Schepens Eye Research Institute, Mass General Brigham, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (C.Z.); (F.L.); (M.M.); (B.K.); (R.D.); (C.H.D.); (J.C.)
| | - Claes H. Dohlman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear and Schepens Eye Research Institute, Mass General Brigham, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (C.Z.); (F.L.); (M.M.); (B.K.); (R.D.); (C.H.D.); (J.C.)
- Boston Keratoprosthesis Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Mass General Brigham, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Demetrios G. Vavvas
- Retina Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Mass General Brigham, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA;
| | - James Chodosh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear and Schepens Eye Research Institute, Mass General Brigham, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (C.Z.); (F.L.); (M.M.); (B.K.); (R.D.); (C.H.D.); (J.C.)
- Boston Keratoprosthesis Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Mass General Brigham, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Disruptive Technology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA
| | - Eleftherios I. Paschalis
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear and Schepens Eye Research Institute, Mass General Brigham, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (C.Z.); (F.L.); (M.M.); (B.K.); (R.D.); (C.H.D.); (J.C.)
- Boston Keratoprosthesis Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Mass General Brigham, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Disruptive Technology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang M, Zhang J, Yin Z, Ding W, Zhao M, Liu J, Xu Y, Xu S, Pan W, Wei C, Jiang H, Wan J. Microglia-Mediated Neuroimmune Response Regulates Cardiac Remodeling After Myocardial Infarction. J Am Heart Assoc 2023; 12:e029053. [PMID: 37318008 PMCID: PMC10356026 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.122.029053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Background Sympathetic hyperactivity contributes to pathological remodeling after myocardial infarction (MI). However, the mechanisms underlying the increase in sympathetic activity remain unknown. Microglia are the predominant immune cells in the central nervous system and can regulate sympathetic neuron activity through neuroimmune response in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. The present study aimed to investigate whether microglia-mediated neuroimmune response can regulate sympathetic activity and cardiac remodeling after MI. Methods and Results PLX3397 (pexidartinib) was used to deplete central microglia via intragastric injection or intracerebroventricular injection. After that, MI was induced by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Our study showed that MI resulted in the activation of microglia in the paraventricular nucleus. Microglia depletion, which was induced by PLX3397 treatment via intragastric injection or intracerebroventricular injection, improved cardiac function, reduced infarction size, and attenuated cardiomyocyte apoptosis, fibrosis, pathological electrical remodeling, and myocardial inflammation after MI. Mechanistically, these protective effects were associated with an attenuated neuroimmune response in the paraventricular nucleus, which contributed to the decrease of sympathetic activity and attenuation of sympathetic remodeling in the heart. However, intragastric injection with PLX3397 obviously depleted macrophages and induced neutrophil and T-lymphocyte disorders in the heart, blood, and spleen. Conclusions Microglia depletion in the central nervous system attenuates pathological cardiac remodeling after MI by inhibiting neuroimmune response and sympathetic activity. Intragastric administration of PLX3397 leads to serious deleterious effects in peripheral immune cells, especially macrophages, which should be a cause for concern in animal experiments and clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Menglong Wang
- Department of CardiologyRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
- Cardiovascular Research InstituteWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of CardiologyWuhanChina
| | - Jishou Zhang
- Department of CardiologyRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
- Cardiovascular Research InstituteWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of CardiologyWuhanChina
| | - Zheng Yin
- Department of CardiologyRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
- Cardiovascular Research InstituteWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of CardiologyWuhanChina
| | - Wen Ding
- Department of RadiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Mengmeng Zhao
- Department of CardiologyRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
- Cardiovascular Research InstituteWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of CardiologyWuhanChina
| | - Jianfang Liu
- Department of CardiologyRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
- Cardiovascular Research InstituteWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of CardiologyWuhanChina
| | - Yao Xu
- Department of CardiologyRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
- Cardiovascular Research InstituteWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of CardiologyWuhanChina
| | - Shuwan Xu
- Department of CardiologyRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
- Cardiovascular Research InstituteWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of CardiologyWuhanChina
| | - Wei Pan
- Department of CardiologyRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
- Cardiovascular Research InstituteWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of CardiologyWuhanChina
| | - Cheng Wei
- Department of CardiologyRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
- Cardiovascular Research InstituteWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of CardiologyWuhanChina
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of CardiologyRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
- Cardiovascular Research InstituteWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of CardiologyWuhanChina
| | - Jun Wan
- Department of CardiologyRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
- Cardiovascular Research InstituteWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of CardiologyWuhanChina
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Giordano KR, Saber M, Green TR, Rojas-Valencia LM, Ortiz JB, Murphy SM, Lifshitz J, Rowe RK. Colony-Stimulating Factor-1 Receptor Inhibition Transiently Attenuated the Peripheral Immune Response to Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury. Neurotrauma Rep 2023; 4:284-296. [PMID: 37139183 PMCID: PMC10150725 DOI: 10.1089/neur.2022.0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate microglial mechanisms in central and peripheral inflammation after experimental traumatic brain injury (TBI), we inhibited the colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF-1R) with PLX5622 (PLX). We hypothesized that microglia depletion would attenuate central inflammation acutely with no effect on peripheral inflammation. After randomization, male mice (n = 105) were fed PLX or control diets (21 days) and then received midline fluid percussion injury or sham injury. Brain and blood were collected at 1, 3, or 7 days post-injury (DPI). Immune cell populations were quantified in the brain and blood by flow cytometry. Cytokines (interleukin [IL]-6, IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ, IL-17A, and IL-10) were quantified in the blood using a multi-plex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Data were analyzed using Bayesian multi-variate, multi-level models. PLX depleted microglia at all time points and reduced neutrophils in the brain at 7 DPI. PLX also depleted CD115+ monocytes, reduced myeloid cells, neutrophils, and Ly6Clow monocytes in blood, and elevated IL-6. TBI induced a central and peripheral immune response. TBI elevated leukocytes, microglia, and macrophages in the brain and elevated peripheral myeloid cells, neutrophils, Ly6Cint monocytes, and IL-1β in the blood. TBI lowered peripheral CD115+ and Ly6Clow monocytes in the blood. TBI PLX mice had fewer leukocytes and microglia in the brain at 1 DPI, with elevated neutrophils at 7 DPI compared to TBI mice on a control diet. TBI PLX mice also had fewer peripheral myeloid cells, CD115+, and Ly6Clow monocytes in the blood at 3 DPI, but elevated Ly6Chigh, Ly6Cint, and CD115+ monocyte populations at 7 DPI, compared to TBI mice on a control diet. TBI PLX mice had elevated proinflammatory cytokines and lower anti-inflammatory cytokines in the blood at 7 DPI compared to TBI mice on a control diet. CSF-1R inhibition reduced the immune response to TBI at 1 and 3 DPI, but elevated peripheral inflammation at 7 DPI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R. Giordano
- BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine–Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
- Phoenix Veteran Affairs Health Care System, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Maha Saber
- BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine–Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Tabitha R.F. Green
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine–Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Luisa M. Rojas-Valencia
- BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine–Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
- Phoenix Veteran Affairs Health Care System, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - J. Bryce Ortiz
- BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine–Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
- Phoenix Veteran Affairs Health Care System, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Sean M. Murphy
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine–Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Jonathan Lifshitz
- BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine–Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
- Phoenix Veteran Affairs Health Care System, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Rachel K. Rowe
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Spiteri AG, Wishart CL, Ni D, Viengkhou B, Macia L, Hofer MJ, King NJC. Temporal tracking of microglial and monocyte single-cell transcriptomics in lethal flavivirus infection. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2023; 11:60. [PMID: 37016414 PMCID: PMC10074823 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-023-01547-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As the resident parenchymal myeloid population in the central nervous system (CNS), microglia are strategically positioned to respond to neurotropic virus invasion and have been implicated in promoting both disease resolution and progression in the acute and post-infectious phase of virus encephalitis. In a mouse model of West Nile virus encephalitis (WNE), infection of the CNS results in recruitment of large numbers of peripheral immune cells into the brain, the majority being nitric oxide (NO)-producing Ly6Chi inflammatory monocyte-derived cells (MCs). In this model, these cells enhance immunopathology and mortality. However, the contribution of microglia to this response is currently undefined. Here we used a combination of experimental tools, including single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), microglia and MC depletion reagents, high-dimensional spectral cytometry and computational algorithms to dissect the differential contribution of microglia and MCs to the anti-viral immune response in severe neuroinflammation seen in WNE. Intriguingly, analysis of scRNA-seq data revealed 6 unique microglia and 3 unique MC clusters that were predominantly timepoint-specific, demonstrating substantial transcriptional adaptation with disease progression over the course of WNE. While microglia and MC adopted unique gene expression profiles, gene ontology enrichment analysis, coupled with microglia and MC depletion studies, demonstrated a role for both of these cells in the trafficking of peripheral immune cells into the CNS, T cell responses and viral clearance. Over the course of infection, microglia transitioned from a homeostatic to an anti-viral and then into an immune cell-recruiting phenotype. Conversely, MC adopted antigen-presenting, immune cell-recruiting and NO-producing phenotypes, which all had anti-viral function. Overall, this study defines for the first time the single-cell transcriptomic responses of microglia and MCs over the course of WNE, demonstrating both protective and pathological roles of these cells that could potentially be targeted for differential therapeutic intervention to dampen immune-mediated pathology, while maintaining viral clearance functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alanna G Spiteri
- Viral Immunopathology Laboratory, Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research Theme, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Sydney Cytometry, The University of Sydney and Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Ramaciotti Facility for Human Systems Biology, The University of Sydney and Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Claire L Wishart
- Viral Immunopathology Laboratory, Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research Theme, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Sydney Cytometry, The University of Sydney and Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Ramaciotti Facility for Human Systems Biology, The University of Sydney and Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Duan Ni
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Chronic Diseases Research Theme, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Barney Viengkhou
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Laurence Macia
- Sydney Cytometry, The University of Sydney and Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Chronic Diseases Research Theme, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Markus J Hofer
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- The University of Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Nicholas J C King
- Viral Immunopathology Laboratory, Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research Theme, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
- Sydney Cytometry, The University of Sydney and Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
- Ramaciotti Facility for Human Systems Biology, The University of Sydney and Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
- The University of Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
- Sydney Nano, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Manickam V, Gawande DY, Stothert AR, Clayman AC, Batalkina L, Warchol ME, Ohlemiller KK, Kaur T. Macrophages Promote Repair of Inner Hair Cell Ribbon Synapses following Noise-Induced Cochlear Synaptopathy. J Neurosci 2023; 43:2075-2089. [PMID: 36810227 PMCID: PMC10039750 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1273-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Resident cochlear macrophages rapidly migrate into the inner hair cell synaptic region and directly contact the damaged synaptic connections after noise-induced synaptopathy. Eventually, such damaged synapses are spontaneously repaired, but the precise role of macrophages in synaptic degeneration and repair remains unknown. To address this, cochlear macrophages were eliminated using colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) inhibitor, PLX5622. Sustained treatment with PLX5622 in CX3CR1 GFP/+ mice of both sexes led to robust elimination of resident macrophages (∼94%) without significant adverse effects on peripheral leukocytes, cochlear function, and structure. At 1 day (d) post noise exposure of 93 or 90 dB SPL for 2 hours, the degree of hearing loss and synapse loss were comparable in the presence and absence of macrophages. At 30 d after exposure, damaged synapses appeared repaired in the presence of macrophages. However, in the absence of macrophages, such synaptic repair was significantly reduced. Remarkably, on cessation of PLX5622 treatment, macrophages repopulated the cochlea, leading to enhanced synaptic repair. Elevated auditory brainstem response thresholds and reduced auditory brainstem response Peak 1 amplitudes showed limited recovery in the absence of macrophages but recovered similarly with resident and repopulated macrophages. Cochlear neuron loss was augmented in the absence of macrophages but showed preservation with resident and repopulated macrophages after noise exposure. While the central auditory effects of PLX5622 treatment and microglia depletion remain to be investigated, these data demonstrate that macrophages do not affect synaptic degeneration but are necessary and sufficient to restore cochlear synapses and function after noise-induced synaptopathy.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The synaptic connections between cochlear inner hair cells and spiral ganglion neurons can be lost because of noise over exposure or biological aging. This loss may represent the most common causes of sensorineural hearing loss also known as hidden hearing loss. Synaptic loss results in degradation of auditory information, leading to difficulty in listening in noisy environments and other auditory perceptual disorders. We demonstrate that resident macrophages of the cochlea are necessary and sufficient to restore synapses and function following synaptopathic noise exposure. Our work reveals a novel role for innate-immune cells, such as macrophages in synaptic repair, that could be harnessed to regenerate lost ribbon synapses in noise- or age-linked cochlear synaptopathy, hidden hearing loss, and associated perceptual anomalies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vijayprakash Manickam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska 68178
| | - Dinesh Y Gawande
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska 68178
| | - Andrew R Stothert
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska 68178
| | - Anna C Clayman
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Lyudmila Batalkina
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska 68178
| | - Mark E Warchol
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Kevin K Ohlemiller
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Tejbeer Kaur
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska 68178
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Basilico B, Ferrucci L, Khan A, Di Angelantonio S, Ragozzino D, Reverte I. What microglia depletion approaches tell us about the role of microglia on synaptic function and behavior. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:1022431. [PMID: 36406752 PMCID: PMC9673171 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.1022431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are dynamic cells, constantly surveying their surroundings and interacting with neurons and synapses. Indeed, a wealth of knowledge has revealed a critical role of microglia in modulating synaptic transmission and plasticity in the developing brain. In the past decade, novel pharmacological and genetic strategies have allowed the acute removal of microglia, opening the possibility to explore and understand the role of microglia also in the adult brain. In this review, we summarized and discussed the contribution of microglia depletion strategies to the current understanding of the role of microglia on synaptic function, learning and memory, and behavior both in physiological and pathological conditions. We first described the available microglia depletion methods highlighting their main strengths and weaknesses. We then reviewed the impact of microglia depletion on structural and functional synaptic plasticity. Next, we focused our analysis on the effects of microglia depletion on behavior, including general locomotor activity, sensory perception, motor function, sociability, learning and memory both in healthy animals and animal models of disease. Finally, we integrated the findings from the reviewed studies and discussed the emerging roles of microglia on the maintenance of synaptic function, learning, memory strength and forgetfulness, and the implications of microglia depletion in models of brain disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Ferrucci
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Azka Khan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Di Angelantonio
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Center for Life Nano- and Neuro-Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
| | - Davide Ragozzino
- Laboratory Affiliated to Institute Pasteur Italia – Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia), Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Davide Ragozzino,
| | - Ingrid Reverte
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia), Rome, Italy
- Ingrid Reverte,
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Aguilar K, Comes G, Canal C, Quintana A, Sanz E, Hidalgo J. Microglial response promotes neurodegeneration in the Ndufs4 KO mouse model of Leigh syndrome. Glia 2022; 70:2032-2044. [PMID: 35770802 PMCID: PMC9544686 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Leigh syndrome is a mitochondrial disease characterized by neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, and early death. Mice lacking NDUFS4, a mitochondrial complex I subunit (Ndufs4 KO mice), have been established as a good animal model for studying human pathology associated with Leigh syndrome. As the disease progresses, there is an increase in neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation, thereby leading to deteriorating neurological symptoms, including motor deficits, breathing alterations, and eventually, death of the animal. However, despite the magnitude of neuroinflammation associated with brain lesions, the role of neuroinflammatory pathways and their main cellular components have not been addressed directly as relevant players in the disease pathology. Here, we investigate the role of microglial cells, the main immune cells of the CNS, in Leigh-like syndrome pathology, by pharmacologically depleting them using the colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor antagonist PLX3397. Microglial depletion extended lifespan and delayed motor symptoms in Ndufs4 KO mice, likely by preventing neuronal loss. Next, we investigated the role of the major cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the disease progression. IL-6 deficiency partially rescued breathing abnormalities and modulated gliosis but did not extend the lifespan or rescue motor decline in Ndufs4 KO mice. The present results show that microglial accumulation is pathogenic, in a process independent of IL-6, and hints toward a contributing role of neuroinflammation in the disease of Ndufs4 KO mice and potentially in patients with Leigh syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Aguilar
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Animal Physiology Unit, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Comes
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Animal Physiology Unit, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carla Canal
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Animal Physiology Unit, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Quintana
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Animal Physiology Unit, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisenda Sanz
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Animal Physiology Unit, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Hidalgo
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Animal Physiology Unit, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kiani Shabestari S, Morabito S, Danhash EP, McQuade A, Sanchez JR, Miyoshi E, Chadarevian JP, Claes C, Coburn MA, Hasselmann J, Hidalgo J, Tran KN, Martini AC, Chang Rothermich W, Pascual J, Head E, Hume DA, Pridans C, Davtyan H, Swarup V, Blurton-Jones M. Absence of microglia promotes diverse pathologies and early lethality in Alzheimer's disease mice. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110961. [PMID: 35705056 PMCID: PMC9285116 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are strongly implicated in the development and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD), yet their impact on pathology and lifespan remains unclear. Here we utilize a CSF1R hypomorphic mouse to generate a model of AD that genetically lacks microglia. The resulting microglial-deficient mice exhibit a profound shift from parenchymal amyloid plaques to cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), which is accompanied by numerous transcriptional changes, greatly increased brain calcification and hemorrhages, and premature lethality. Remarkably, a single injection of wild-type microglia into adult mice repopulates the microglial niche and prevents each of these pathological changes. Taken together, these results indicate the protective functions of microglia in reducing CAA, blood-brain barrier dysfunction, and brain calcification. To further understand the clinical implications of these findings, human AD tissue and iPSC-microglia were examined, providing evidence that microglia phagocytose calcium crystals, and this process is impaired by loss of the AD risk gene, TREM2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Kiani Shabestari
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Samuel Morabito
- Mathematical, Computational and System Biology (MCSB) Program, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Emma Pascal Danhash
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Amanda McQuade
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Jessica Ramirez Sanchez
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Emily Miyoshi
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Jean Paul Chadarevian
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Christel Claes
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Morgan Alexandra Coburn
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Jonathan Hasselmann
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Jorge Hidalgo
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Kayla Nhi Tran
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Alessandra C Martini
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | | | - Jesse Pascual
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Elizabeth Head
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - David A Hume
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Clare Pridans
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Edinburgh, UK; Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; The Muir Maxwell Epilepsy Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Hayk Davtyan
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Vivek Swarup
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Mathew Blurton-Jones
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Han J, Chitu V, Stanley ER, Wszolek ZK, Karrenbauer VD, Harris RA. Inhibition of colony stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF-1R) as a potential therapeutic strategy for neurodegenerative diseases: opportunities and challenges. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:219. [PMID: 35366105 PMCID: PMC8976111 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04225-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are specialized dynamic immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS) that plays a crucial role in brain homeostasis and in disease states. Persistent neuroinflammation is considered a hallmark of many neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington’s disease (HD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and primary progressive multiple sclerosis (MS). Colony stimulating factor 1-receptor (CSF-1R) is predominantly expressed on microglia and its expression is significantly increased in neurodegenerative diseases. Cumulative findings have indicated that CSF-1R inhibitors can have beneficial effects in preclinical neurodegenerative disease models. Research using CSF-1R inhibitors has now been extended into non-human primates and humans. This review article summarizes the most recent advances using CSF-1R inhibitors in different neurodegenerative conditions including AD, PD, HD, ALS and MS. Potential challenges for translating these findings into clinical practice are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinming Han
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Violeta Chitu
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461 USA
| | - E. Richard Stanley
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461 USA
| | | | - Virginija Danylaité Karrenbauer
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine L8:04, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert A. Harris
- Applied Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhang J, Li Z, Lu H, Shi J, Gao R, Ma Y, Lan Y, Guan J, Zhao K, Gao F, He W. Evidence of Microglial Immune Response Following Coronavirus PHEV Infection of CNS. Front Immunol 2022; 12:804625. [PMID: 35082791 PMCID: PMC8784595 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.804625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV) is a highly neurotropic coronavirus that invades the host central nervous system (CNS) and causes neurological dysfunction. Microglia are key immune cells in the CNS, however, whether and how they response to PHEV infection remains unclear. Herein, microglial activation and proliferation were detected in the CNS of PHEV-infected mice, as along with the proinflammatory response. Moreover, the production of proinflammatory cytokines induced by moderately activated microglia limited viral replication in the early stage of infection. Microglial depletion assays showed that during late infection, excess activation of microglia aggravated neurological symptoms, BBB destruction, and peripheral monocyte/macrophage infiltration into the CNS. Using an in vitro brain slice model, PHEV was identified to specifically and moderately induce microglial activation in the absence of peripheral immune cells infiltration. Consistently, macrophage clearance from circulating blood indicated that peripheral monocytes/macrophages crossing the BBB of mice were responsible for excess activation of microglia and CNS damage in late PHEV infection. Overall, our findings provide evidence supporting a dual role for microglia in the host CNS in response to coronavirus PHEV invasion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zi Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Huijun Lu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Junchao Shi
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Rui Gao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Ma
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yungang Lan
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiyu Guan
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Kui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wenqi He
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Bai G, Qiao Y, Lo PC, Song L, Yang Y, Duan L, Wei S, Li M, Huang S, Zhang B, Wang Q, Yang C. Anti-depressive effects of Jiao-Tai-Wan on CORT-induced depression in mice by inhibiting inflammation and microglia activation. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 283:114717. [PMID: 34627986 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Jiao-Tai-Wan (JTW) is a very famous traditional Chinese medicine formula for the treatment of psychiatric disorders, especially in anxiety, insomnia and depression. However, its molecular mechanism of treatment remains indistinct. AIM OF THE STUDY We aimed to reveal the action mechanism of JTW on anti-depression via inhibiting microglia activation and pro-inflammatory response both in vivo and in vitro. MATERIAL AND METHODS The corticosterone (CORT)-induced depression mouse model was used to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of JTW. Behavioral tests (open field, elevated plus maze, tail suspension and forced swim test) were conducted to evaluate the effect of JTW on depressive-like behaviors. The levels of inflammatory factors and the concentration of neurotransmitters were detected by RT-qPCR or ELISA assays. Then three hippocampal tissue samples per group (Control, CORT, and JTW group) were sent for RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). Transcriptomics data analysis was used to screen the key potential therapeutic targets and signaling pathways of JTW. Based on 8 bioactive species of JTW by our previous study using High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis, molecular docking analyses were used to predict the interaction of JTW-derived compounds and depression targets. Finally, the results of transcriptome and molecular docking analyses were combined to verify the targets, key pathways, and efficacy of JTW treatment in vivo and vitro. RESULTS JTW ameliorated CORT-induced depressive-like behaviors, neuronal damage and enhanced the levels of monoamine neurotransmitters in the serum of mice. JTW also inhibited CORT-induced inflammatory activation of microglia and decreased the serum levels of interleukin- 6(IL-6) and interleukin- 1β (IL-1β) in vivo. Transcriptomic data analysis showed there were 10 key driver analysis (KDA) genes with the strongest correlation which JTW regulated in depression mice. Molecular docking analysis displayed bioactive compound Magnoflorine had the strongest binding force to the key gene colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R), which is the signaling microglia dependent upon for their survival. Meanwhile, CSF1R staining showed it was consistent with inflammatory activation of microglia. Our vitro experiment also showed JTW and CSF1R inhibitor significantly reduced lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/interferon-gamma (IFNɣ)-induced inflammatory activation response in macrophage cells. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that JTW might ameliorate CORT-induced neuronal damage in depression mice by inhibiting CSF1R mediated microglia activation and pro-inflammatory response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guiqin Bai
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China.
| | - Yiqi Qiao
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China.
| | - Po-Chieh Lo
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China.
| | - Lei Song
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China.
| | - Yuna Yang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China; Laboratory Animal Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China.
| | - Lining Duan
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China; Clinical Medical College of Acupuncture Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China.
| | - Sufen Wei
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China.
| | - Min Li
- Clinical Medical College of Acupuncture Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China.
| | - Shuiqing Huang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China.
| | - Beiping Zhang
- Guangdong Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China.
| | - Qi Wang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China.
| | - Cong Yang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Michelucci A, Miron VE, Priller J. Special Issue "Microglia Heterogeneity and Its Relevance for Translational Research". Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212350. [PMID: 34830232 PMCID: PMC8620786 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Michelucci
- Neuro-Immunology Group, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1526 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Correspondence:
| | - Veronique E. Miron
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK;
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Chancellor’s Building, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK;
- United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Josef Priller
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Chancellor’s Building, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK;
- United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
- Department of Neuropsychiatry and Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Klein D, Yuan X, Weiß EM, Martini R. Physical exercise mitigates neuropathic changes in an animal model for Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease 1X. Exp Neurol 2021; 343:113786. [PMID: 34153322 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Inherited neuropathies of the Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) type 1 are still untreatable diseases of the peripheral nervous system. We have previously shown that macrophages substantially amplify neuropathic changes in various mouse models of CMT1 subforms and that targeting innate immune cells substantially ameliorates disease outcome. However, up to date, specific approaches targeting macrophages pharmacologically might entail side effects. Here, we investigate whether physical exercise dampens peripheral nerve inflammation in a model for an X-linked dominant form of CMT1 (CMT1X) and whether this improves neuropathological and clinical outcome subsequently. We found a moderate, but significant decline in the number of macrophages and an altered macrophage activation upon voluntary wheel running. These observations were accompanied by an improved clinical outcome and axonal preservation. Most interestingly, exercise restriction by ~40% accelerated amelioration of clinical outcome and further improved nerve structure by increasing myelin thickness compared to the unrestricted running group. This myelin-preserving effect of limited exercise was accompanied by an elevated expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in peripheral nerves, while the expression of other trophic factors like neuregulin-1, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) or insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) were not influenced by any mode of exercise. We demonstrate for the first time that exercise dampens inflammation and improves nerve structure in a mouse model for CMT1, likely leading to improved clinical outcome. Reducing the amount of exercise does not automatically decrease treatment efficacy, reflecting the need of optimally designed exercise studies to achieve safe and effective treatment options for CMT1 patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Klein
- Department of Neurology, Section of Developmental Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany..
| | - Xidi Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Section of Developmental Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Eva Maria Weiß
- Department of Neurology, Section of Developmental Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rudolf Martini
- Department of Neurology, Section of Developmental Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany..
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Casali BT, Reed-Geaghan EG. Microglial Function and Regulation during Development, Homeostasis and Alzheimer's Disease. Cells 2021; 10:957. [PMID: 33924200 PMCID: PMC8074610 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the resident immune cells of the brain, deriving from yolk sac progenitors that populate the brain parenchyma during development. During development and homeostasis, microglia play critical roles in synaptogenesis and synaptic plasticity, in addition to their primary role as immune sentinels. In aging and neurodegenerative diseases generally, and Alzheimer's disease (AD) specifically, microglial function is altered in ways that significantly diverge from their homeostatic state, inducing a more detrimental inflammatory environment. In this review, we discuss the receptors, signaling, regulation and gene expression patterns of microglia that mediate their phenotype and function contributing to the inflammatory milieu of the AD brain, as well as strategies that target microglia to ameliorate the onset, progression and symptoms of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Erin G. Reed-Geaghan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Li T, Zhao J, Xie W, Yuan W, Guo J, Pang S, Gan WB, Gómez-Nicola D, Zhang S. Specific depletion of resident microglia in the early stage of stroke reduces cerebral ischemic damage. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:81. [PMID: 33757565 PMCID: PMC7986495 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02127-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemia can induce rapid activation of microglia in the brain. As key immunocompetent cells, reactive microglia play an important role in pathological development of ischemic stroke. However, the role of activated microglia during the development of ischemia remains controversial. Thus, we aimed to investigate the function of reactive microglia in the early stage of ischemic stroke. METHODS A Rose Bengal photothrombosis model was applied to induce targeted ischemic stroke in mice. CX3CR1CreER:R26iDTR mice were used to specifically deplete resident microglia through intragastric administration of tamoxifen (Ta) and intraperitoneal injection of diphtheria toxin (DT). At day 3 after ischemic stroke, behavioral tests were performed. After that, mouse brains were collected for further histological analysis and detection of mRNA expression of inflammatory factors. RESULTS The results showed that specific depletion of microglia resulted in a significant decrease in ischemic infarct volume and improved performance in motor ability 3 days after stroke. Microglial depletion caused a remarkable reduction in the densities of degenerating neurons and inducible nitric oxide synthase positive (iNOS+) cells. Importantly, depleting microglia induced a significant increase in the mRNA expression level of anti-inflammatory factors TGF-β1, Arg1, IL-10, IL-4, and Ym1 as well as a significant decline of pro-inflammatory factors TNF-α, iNOS, and IL-1β 3 days after stroke. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that activated microglia is an important modulator of the brain's inflammatory response in stroke, contributing to neurological deficit and infarct expansion. Modulation of the inflammatory response through the elimination of microglia at a precise time point may be a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of cerebral ischemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Li
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, No. 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Zhao
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, No. 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenguang Xie
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, No. 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanru Yuan
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, No. 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Guo
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, No. 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengru Pang
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, No. 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Biao Gan
- Molecular Neurobiology Program, The Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
| | - Diego Gómez-Nicola
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, South Lab and Path Block, Mail Point 840 LD80C, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK.
| | - Shengxiang Zhang
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, No. 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Reply to Green and Hume: Nonmicroglia peripheral immune effects of short-term CSF1R inhibition with PLX5622. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2020660118. [PMID: 33446487 PMCID: PMC7848750 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2020660118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
|
25
|
Han J, Sarlus H, Wszolek ZK, Karrenbauer VD, Harris RA. Microglial replacement therapy: a potential therapeutic strategy for incurable CSF1R-related leukoencephalopathy. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:217. [PMID: 33287883 PMCID: PMC7720517 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-01093-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CSF1R-related leukoencephalopathy is an adult-onset leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids and pigmented glia caused by colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) gene mutations. The disease has a global distribution and currently has no cure. Individuals with CSF1R-related leukoencephalopathy variably present clinical symptoms including cognitive impairment, progressive neuropsychiatric and motor symptoms. CSF1R is predominantly expressed on microglia within the central nervous system (CNS), and thus CSF1R-related leukoencephalopathy is now classified as a CNS primary microgliopathy. This urgent unmet medical need could potentially be addressed by using microglia-based immunotherapies. With the rapid recent progress in the experimental microglial research field, the replacement of an empty microglial niche following microglial depletion through either conditional genetic approaches or pharmacological therapies (CSF1R inhibitors) is being studied. Furthermore, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation offers an emerging means of exchanging dysfunctional microglia with the aim of reducing brain lesions, relieving clinical symptoms and prolonging the life of patients with CSF1R-related leukoencephalopathy. This review article introduces recent advances in microglial biology and CSF1R-related leukoencephalopathy. Potential therapeutic strategies by replacing microglia in order to improve the quality of life of CSF1R-related leukoencephalopathy patients will be presented.
Collapse
|