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Caminiti R, Carresi C, Mollace R, Macrì R, Scarano F, Oppedisano F, Maiuolo J, Serra M, Ruga S, Nucera S, Tavernese A, Gliozzi M, Musolino V, Palma E, Muscoli C, Rubattu S, Volterrani M, Federici M, Volpe M, Mollace V. The potential effect of natural antioxidants on endothelial dysfunction associated with arterial hypertension. Front Cardiovasc Med 2024; 11:1345218. [PMID: 38370153 PMCID: PMC10869541 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2024.1345218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Arterial hypertension represents a leading cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality worldwide, and the identification of effective solutions for treating the early stages of elevated blood pressure (BP) is still a relevant issue for cardiovascular risk prevention. The pathophysiological basis for the occurrence of elevated BP and the onset of arterial hypertension have been widely studied in recent years. In addition, consistent progress in the development of novel, powerful, antihypertensive drugs and their appropriate applications in controlling BP have increased our potential for successfully managing disease states characterized by abnormal blood pressure. However, the mechanisms responsible for the disruption of endogenous mechanisms contributing to the maintenance of BP within a normal range are yet to be fully clarified. Recently, evidence has shown that several natural antioxidants containing active ingredients originating from natural plant extracts, used alone or in combination, may represent a valid solution for counteracting the development of arterial hypertension. In particular, there is evidence to show that natural antioxidants may enhance the viability of endothelial cells undergoing oxidative damage, an effect that could play a crucial role in the pathophysiological events accompanying the early stages of arterial hypertension. The present review aims to reassess the role of oxidative stress on endothelial dysfunction in the onset and progression of arterial hypertension and that of natural antioxidants in covering several unmet needs in the treatment of such diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosamaria Caminiti
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH), University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Cristina Carresi
- Department of Health Sciences, Veterinary Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH), University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Rocco Mollace
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH), University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
- Department of Systems Medicine, University “Tor Vergata” of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Macrì
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH), University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Federica Scarano
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH), University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Francesca Oppedisano
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH), University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Jessica Maiuolo
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biology, Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH), University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria Serra
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH), University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Stefano Ruga
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH), University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Saverio Nucera
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH), University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Annamaria Tavernese
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH), University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Micaela Gliozzi
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH), University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Musolino
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biology, Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH), University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Ernesto Palma
- Department of Health Sciences, Veterinary Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH), University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Carolina Muscoli
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH), University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
- IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Speranza Rubattu
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Massimo Federici
- Department of Systems Medicine, University “Tor Vergata” of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Vincenzo Mollace
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH), University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
- Renato Dulbecco Institute, Catanzaro, Italy
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Mulhearn B, Ellis J, Skeoch S, Pauling J, Tansley S. Incidence of giant cell arteritis is associated with COVID-19 prevalence: A population-level retrospective study. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17899. [PMID: 37483752 PMCID: PMC10359857 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Following the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, it was observed that giant cell arteritis (GCA) diagnoses increased at the Royal National Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases (RNHRD) in Bath, UK. This finding may support the viral aetiology hypothesis of GCA. Better understanding of the causes of GCA may help improve diagnostic and treatment strategies leading to better outcomes for patients. Objectives The study aims to estimate the local incidence of GCA during the early COVID-19 pandemic (2020-2021) and compare it to pre-pandemic (2015-2019) data. This study will also evaluate the temporal relationship between COVID-19 infections and GCA diagnoses. Methods Annual incidence rates of GCA were calculated between 2015 and 2021. Local COVID-19 prevalence was estimated by measuring the number of hospital beds taken up by COVID-19 positive patients. Poisson statistics were used to compare the annual mean incidence of GCA between 2019 and 2020, and Granger causality tested the temporal relationship between COVID-19 prevalence and GCA incidence. Results There were 60 (95% confidence interval [CI] 46-77) GCA diagnoses made in 2020 compared to 28 (CI 19-41) in 2019 (P = 0.016). Peaks in the number of COVID-19 inpatients correlated with peaks in GCA diagnoses. Granger causality testing found a statistically significant association between these peaks with a lag period of 40-45 days. Conclusion The incidence of GCA in Bath was significantly increased in 2020 and 2021 compared to 2015-2019. The lag period between peaks was 40-45 days, suggesting that the COVID-19 virus may be a precipitating factor for GCA. More work is currently underway to interrogate the causal relationship between these two diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Mulhearn
- Royal National Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Royal United Hospitals Bath NHS Trust, Combe Park, Bath, BA1 3NG, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, The University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Jessica Ellis
- Royal National Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Royal United Hospitals Bath NHS Trust, Combe Park, Bath, BA1 3NG, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, The University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Sarah Skeoch
- Royal National Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Royal United Hospitals Bath NHS Trust, Combe Park, Bath, BA1 3NG, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, The University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - John Pauling
- Department of Life Sciences, The University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
- North Bristol Hospital NHS Trust, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, BS10 5NB, UK
| | - Sarah Tansley
- Royal National Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Royal United Hospitals Bath NHS Trust, Combe Park, Bath, BA1 3NG, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, The University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
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3
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Xiang M, Wu X, Jing H, Novakovic VA, Shi J. The intersection of obesity and (long) COVID-19: Hypoxia, thrombotic inflammation, and vascular endothelial injury. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1062491. [PMID: 36824451 PMCID: PMC9941162 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1062491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of hypoxia, vascular endothelial injury, and thrombotic inflammation in worsening COVID-19 symptoms has been generally recognized. Damaged vascular endothelium plays a crucial role in forming in situ thrombosis, pulmonary dysfunction, and hypoxemia. Thrombotic inflammation can further aggravate local vascular endothelial injury and affect ventilation and blood flow ratio. According to the results of many studies, obesity is an independent risk factor for a variety of severe respiratory diseases and contributes to high mechanical ventilation rate, high mortality, and slow recovery in COVID-19 patients. This review will explore the mechanisms by which obesity may aggravate the acute phase of COVID-19 and delay long COVID recovery by affecting hypoxia, vascular endothelial injury, and thrombotic inflammation. A systematic search of PubMed database was conducted for papers published since January 2020, using the medical subject headings of "COVID-19" and "long COVID" combined with the following keywords: "obesity," "thrombosis," "endothelial injury," "inflammation," "hypoxia," "treatment," and "anticoagulation." In patients with obesity, the accumulation of central fat restricts the expansion of alveoli, exacerbating the pulmonary dysfunction caused by SARS-CoV-2 invasion, inflammatory damage, and lung edema. Abnormal fat secretion and immune impairment further aggravate the original tissue damage and inflammation diffusion. Obesity weakens baseline vascular endothelium function leading to an early injury and pre-thrombotic state after infection. Enhanced procoagulant activity and microthrombi promote early obstruction of the vascular. Obesity also prolongs the duration of symptoms and increases the risk of sequelae after hospital discharge. Persistent viral presence, long-term inflammation, microclots, and hypoxia may contribute to the development of persistent symptoms, suggesting that patients with obesity are uniquely susceptible to long COVID. Early interventions, including supplemental oxygen, comprehensive antithrombotic therapy, and anti-inflammatory drugs, show effectiveness in many studies in the prevention of serious hypoxia, thromboembolic events, and systemic inflammation, and are therefore recommended to reduce intensive care unit admission, mortality, and sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Xiang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoming Wu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Haijiao Jing
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Valerie A. Novakovic
- Department of Research, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jialan Shi
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China,Department of Research, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States,*Correspondence: Jialan Shi, ,
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Xiang M, Wu X, Jing H, Liu L, Wang C, Wang Y, Novakovic VA, Shi J. The impact of platelets on pulmonary microcirculation throughout COVID-19 and its persistent activating factors. Front Immunol 2022; 13:955654. [PMID: 36248790 PMCID: PMC9559186 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.955654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with COVID-19 often have hypoxemia, impaired lung function, and abnormal imaging manifestations in acute and convalescent stages. Alveolar inflammation, pulmonary vasculitis, and thromboembolism synergistically damage the blood-air barrier, resulting in increased pulmonary permeability and gas exchange disorders. The incidence of low platelet counts correlates with disease severity. Platelets are also involved in the impairment of pulmonary microcirculation leading to abnormal lung function at different phases of COVID-19. Activated platelets lose the ability to protect the integrity of blood vessel walls, increasing the permeability of pulmonary microvasculature. High levels of platelet activation markers are observed in both mild and severe cases, short and long term. Therefore, the risk of thrombotic events may always be present. Vascular endothelial injury, immune cells, inflammatory mediators, and hypoxia participate in the high reactivity and aggregation of platelets in various ways. Microvesicles, phosphatidylserine (PS), platelets, and coagulation factors are closely related. The release of various cell-derived microvesicles can be detected in COVID-19 patients. In addition to providing a phospholipid surface for the synthesis of intrinsic factor Xase complex and prothrombinase complex, exposed PS also promotes the decryption of tissue factor (TF) which then promotes coagulant activity by complexing with factor VIIa to activate factor X. The treatment of COVID-19 hypercoagulability and thrombosis still focuses on early intervention. Antiplatelet therapy plays a role in relieving the disease, inhibiting the formation of the hypercoagulable state, reducing thrombotic events and mortality, and improving sequelae. PS can be another potential target for the inhibition of hypercoagulable states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Xiang
- Department of Hematology, the First Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoming Wu
- Department of Hematology, the First Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Haijiao Jing
- Department of Hematology, the First Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Langjiao Liu
- Department of Hematology, the First Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Chunxu Wang
- Department of Hematology, the First Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Department of Hematology, the First Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Valerie A. Novakovic
- Department of Research, Veterans Affairs (VA) Boston Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jialan Shi
- Department of Hematology, the First Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Department of Research, Veterans Affairs (VA) Boston Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Jialan Shi, ;
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Song QX, Sun Y, Deng K, Mei JY, Chermansky CJ, Damaser MS. Potential role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of diabetic bladder dysfunction. Nat Rev Urol 2022; 19:581-596. [PMID: 35974244 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-022-00621-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease, posing a considerable threat to global public health. Treating systemic comorbidities has been one of the greatest clinical challenges in the management of diabetes. Diabetic bladder dysfunction, characterized by detrusor overactivity during the early stage of the disease and detrusor underactivity during the late stage, is a common urological complication of diabetes. Oxidative stress is thought to trigger hyperglycaemia-dependent tissue damage in multiple organs; thus, a growing body of literature has suggested a possible link between functional changes in urothelium, muscle and the corresponding innervations. Improved understanding of the mechanisms of oxidative stress could lead to the development of novel therapeutics to restore the redox equilibrium and scavenge excessive free radicals to normalize bladder function in patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Xiang Song
- Department of Urology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kangli Deng
- Department of Urology, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jin-Yi Mei
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Margot S Damaser
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA. .,Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA. .,Glickman Urology and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Sherwani S, Rajendrasozhan S, Khan MWA, Saleem M, Khan M, Khan S, Raafat M, Othman Alqahtani F. Pharmacological Profile of Nigella sativa Seeds in Combating COVID-19 through In-Vitro and Molecular Docking Studies. Processes (Basel) 2022; 10:1346. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10071346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 infection is associated with elevated oxidative stress, systemic hyper-inflammatory responses, endothelial dysfunction, and red blood cell membrane deformability. Nigella sativa extract is widely used in alternative and complementary medicine systems in a large population, due to its highly therapeutic, economic, natural, and safe nature. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of N. sativa extract on oxidative stress, hemolysis, proteolysis, and glycation through in vitro studies, as well as to find out its anti-viral potential against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) using in silico studies. N. sativa seed extract (at 600 µg/mL) displayed 67.33% scavenging activity in the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) test, and 70.28% hydrogen peroxide reducing activity. N. sativa exhibited anti-proteolytic activity by decreasing heat-induced denaturation of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and egg albumin by 63.14% and 57.95%, respectively, and exhibited anti-proteinase potential of 66.28% at 600 μg/mL. In addition, heat-induced hemolysis and hypersalinity-induced hemolysis were inhibited by 57.86% and 61.7%, respectively, by the N. sativa seeds. N. sativa also inhibited browning intensity by 56.38%, and percent aggregation index by 51.38%, amyloid structure by 48.28%, and AGE-specific fluorescence by 52.18%, thereby protecting the native structure of BSA from glycation. The binding interactions between bioactive molecules of N. sativa seed with SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein were proven by using in silico molecular docking tools. The functional amino acids involved in the interactions are Asp467, Thr108, Thr114, Ile468, Asn234, Gln155, Glu465, Arg466, Gly232, and Ile233, indicating the inhibiting property of N. sativa on SARS-CoV-2. Finally, we may infer that phytoconstituents of N. sativa seeds have the potential to protect against the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2. Studies on N. sativa seeds might act as a path to develop a potent alternative therapy against viral infections, especially COVID-19 infection, in the future. However, the limitations linked with the use of natural products are also needed to be considered in this regard.
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Abstract
Lung injury may persist during the recovery period of COVID-19 as shown through imaging, six-minute walk, and lung function tests. The pathophysiological mechanisms leading to long COVID have not been adequately explained. Our aim is to investigate the basis of pulmonary susceptibility during sequelae and the possibility that prothrombotic states may influence long-term pulmonary symptoms of COVID-19. The patient’s lungs remain vulnerable during the recovery stage due to persistent shedding of the virus, the inflammatory environment, the prothrombotic state, and injury and subsequent repair of the blood-air barrier. The transformation of inflammation to proliferation and fibrosis, hypoxia-involved vascular remodeling, vascular endothelial cell damage, phosphatidylserine-involved hypercoagulability, and continuous changes in serological markers all contribute to post-discharge lung injury. Considering the important role of microthrombus and arteriovenous thrombus in the process of pulmonary functional lesions to organic lesions, we further study the possibility that prothrombotic states, including pulmonary vascular endothelial cell activation and hypercoagulability, may affect long-term pulmonary symptoms in long COVID. Early use of combined anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy is a promising approach to reduce the incidence of pulmonary sequelae. Essentially, early treatment can block the occurrence of thrombotic events. Because impeded pulmonary circulation causes large pressure imbalances over the alveolar membrane leading to the infiltration of plasma into the alveolar cavity, inhibition of thrombotic events can prevent pulmonary hypertension, formation of lung hyaline membranes, and lung consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Xiang
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Haijiao Jing
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Chengyue Wang
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Valerie A Novakovic
- Department of Research, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jialan Shi
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Department of Research, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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Maiuolo J, Carresi C, Gliozzi M, Mollace R, Scarano F, Scicchitano M, Macrì R, Nucera S, Bosco F, Oppedisano F, Ruga S, Coppoletta AR, Guarnieri L, Cardamone A, Bava I, Musolino V, Paone S, Palma E, Mollace V. The Contribution of Gut Microbiota and Endothelial Dysfunction in the Development of Arterial Hypertension in Animal Models and in Humans. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073698. [PMID: 35409057 PMCID: PMC8999124 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of the physiological values of blood pressure is closely related to unchangeable factors (genetic predisposition or pathological alterations) but also to modifiable factors (dietary fat and salt, sedentary lifestyle, overweight, inappropriate combinations of drugs, alcohol abuse, smoking and use of psychogenic substances). Hypertension is usually characterized by the presence of a chronic increase in systemic blood pressure above the threshold value and is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease, including myocardial infarction, stroke, micro- and macro-vascular diseases. Hypertension is closely related to functional changes in the endothelium, such as an altered production of vasoconstrictive and vasodilator substances, which lead to an increase in vascular resistance. These alterations make the endothelial tissue unresponsive to autocrine and paracrine stimuli, initially determining an adaptive response, which over time lead to an increase in risk or disease. The gut microbiota is composed of a highly diverse bacterial population of approximately 1014 bacteria. A balanced intestinal microbiota preserves the digestive and absorbent functions of the intestine, protecting from pathogens and toxic metabolites in the circulation and reducing the onset of various diseases. The gut microbiota has been shown to produce unique metabolites potentially important in the generation of hypertension and endothelial dysfunction. This review highlights the close connection between hypertension, endothelial dysfunction and gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Maiuolo
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biology, in IRC-FSH Center, Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro Italy, 88021 Catanzaro, Italy;
- Correspondence: (J.M.); (M.G.)
| | - Cristina Carresi
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro Italy, 88021 Catanzaro, Italy; (C.C.); (R.M.); (F.S.); (M.S.); (R.M.); (S.N.); (F.B.); (F.O.); (S.R.); (A.R.C.); (L.G.); (A.C.); (I.B.); (E.P.); (V.M.)
| | - Micaela Gliozzi
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro Italy, 88021 Catanzaro, Italy; (C.C.); (R.M.); (F.S.); (M.S.); (R.M.); (S.N.); (F.B.); (F.O.); (S.R.); (A.R.C.); (L.G.); (A.C.); (I.B.); (E.P.); (V.M.)
- Correspondence: (J.M.); (M.G.)
| | - Rocco Mollace
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro Italy, 88021 Catanzaro, Italy; (C.C.); (R.M.); (F.S.); (M.S.); (R.M.); (S.N.); (F.B.); (F.O.); (S.R.); (A.R.C.); (L.G.); (A.C.); (I.B.); (E.P.); (V.M.)
- Nutramed S.c.a.r.l, Complesso Ninì Barbieri, Roccelletta di Borgia, 88021 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Federica Scarano
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro Italy, 88021 Catanzaro, Italy; (C.C.); (R.M.); (F.S.); (M.S.); (R.M.); (S.N.); (F.B.); (F.O.); (S.R.); (A.R.C.); (L.G.); (A.C.); (I.B.); (E.P.); (V.M.)
- Nutramed S.c.a.r.l, Complesso Ninì Barbieri, Roccelletta di Borgia, 88021 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Miriam Scicchitano
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro Italy, 88021 Catanzaro, Italy; (C.C.); (R.M.); (F.S.); (M.S.); (R.M.); (S.N.); (F.B.); (F.O.); (S.R.); (A.R.C.); (L.G.); (A.C.); (I.B.); (E.P.); (V.M.)
- Nutramed S.c.a.r.l, Complesso Ninì Barbieri, Roccelletta di Borgia, 88021 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Roberta Macrì
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro Italy, 88021 Catanzaro, Italy; (C.C.); (R.M.); (F.S.); (M.S.); (R.M.); (S.N.); (F.B.); (F.O.); (S.R.); (A.R.C.); (L.G.); (A.C.); (I.B.); (E.P.); (V.M.)
- Nutramed S.c.a.r.l, Complesso Ninì Barbieri, Roccelletta di Borgia, 88021 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Saverio Nucera
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro Italy, 88021 Catanzaro, Italy; (C.C.); (R.M.); (F.S.); (M.S.); (R.M.); (S.N.); (F.B.); (F.O.); (S.R.); (A.R.C.); (L.G.); (A.C.); (I.B.); (E.P.); (V.M.)
- Nutramed S.c.a.r.l, Complesso Ninì Barbieri, Roccelletta di Borgia, 88021 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Francesca Bosco
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro Italy, 88021 Catanzaro, Italy; (C.C.); (R.M.); (F.S.); (M.S.); (R.M.); (S.N.); (F.B.); (F.O.); (S.R.); (A.R.C.); (L.G.); (A.C.); (I.B.); (E.P.); (V.M.)
- Nutramed S.c.a.r.l, Complesso Ninì Barbieri, Roccelletta di Borgia, 88021 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Francesca Oppedisano
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro Italy, 88021 Catanzaro, Italy; (C.C.); (R.M.); (F.S.); (M.S.); (R.M.); (S.N.); (F.B.); (F.O.); (S.R.); (A.R.C.); (L.G.); (A.C.); (I.B.); (E.P.); (V.M.)
- Nutramed S.c.a.r.l, Complesso Ninì Barbieri, Roccelletta di Borgia, 88021 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Stefano Ruga
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro Italy, 88021 Catanzaro, Italy; (C.C.); (R.M.); (F.S.); (M.S.); (R.M.); (S.N.); (F.B.); (F.O.); (S.R.); (A.R.C.); (L.G.); (A.C.); (I.B.); (E.P.); (V.M.)
| | - Anna Rita Coppoletta
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro Italy, 88021 Catanzaro, Italy; (C.C.); (R.M.); (F.S.); (M.S.); (R.M.); (S.N.); (F.B.); (F.O.); (S.R.); (A.R.C.); (L.G.); (A.C.); (I.B.); (E.P.); (V.M.)
| | - Lorenza Guarnieri
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro Italy, 88021 Catanzaro, Italy; (C.C.); (R.M.); (F.S.); (M.S.); (R.M.); (S.N.); (F.B.); (F.O.); (S.R.); (A.R.C.); (L.G.); (A.C.); (I.B.); (E.P.); (V.M.)
| | - Antonio Cardamone
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro Italy, 88021 Catanzaro, Italy; (C.C.); (R.M.); (F.S.); (M.S.); (R.M.); (S.N.); (F.B.); (F.O.); (S.R.); (A.R.C.); (L.G.); (A.C.); (I.B.); (E.P.); (V.M.)
| | - Irene Bava
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro Italy, 88021 Catanzaro, Italy; (C.C.); (R.M.); (F.S.); (M.S.); (R.M.); (S.N.); (F.B.); (F.O.); (S.R.); (A.R.C.); (L.G.); (A.C.); (I.B.); (E.P.); (V.M.)
- Nutramed S.c.a.r.l, Complesso Ninì Barbieri, Roccelletta di Borgia, 88021 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Vincenzo Musolino
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biology, in IRC-FSH Center, Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro Italy, 88021 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Sara Paone
- Nutramed S.c.a.r.l, Complesso Ninì Barbieri, Roccelletta di Borgia, 88021 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Ernesto Palma
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro Italy, 88021 Catanzaro, Italy; (C.C.); (R.M.); (F.S.); (M.S.); (R.M.); (S.N.); (F.B.); (F.O.); (S.R.); (A.R.C.); (L.G.); (A.C.); (I.B.); (E.P.); (V.M.)
- Nutramed S.c.a.r.l, Complesso Ninì Barbieri, Roccelletta di Borgia, 88021 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Vincenzo Mollace
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro Italy, 88021 Catanzaro, Italy; (C.C.); (R.M.); (F.S.); (M.S.); (R.M.); (S.N.); (F.B.); (F.O.); (S.R.); (A.R.C.); (L.G.); (A.C.); (I.B.); (E.P.); (V.M.)
- IRCCS San Raffaele, Via di Valcannuta 247, 00133 Rome, Italy
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9
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Astapenko D, Tomasova A, Ticha A, Hyspler R, Chua HS, Manzoor M, Skulec R, Lehmann C, Hahn R, Malbrain ML, Cerny V. Endothelial glycocalyx damage in patients with severe COVID-19 on mechanical ventilation - a prospective observational pilot study. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2022; 81:205-219. [PMID: 35342082 DOI: 10.3233/ch-221401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) associated endotheliopathy and microvascular dysfunction are of concern. OBJECTIVE The objective of the present single-center observational pilot study was to compare endothelial glycocalyx (EG) damage and endotheliopathy in patients with severe COVID-19 (COVID-19 group) with patients with bacterial pneumonia with septic shock (non-COVID group). METHODS Biomarkers of EG damage (syndecan-1), endothelial cells (EC) damage (thrombomodulin), and activation (P-selectin) were measured in blood on three consecutive days from admission to the intensive care unit (ICU). The sublingual microcirculation was studied by Side-stream Dark Field (SDF) imaging with automatic assessment. RESULTS We enrolled 13 patients in the non-COVID group (mean age 70 years, 6 women), and 15 in the COVID-19 group (64 years old, 3 women). The plasma concentrations of syndecan-1 were significantly higher in the COVID-19 group during all three days. Differences regarding other biomarkers were not statistically significant. The assessment of the sublingual microcirculation showed improvement on Day 2 in the COVID-19 group. Plasma levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) were significantly higher on the first two days in the COVID-19 group. Plasma syndecan-1 and CRP were higher in patients suffering from severe COVID-19 pneumonia compared to bacterial pneumonia patients. CONCLUSIONS These findings support the role of EG injury in the microvascular dysfunction in COVID-19 patients who require ICU.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Astapenko
- Department of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Czech Republic.,Center for Research and Development, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Adela Tomasova
- Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Czech Republic.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Ticha
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Radomir Hyspler
- Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Czech Republic.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Huey Shin Chua
- Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Czech Republic
| | - Mubashar Manzoor
- Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Skulec
- Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Czech Republic.,Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Medicine, and Intensive Care, J.E. Purkinje University, Masaryk Hospital, Usti nad Labem, Czech Republic
| | - Christian Lehmann
- Department of Anaesthesia, Pain Management and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Robert Hahn
- Research Unit, Södertälje Hospital, Sweden.,Karolinska Institutet at Danderyds Hospital (KIDS), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Manu Lng Malbrain
- Department of Medical, Medical Direction, AZ Jan Palfijn Hospital, Gent, Belgium.,First Department of Anaesthesia and IntensiveTherapy, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland.,International Fluid Academy, Lovenjoel, Belgium
| | - Vladimir Cerny
- Department of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Czech Republic.,Center for Research and Development, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Medicine, and Intensive Care, J.E. Purkinje University, Masaryk Hospital, Usti nad Labem, Czech Republic.,Department of Anaesthesia, Pain Management and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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10
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Canale MP, Menghini R, Martelli E, Federici M. COVID-19-Associated Endothelial Dysfunction and Microvascular Injury: From Pathophysiology to Clinical Manifestations. Card Electrophysiol Clin 2022; 14:21-28. [PMID: 35221082 PMCID: PMC8556628 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccep.2021.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus-19 disease (COVID-19) affects more people than previous coronavirus infections and has a higher mortality. Higher incidence and mortality can probably be explained by COVID-19 causative agent's greater affinity (about 10-20 times) for angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor compared with other coronaviruses. Here, the authors first summarize clinical manifestations, then present symptoms of COVID-19 and the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying specific organ/system disease. The worse clinical outcome observed in COVID-19 patients with diabetes may be in part related to the increased ADAM17 activity and its unbalanced interplay with ACE2. Therefore, strategies aimed to inhibit ADAM17 activity may be explored to develop new effective therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Paola Canale
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Center for Atherosclerosis, Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Rossella Menghini
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenio Martelli
- Department of General and Specialist Surgery "P. Stefanini", Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Division of Vascular Surgery, S. Anna and S. Sebastiano Hospital, Caserta, Italy
| | - Massimo Federici
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Center for Atherosclerosis, Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
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11
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Zhou HY, Yang N, Sui H, Du XN, Luo Q, Zhao YJ, Zhou YW, Guan Q, Zhou Y, Qian HJ, Liu L, Wang DP, Lin HL. WITHDRAWN: The Role of the Vascular Niche in Organ Fibrosis and COVID-19-Related Organ Damage and the Countermeasures adopted by Chinese and Western Medicine. Pharmacological Research - Modern Chinese Medicine 2022. [PMCID: PMC8960293 DOI: 10.1016/j.prmcm.2022.100085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at
the request of the author(s) and/or editor. The Publisher apologizes for
any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article
Withdrawal can be found at https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal.
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12
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Urda L, Kreuter MH, Drewe J, Boonen G, Butterweck V, Klimkait T. The Petasites hybridus CO 2 Extract (Ze 339) Blocks SARS-CoV-2 Replication In Vitro. Viruses 2022; 14:v14010106. [PMID: 35062310 PMCID: PMC8781559 DOI: 10.3390/v14010106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), has spread worldwide, affecting over 250 million people and resulting in over five million deaths. Antivirals that are effective are still limited. The antiviral activities of the Petasites hybdridus CO2 extract Ze 339 were previously reported. Thus, to assess the anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of Ze 339 as well as isopetasin and neopetasin as major active compounds, a CPE and plaque reduction assay in Vero E6 cells was used for viral output. Antiviral effects were tested using the original virus (Wuhan) and the Delta variant of SARS-CoV-2. The antiviral drug remdesivir was used as control. Pre-treatment with Ze 339 in SARS-CoV-2-infected Vero E6 cells with either virus variant significantly inhibited virus replication with IC50 values of 0.10 and 0.40 μg/mL, respectively. The IC50 values obtained for isopetasin ranged between 0.37 and 0.88 μM for both virus variants, and that of remdesivir ranged between 1.53 and 2.37 μM. In conclusion, Ze 339 as well as the petasins potently inhibited SARS-CoV-2 replication in vitro of the Wuhan and Delta variants. Since time is of essence in finding effective treatments, clinical studies will have to demonstrate if Ze339 can become a therapeutic option to treat SARS-CoV-2 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Urda
- Department Biomedicine, University of Basel, Petersplatz 10, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Jürgen Drewe
- Medical Department, Max Zeller & Söhne AG, Seeblickstrasse 4, 8590 Romanshorn, Switzerland
| | - Georg Boonen
- Medical Department, Max Zeller & Söhne AG, Seeblickstrasse 4, 8590 Romanshorn, Switzerland
| | - Veronika Butterweck
- Medical Department, Max Zeller & Söhne AG, Seeblickstrasse 4, 8590 Romanshorn, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Klimkait
- Department Biomedicine, University of Basel, Petersplatz 10, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
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13
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Xu C, Chen Y, Yu J. Foe and friend in the COVID-19-associated acute kidney injury: an insight on intrarenal renin-angiotensin system. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2022; 54:1-11. [PMID: 35130610 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2021002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the first reported case in December of 2019, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has became an international public health emergency. So far, there are more than 228,206,384 confirmed cases including 4,687,066 deaths. Kidney with high expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is one of the extrapulmonary target organs affected in patients with COVID-19. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is one of the independent risk factors for the death of COVID-19 patients. The imbalance between ACE2-Ang(1-7)-MasR and ACE-Ang II-AT1R axis in the kidney may contribute to COVID-19-associated AKI. Although series of research have shown the inconsistent effects of multiple common RAS inhibitors on ACE2 expression and enzyme activity, most of the retrospective cohort studies indicated the safety and protective effects of ACEI/ARB in COVID-19 patients. This review article highlights the current knowledge on the possible involvement of intrarenal RAS in COVID-19-associated AKI with a primary focus on the opposing effects of ACE2-Ang(1-7)-MasR and ACE-Ang II-AT1R signaling in the kidney. Human recombinant soluble ACE2 or ACE2 variants with preserved ACE2-enzymatic activity may be the best options to improve COVID-19-associated AKI.
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14
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Banava S, Gansky SA, Reddy MS. Coronavirus Disease Update on Epidemiology, Virology, and Prevention. Compend Contin Educ Dent 2021; 42:280-289. [PMID: 34077666 PMCID: PMC8440952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 as the first coronavirus-initiated pandemic. COVID-19's fast-paced global spread with a broad range of clinical manifestations compelled health regulatory organizations, public health professionals, and researchers to update their information about the disease and provide individual- and community-based guidelines, solutions, and regulations to break the disease cycle, mitigate person-to-person transmission, and reduce cross-contamination in healthcare settings. In this review, the authors provide known facts and updated information about SARS-CoV-2 virology and its new variants, transmission routes, reported clinical symptoms, epidemiology, and infection control and prevention guidelines with a focus on a hierarchy of controls in dental settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Banava
- Postdoctoral Fellow, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Stuart A Gansky
- Associate Dean for Research, Professor, and Lee Hysan Chair of Oral Epidemiology, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Affiliate Member, Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, UCSF
| | - Michael S Reddy
- Dean and Associate Vice Chancellor, Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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15
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Abstract
The term coronary “artery vasculitis” is used for a diverse group of diseases with a wide spectrum of manifestations and severity. Clinical manifestations may include pericarditis or myocarditis due to involvement of the coronary microvasculature, stenosis, aneurysm, or spontaneous dissection of large coronaries, or vascular thrombosis. As compared to common atherosclerosis, patients with coronary artery vasculitis are younger and often have a more rapid disease progression. Several clinical entities have been associated with coronary artery vasculitis, including Kawasaki’s disease, Takayasu’s arteritis, polyarteritis nodosa, ANCA-associated vasculitis, giant-cell arteritis, and more recently a Kawasaki-like syndrome associated with SARS-COV-2 infection. This review will provide a short description of these conditions, their diagnosis and therapy for use by the practicing cardiologist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Gori
- Kardiologie I and DZHK Standort Rhein-Main, Universitätsmedizin Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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16
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Norooznezhad AH, Mansouri K. Endothelial cell dysfunction, coagulation, and angiogenesis in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Microvasc Res 2021; 137:104188. [PMID: 34022205 PMCID: PMC8135191 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2021.104188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been led to a pandemic emergency. So far, different pathological pathways for SARS-CoV-2 infection have been introduced in which the excess release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as interleukin 1 β [IL-1β], IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor α [TNFα]) has earned most of the attentions. However, recent studies have identified new pathways with at least the same level of importance as cytokine storm in which endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction is one of them. In COVID-19, two main pathologic phenomena have been seen as a result of EC dysfunction: hyper-coagulation state and pathologic angiogenesis. The EC dysfunction-induced hypercoagulation state seems to be caused by alteration in the levels of different factors such as plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1), von Willebrand factor (vWF) antigen, soluble thrombomodulin, and tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI). As data have shown, these thromboembolic events are associated with severity of disease severity or even death in COVID-19 patients. Other than thromboembolic events, pathologic angiogenesis is among the recent findings. Furthermore, over-expression/higher levels of different proangiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), hypoxia-inducible factor 1 α (HIF-1α), IL-6, TNF receptor super family 1A and 12, and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) have been found in the lung biopsies/sera of both survived and non-survived COVID-19 patients. Also, there are some hypotheses regarding the role of nitric oxide in EC dysfunction and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in SARS-CoV-2 infection. It has been demonstrated that different pathways involved in inflammation are generally common with EC dysfunction and angiogenesis. Altogether, considering the common possible upstream pathways in cytokine storm, pathologic angiogenesis, and EC dysfunction, it seems that targeting these molecules (such as nuclear factor κB) could be more effective in the management of patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Hossein Norooznezhad
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Kamran Mansouri
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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17
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Zendelovska D, Atanasovska E, Petrushevska M, Spasovska K, Stevanovikj M, Demiri I, Labachevski N. Evaluation of oxidative stress markers in hospitalized patients with moderate and severe COVID-19. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021. [PMID: 33910269 DOI: 10.2478/rjim-2021-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: Clinical evidence suggests increased oxidative stress in COVID-19 patients and this worsened redox status could potentially contribute to the progression of the disease.Objectives: To investigate the oxidative stress we have measured oxidative stress parameters, namely, PAT (total antioxidant power, iron reducing) and d-ROMs (plasma peroxides). Additionally we have investigated their correlation with the most frequently used clinical parameters CRP, LDH, and NLR in serum from moderate and severe COVID-19 patients hospitalized in a tertiary hospital.Methods: PAT and d-ROMs were determined by analytical photometric metric method in serum from 50 hospitalized patients. For each of them, two samples were collected and analyzed immediately after collection seven days apart.Results: All patients at admission had a much higher value for plasma peroxides and a significant correlation between oxidative stress parameters and CRP, LDH, and NLR. (p<0.05), except for OS index (OSI) vs CRP in the severe group. At discharge, plasma peroxides were reduced and OSI was improved in the moderate group.Conclusion: We consider that using OSI at the beginning of COVID-19 disease presents a valuable starting point for the general assessment of oxidative stress and hence enabling a better triage of the patients in terms of disease severity.
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18
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Dela Justina V, Giachini FR, Priviero F, Webb RC. COVID-19 and hypertension: Is there a role for dsRNA and activation of Toll-like receptor 3? Vascul Pharmacol 2021; 140:106861. [PMID: 33845201 PMCID: PMC8061373 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2021.106861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The virus responsible for the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) is the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Evidences suggest that COVID-19 could trigger cardiovascular complications in apparently healthy patients. Coronaviruses are enveloped positive-strand RNA viruses acting as a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)/ danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMP). Interestingly, Toll-like receptor (TLR) 3 recognize both PAMPs DAMPs and is activated by viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) leading to activation of TIR receptor domain-containing adaptor inducing IFN-β (TRIF) dependent pathway. New evidence has shown a link between virus dsRNA and increased BP. Hence, we hypothesize that COVID-19 infection may be over activating the TLR3 through dsRNA, evoking further damage to the patients, leading to vascular inflammation and increased blood pressure, favoring the development of several cardiovascular complications, including hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Dela Justina
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda R Giachini
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil; Institute of Health Sciences and Health, Universidad Federal De Mato Grosso, Barra Do Garcas, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Priviero
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Center - School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - R Clinton Webb
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Center - School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
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19
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Maiuolo J, Gliozzi M, Musolino V, Carresi C, Scarano F, Nucera S, Scicchitano M, Bosco F, Ruga S, Zito MC, Macri R, Bulotta R, Muscoli C, Mollace V. From Metabolic Syndrome to Neurological Diseases: Role of Autophagy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:651021. [PMID: 33816502 PMCID: PMC8017166 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.651021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is not a single pathology, but a constellation of cardiovascular disease risk factors including: central and abdominal obesity, systemic hypertension, insulin resistance (or type 2 diabetes mellitus), and atherogenic dyslipidemia. The global incidence of Metabolic syndrome is estimated to be about one quarter of the world population; for this reason, it would be desirable to better understand the underlying mechanisms involved in order to develop treatments that can reduce or eliminate the damage caused. The effects of Metabolic syndrome are multiple and wide ranging; some of which have an impact on the central nervous system and cause neurological and neurodegenerative diseases. Autophagy is a catabolic intracellular process, essential for the recycling of cytoplasmic materials and for the degradation of damaged cellular organelle. Therefore, autophagy is primarily a cytoprotective mechanism; even if excessive cellular degradation can be detrimental. To date, it is known that systemic autophagic insufficiency is able to cause metabolic balance deterioration and facilitate the onset of metabolic syndrome. This review aims to highlight the current state of knowledge regarding the connection between metabolic syndrome and the onset of several neurological diseases related to it. Furthermore, since autophagy has been found to be of particular importance in metabolic disorders, the probable involvement of this degradative process is assumed to be responsible for the attenuation of neurological disorders resulting from metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Maiuolo
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Micaela Gliozzi
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Musolino
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Cristina Carresi
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Federica Scarano
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Saverio Nucera
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Miriam Scicchitano
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Francesca Bosco
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Stefano Ruga
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria Caterina Zito
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Roberta Macri
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Rosamaria Bulotta
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Carolina Muscoli
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy.,IRCCS San Raffaele, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Mollace
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy.,IRCCS San Raffaele, Rome, Italy
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