1
|
Huschtscha Z, Silver J, Gerhardy M, Urwin CS, Kenney N, Le VH, Fyfe JJ, Feros SA, Betik AC, Shaw CS, Main LC, Abbott G, Tan SY, May A, Smith CM, Kuriel V, Barnard J, Hamilton DL. The Effect of Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) on Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy, Strength, and Power in Response to Resistance Training in Healthy Active Adults: A Double-Blind Randomized Control Trial. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2024; 10:66. [PMID: 38844675 PMCID: PMC11156829 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-024-00732-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) has analgesic/anti-inflammatory properties that may be a suitable alternative to over-the-counter (OTC) non-steroidal analgesics/anti-inflammatories. While OTC pain medications can impair strength training adaptations, the mechanism of action of PEA is distinct from these and it may not negatively affect skeletal muscle adaptations to strength training. METHODS The primary aim of this study was to investigate the effects of daily PEA supplementation (350 mg Levagen + equivalent to 300 mg PEA) combined with 8-weeks of resistance training on lean body mass with secondary aims addressing strength, power, sleep, and wellbeing compared to placebo (PLA) in young, healthy, active adults. In a randomized, controlled, double-blinded trial, 52 untrained, recreationally active participants aged 18-35 y were allocated to either the PEA or PLA groups. Participants consumed either 2 × 175 mg Levagen + PEA or identically matched maltodextrin capsules during an 8-week period of whole-body resistance training. This trial assessed the pre- to post- changes in total and regional lean body mass, muscular strength (1-RM bench, isometric mid-thigh pull), muscular power [countermovement jump (CMJ), bench throw], pain associated with exercise training, sleep, and wellbeing compared with the PEA or PLA condition. RESULTS 48 Participants were included in the final intention to treat (ITT) analysis and we also conducted per protocol (PP) analysis (n = 42). There were no significant between-group differences for total or regional lean muscle mass post-intervention. There was a significantly higher jump height (CMJ) at week 10 in the PEA group compared to the PLA (Adjusted mean difference [95% CI] p-value; ITT: - 2.94 cm [- 5.15, - 0.74] p = 0.010; PP: - 2.93 cm [- 5.31, - 0.55] p = 0.017). The PLA group had higher 1-RM bench press post-intervention compared with the PEA group (ITT: 2.24 kg [0.12, 4.37] p = 0.039; PP: 2.73 kg [0.40, 5.06] p = 0.023). No significant treatment effects were noted for any of the other outcomes. CONCLUSION PEA supplementation, when combined with 8 weeks of strength training, did not impair lean mass gains and it resulted in significantly higher dynamic lower-body power when compared with the PLA condition. TRIAL REGISTRATION Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR: ACTRN12621001726842p).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zoya Huschtscha
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Deakin University, Geelong, 3216, Australia
| | - Jessica Silver
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Deakin University, Geelong, 3216, Australia
| | - Michael Gerhardy
- Centre for Sport Research (CSR), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, 3216, Australia
| | - Charles S Urwin
- Centre for Sport Research (CSR), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, 3216, Australia
| | - Nathan Kenney
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Deakin University, Geelong, 3216, Australia
| | - Viet Hung Le
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, 3216, Australia
| | - Jackson J Fyfe
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Deakin University, Geelong, 3216, Australia
| | - Simon A Feros
- Centre for Sport Research (CSR), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, 3216, Australia
| | - Andrew C Betik
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Deakin University, Geelong, 3216, Australia
| | - Christopher S Shaw
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Deakin University, Geelong, 3216, Australia
| | - Luana C Main
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Deakin University, Geelong, 3216, Australia
| | - Gavin Abbott
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Deakin University, Geelong, 3216, Australia
| | - Sze-Yen Tan
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Deakin University, Geelong, 3216, Australia
| | - Anthony May
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, 3216, Australia
- Respiratory Research@Alfred, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Craig M Smith
- School of Medicine, Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Deakin University, Geelong, 3216, Australia
| | - Vicky Kuriel
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Deakin University, Geelong, 3216, Australia
| | - Jackson Barnard
- Centre for Sport Research (CSR), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, 3216, Australia
| | - D Lee Hamilton
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Deakin University, Geelong, 3216, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nobili S, Micheli L, Lucarini E, Toti A, Ghelardini C, Di Cesare Mannelli L. Ultramicronized N-palmitoylethanolamine associated with analgesics: Effects against persistent pain. Pharmacol Ther 2024; 258:108649. [PMID: 38615798 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Current epidemiological data estimate that one in five people suffers from chronic pain with considerable impairment of health-related quality of life. The pharmacological treatment is based on first- and second-line analgesic drugs, including COX-2 selective and nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, paracetamol, antidepressants, anti-seizure drugs and opioids, that are characterized by important side effects. N-palmitoylethanolamine (PEA) is a body's own fatty-acid ethanolamide belonging to the family of autacoid local injury antagonist amides. The anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving properties of PEA have been recognized for decades and prompted to depict its role in the endogenous mechanisms of pain control. Together with its relative abundance in food sources, this opened the way to the use of PEA as a pain-relieving nutritional intervention. Naïve PEA is a large particle size lipid molecule with low solubility and bioavailability. Reducing particle size is a useful method to increase surface area, thereby improving dissolution rate and bioavailability accordingly. Micron-size formulations of PEA (e.g., ultramicronized and co-(ultra)micronized) have shown higher oral efficacy compared to naïve PEA. In particular, ultramicronized PEA has been shown to efficiently cross the intestinal wall and, more importantly, the blood-brain and blood-spinal cord barrier. Several preclinical and clinical studies have shown the efficacy, safety and tolerability of ultramicronized PEA. This narrative review summarizes the available pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic data on ultramicronized PEA and focuses to its contribution to pain control, in particular as 'add-on' nutritional intervention. Data showing the ability of ultramicronized PEA to limit opioid side effects, including the development of tolerance, have also been reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Nobili
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health - NEUROFARBA - Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
| | - Laura Micheli
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health - NEUROFARBA - Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Elena Lucarini
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health - NEUROFARBA - Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandra Toti
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health - NEUROFARBA - Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Carla Ghelardini
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health - NEUROFARBA - Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Di Cesare Mannelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health - NEUROFARBA - Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Schweiger V, Schievano C, Martini A, Polati L, Del Balzo G, Simari S, Milan B, Finco G, Varrassi G, Polati E. Extended Treatment with Micron-Size Oral Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) in Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2024; 16:1653. [PMID: 38892586 PMCID: PMC11174044 DOI: 10.3390/nu16111653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) emerged over the years as a promising approach in the management of chronic pain. Despite the fact that the efficacy of micron-size PEA formulations appears to be time-dependent, the optimal timing has not yet been elucidated. This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to estimate the possible advantage of an extended treatment in the relief of chronic pain. The literature search was conducted consulting scientific databases, to identify clinical trials in which micron-size PEA was administered for at least 60 days, and pain assessed by the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) or Numeric Rating Scale (NRS). Nine studies matched the required criteria, for a total of 742 patients involved. The meta-analysis showed a statistically and clinically significant pain intensity reduction after 60 days of micron-size PEA supplementation, compared to 30 days (1.36 points, p < 0.01). The secondary analysis revealed a weighted NRS/VAS score decrease of 2.08 points within the first month of treatment. These two obtained scores corresponded to a 35.1% pain intensity reduction within the first month, followed by a further 35.4% during the second month. Overall, these results confirm the clinically relevant and time-depended pain-relieving effect of micron-size PEA and therefore the advantage of an extended treatment, especially in patient with incomplete pain management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Schweiger
- Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, Verona University Hospital, 37134 Verona, Italy; (A.M.); (L.P.); (S.S.); (B.M.); (E.P.)
| | | | - Alvise Martini
- Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, Verona University Hospital, 37134 Verona, Italy; (A.M.); (L.P.); (S.S.); (B.M.); (E.P.)
| | - Luca Polati
- Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, Verona University Hospital, 37134 Verona, Italy; (A.M.); (L.P.); (S.S.); (B.M.); (E.P.)
| | - Giovanna Del Balzo
- Department of Medicine and Public Health, Section of Forensic Medicine, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy;
| | - Salvatore Simari
- Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, Verona University Hospital, 37134 Verona, Italy; (A.M.); (L.P.); (S.S.); (B.M.); (E.P.)
| | - Beatrice Milan
- Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, Verona University Hospital, 37134 Verona, Italy; (A.M.); (L.P.); (S.S.); (B.M.); (E.P.)
| | - Gabriele Finco
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy;
| | | | - Enrico Polati
- Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, Verona University Hospital, 37134 Verona, Italy; (A.M.); (L.P.); (S.S.); (B.M.); (E.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cocito D, Peci E, Torrieri MC, Clerico M. Ultramicronized Palmitoylethanolamide in the Management of Neuropathic Pain Related to Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy: A Proof-of-Concept Study. J Clin Med 2024; 13:2787. [PMID: 38792328 PMCID: PMC11122609 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13102787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) is a rare autoimmune disease. Neuropathic pain (NP), related to peripheral inflammation, is among its earliest manifestations. This preliminary open-label investigation aimed to evaluate the efficacy of ultramicronized Palmitoylethanolamide (umPEA) in the management of NP. Methods: A total of 14 patients with CIDP, already undergoing immunoglobulin (Ig) therapy, were divided into two groups: Group A received umPEA 600 mg twice daily in addition to Ig for 60 days, followed by Ig alone until the end of the observation (180 days); Group B received Ig alone for 120 days and subsequently umPEA + Ig in the last 60 days of the study. Painful symptom intensity and quality of life were assessed by the Numeric Rating Scale, Neuropathic Pain Symptoms Inventory, and Five Dimensions Health Questionnaire. The safety umPEA profile was evaluated. Results: UmPEA in addition to immunoglobulins allowed for a significant improvement over time in all NP symptoms intensity (p = 0.0007) and in patients' quality of life (p = 0.0036). Conclusions: This study suggests umPEA as a safe and effective treatment in addition to immunoglobulins to improve NP, ameliorating the patient's health status. These results highlight the importance of neuroinflammation modulation in the management of CIDP's painful symptoms, drawing attention to umPEA's potential use also in neuropathies of different etiologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dario Cocito
- Clinical and Biological Sciences Department, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano, Italy
| | - Erdita Peci
- Clinical and Biological Sciences Department, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano, Italy
| | | | - Marinella Clerico
- Academic Neurology Unit, San Luigi Gonzaga University Hospital, Clinical and Biological Sciences Department, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kim N, Parolin B, Renshaw D, Deb SK, Zariwala MG. Formulated Palmitoylethanolamide Supplementation Improves Parameters of Cognitive Function and BDNF Levels in Young, Healthy Adults: A Randomised Cross-Over Trial. Nutrients 2024; 16:489. [PMID: 38398813 PMCID: PMC10891801 DOI: 10.3390/nu16040489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) is an endocannabinoid-like lipid mediator which is naturally produced in the body and found in certain foods. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of a bioavailable formulated form of PEA (Levagen+®) on serum BDNF levels and parameters of cognitive function in healthy adults. METHODS A randomised double-blinded placebo-controlled cross-over trial was implemented to measure the effects of a 6-week 700 mg/day course of formulated PEA supplementation versus a placebo. Participants (n = 39) completed pre- and post-assessments of a lab-based cognitive test. Serum samples were collected to measure BDNF concentrations using an immunoassay. RESULTS A significant increase in serum BDNF levels was found following PEA supplementation compared with the placebo (p = 0. 0057, d = 0.62). The cognition test battery demonstrated improved memory with PEA supplementation through better first success (p = 0.142, d = 0.54) and fewer errors (p = 0.0287; d = -0.47) on the Paired Associates Learning test. CONCLUSION This was the first study to report a direct beneficial effect of Levagen+® PEA supplementation on memory improvement as well as corresponding increases in circulating neurotrophic marker levels. This suggests that formulated PEA holds promise as an innovative and practical intervention for cognitive health enhancement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Kim
- Centre for Nutraceuticals, University of Westminster, London W1W6 UW, UK (S.K.D.)
| | - Brenda Parolin
- Centre for Nutraceuticals, University of Westminster, London W1W6 UW, UK (S.K.D.)
| | - Derek Renshaw
- Centre for Health and Life Sciences (CHLS), Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK;
| | - Sanjoy K. Deb
- Centre for Nutraceuticals, University of Westminster, London W1W6 UW, UK (S.K.D.)
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cuzzocrea S, Crupi R. To Go Where Nature Leads: Focus on Palmitoylethanolamide and Related ALIAmides as Innovative Approach to Neuroinflammatory and Pain-Related Disease States in Honor of Doctor Francesco Della Valle. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1583. [PMID: 38002265 PMCID: PMC10669693 DOI: 10.3390/biom13111583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Dr [...].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Rosalia Crupi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Basem JI, Bah FN, Mehta ND. A Brief Review on the Novel Therapies for Painful Diabetic Neuropathy. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2023; 27:299-305. [PMID: 37392335 DOI: 10.1007/s11916-023-01126-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Almost half of people diagnosed with diabetes mellitus will develop painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN), a condition greatly impacting quality of life with complicated pathology. While there are different FDA approved forms of treatment, many of the existing options are difficult to manage with comorbities and are associated with unwanted side effects. Here, we summarize the current and novel treatments for PDN. RECENT FINDINGS Current research is exploring alternative pain management treatments from the first line options of pregabalin, gabapentin, duloxetine, and amitriptyline which often have side effects. The use of FDA approved capsaicin and spinal cord stimulators (SCS) has been incredibly beneficial in addressing this. In addition, new treatments looking at different targets, such as NMDA receptor and the endocannabinoid system, show promising results. There are several treatment options that have been shown to be successful in helping treat PDN, but often require adjunct treatment or alterations due to side effects. While there is ample research for standard medications, treatments such as palmitoylethanolamide and endocannabinoid targets have extremely limited clinical trials. We also found that many studies did not evaluate additional variables other than pain relief, such as functional changes nor were there consistent measurement methods. Future research should continue trials comparing treatment efficacies along with more quality of life measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jade I Basem
- Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Fatoumata N Bah
- Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Neel D Mehta
- Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pirro M, Ferri L, Piccioni L, Bellucci AM, Bartolucci F, Russo A, Piga A, Ciaramaglia PL, Lucangeli M, Russo AM, Cuzzocrea S, Evangelista M. What Is the Role of Palmitoylethanolamide Co-Ultramicronized with Luteolin on the Symptomatology Reported by Patients Suffering from Long COVID? A Retrospective Analysis Performed by a Group of General Practitioners in a Real-Life Setting. Nutrients 2023; 15:3701. [PMID: 37686733 PMCID: PMC10490268 DOI: 10.3390/nu15173701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Long COVID is a recognized post-viral syndrome characterized by neurological, somatic and neuropsychiatric symptoms that might last for long time after SARS-CoV-2 infection. An ever-growing number of patients come to the observation of General Practitioners complaining of mild or moderate symptoms after the resolution of the acute infection. Nine General Practitioners from the Rome area (Italy) performed a retrospective analysis in order to evaluate the role of the supplementation with Palmitoylethanolamide co-ultramicronized with Luteolin (PEALUT) on neurologic and clinical symptoms reported by their patients after COVID-19 resolution. Supplementation with PEALUT helped to improve all patient-reported symptoms, especially pain, anxiety and depression, fatigue, brain fog, anosmia and dysgeusia, leading to an overall improvement in patients' health status. To our knowledge these are the first data presented on Long COVID patients collected in a territorial setting. Despite their preliminary nature, these results highlight the pathogenetic role of "non-resolving" neuroinflammation in Long COVID development and consequently the importance of its control in the resolution of the pathology and put the focus on the General Practitioner as the primary figure for early detection and management of Long COVID syndrome in a real-life setting. Future randomized, controlled, perspective clinical trials are needed to confirm this preliminary observation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Pirro
- Azienda Sanitaria Locale (ASL), Sistema Sanitario Regionale, 00012 Rome, Italy
| | - Luana Ferri
- Azienda Sanitaria Locale (ASL), Sistema Sanitario Regionale, 00012 Rome, Italy
| | - Licia Piccioni
- Azienda Sanitaria Locale (ASL), Sistema Sanitario Regionale, 00012 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Bellucci
- Azienda Sanitaria Locale (ASL), Sistema Sanitario Regionale, 00012 Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Bartolucci
- Azienda Sanitaria Locale (ASL), Sistema Sanitario Regionale, 00012 Rome, Italy
| | - Arianna Russo
- Azienda Sanitaria Locale (ASL), Sistema Sanitario Regionale, 00012 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Piga
- Azienda Sanitaria Locale (ASL), Sistema Sanitario Regionale, 00012 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Marco Lucangeli
- Azienda Sanitaria Locale (ASL), Sistema Sanitario Regionale, 00012 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Russo
- Institute of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Maurizio Evangelista
- Institute of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bortoletto R, Piscitelli F, Candolo A, Bhattacharyya S, Balestrieri M, Colizzi M. Questioning the role of palmitoylethanolamide in psychosis: a systematic review of clinical and preclinical evidence. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1231710. [PMID: 37533892 PMCID: PMC10390736 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1231710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The endocannabinoid (eCB) system disruption has been suggested to underpin the development of psychosis, fueling the search for novel, better-tolerated antipsychotic agents that target the eCB system. Among these, palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), an N-acylethanolamine (AE) with neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic properties, has drawn attention for its antipsychotic potential. Methods This Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020-compliant systematic review aimed at reappraising all clinical and preclinical studies investigating the biobehavioral role of PEA in psychosis. Results Overall, 13 studies were eligible for data extraction (11 human, 2 animal). Observational studies investigating PEA tone in psychosis patients converged on the evidence for increased PEA plasma (6 human) and central nervous system (CNS; 1 human) levels, as a potential early compensatory response to illness and its severity, that seems to be lost in the longer-term (CNS; 1 human), opening to the possibility of exogenously supplementing it to sustain control of the disorder. Consistently, PEA oral supplementation reduced negative psychotic and manic symptoms among psychosis patients, with no serious adverse events (3 human). No PEA changes emerged in either preclinical psychosis model (2 animal) studied. Discussion Evidence supports PEA signaling as a potential psychosis biomarker, also indicating a therapeutic role of its supplementation in the disorder. Systematic review registration https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/AFMTK.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Bortoletto
- Unit of Psychiatry, Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Fabiana Piscitelli
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Materials Technologies, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council (CNR), Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Anna Candolo
- Unit of Psychiatry, Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Sagnik Bhattacharyya
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matteo Balestrieri
- Unit of Psychiatry, Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Marco Colizzi
- Unit of Psychiatry, Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, Udine, Italy
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yuan Q, Zhu S, Yue S, Han Y, Peng G, Li L, Sheng Y, Wang B. Alterations in Faecal and Serum Metabolic Profiles in Patients with Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Nutrients 2023; 15:2984. [PMID: 37447310 DOI: 10.3390/nu15132984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) is a common and multifactorial disease in the elderly that may lead to irreversible vision loss; yet the pathogenesis of AMD remains unclear. In this study, nontargeted metabolomics profiling using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with Q-Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometry was applied to discover the metabolic feature differences in both faeces and serum samples between Chinese nonobese subjects with and without nAMD. In faecal samples, a total of 18 metabolites were significantly altered in nAMD patients, and metabolic dysregulations were prominently involved in glycerolipid metabolism and nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism. In serum samples, a total of 29 differential metabolites were founded, involved in caffeine metabolism, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, and purine metabolism. Two faecal metabolites (palmitoyl ethanolamide and uridine) and three serum metabolites (4-hydroxybenzoic acid, adrenic acid, and palmitic acid) were selected as potential biomarkers for nAMD. Additionally, the significant correlations among dysregulated neuroprotective, antineuroinflammatory, or fatty acid metabolites in faecal and serum and IM dysbiosis were found. This comprehensive metabolomics study of faeces and serum samples showed that alterations in IM-mediated neuroprotective metabolites may be involved in the pathophysiology of AMD, offering IM-based nutritional therapeutic targets for nAMD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qixian Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan 250000, China
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Shuai Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Research Units of Infectious Disease and Microecology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Siqing Yue
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Yuqiu Han
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan 250000, China
- Research Units of Infectious Disease and Microecology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Guoping Peng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Lanjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan 250000, China
- Research Units of Infectious Disease and Microecology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Yan Sheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Baohong Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan 250000, China
- Research Units of Infectious Disease and Microecology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310003, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Osorio-Perez RM, Rodríguez-Manzo G, Espinosa-Riquer ZP, Cruz SL, González-Espinosa C. Endocannabinoid modulation of allergic responses: Focus on the control of FcεRI-mediated mast cell activation. Eur J Cell Biol 2023; 102:151324. [PMID: 37236045 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2023.151324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergic reactions are highly prevalent pathologies initiated by the production of IgE antibodies against harmless antigens (allergens) and the activation of the high-affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI) expressed in the surface of basophils and mast cells (MCs). Research on the mechanisms of negative control of those exacerbated inflammatory reactions has been intense in recent years. Endocannabinoids (eCBs) show important regulatory effects on MC-mediated immune responses, mainly inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory mediators. However, the description of the molecular mechanisms involved in eCB control of MC activation is far from complete. In this review, we aim to summarize the available information regarding the role of eCBs in the modulation of FcεRI-dependent activation of that cell type, emphasizing the description of the eCB system and the existence of some of its elements in MCs. Unique characteristics of the eCB system and cannabinoid receptors (CBRs) localization and signaling in MCs are mentioned. The described and putative points of cross-talk between CBRs and FcεRI signaling cascades are also presented. Finally, we discuss some important considerations in the study of the effects of eCBs in MCs and the perspectives in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rubi Monserrat Osorio-Perez
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad Sede Sur, Calzada de los Tenorios No. 235, Col. Granjas Coapa, Tlalpan, CP 14330 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Rodríguez-Manzo
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad Sede Sur, Calzada de los Tenorios No. 235, Col. Granjas Coapa, Tlalpan, CP 14330 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Zyanya P Espinosa-Riquer
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad Sede Sur, Calzada de los Tenorios No. 235, Col. Granjas Coapa, Tlalpan, CP 14330 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Silvia L Cruz
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad Sede Sur, Calzada de los Tenorios No. 235, Col. Granjas Coapa, Tlalpan, CP 14330 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Claudia González-Espinosa
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad Sede Sur, Calzada de los Tenorios No. 235, Col. Granjas Coapa, Tlalpan, CP 14330 Mexico City, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Palmitoylethanolamide in the Treatment of Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15061350. [PMID: 36986081 PMCID: PMC10053226 DOI: 10.3390/nu15061350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain is a major source of morbidity for which there are limited effective treatments. Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), a naturally occurring fatty acid amide, has demonstrated utility in the treatment of neuropathic and inflammatory pain. Emerging reports have supported a possible role for its use in the treatment of chronic pain, although this remains controversial. We undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis to examine the efficacy of PEA as an analgesic agent for chronic pain. A systematic literature search was performed, using the databases MEDLINE and Web of Science, to identify double-blind randomized controlled trials comparing PEA to placebo or active comparators in the treatment of chronic pain. All articles were independently screened by two reviewers. The primary outcome was pain intensity scores, for which a meta-analysis was undertaken using a random effects statistical model. Secondary outcomes including quality of life, functional status, and side effects are represented in a narrative synthesis. Our literature search identified 253 unique articles, of which 11 were ultimately included in the narrative synthesis and meta-analysis. Collectively, these articles described a combined sample size of 774 patients. PEA was found to reduce pain scores relative to comparators in a pooled estimate, with a standard mean difference of 1.68 (95% CI 1.05 to 2.31, p = 0.00001). Several studies reported additional benefits of PEA for quality of life and functional status, and no major side effects were attributed to PEA in any study. The results of this systematic review and meta-analysis suggest that PEA is an effective and well-tolerated treatment for chronic pain. Further study is warranted to determine the optimal dosing and administration parameters of PEA for analgesic effects in the context of chronic pain.
Collapse
|
13
|
Intranuovo F, Brunetti L, DelRe P, Mangiatordi GF, Stefanachi A, Laghezza A, Niso M, Leonetti F, Loiodice F, Ligresti A, Kostrzewa M, Brea J, Loza MI, Sotelo E, Saviano M, Colabufo NA, Riganti C, Abate C, Contino M. Development of N-(1-Adamantyl)benzamides as Novel Anti-Inflammatory Multitarget Agents Acting as Dual Modulators of the Cannabinoid CB2 Receptor and Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase. J Med Chem 2023; 66:235-250. [PMID: 36542836 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoid type 2 receptor (CB2R), belonging to the endocannabinoid system, is overexpressed in pathologies characterized by inflammation, and its activation counteracts inflammatory states. Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is an enzyme responsible for the degradation of the main endocannabinoid anandamide; thus, the simultaneous CB2R activation and FAAH inhibition may be a synergistic anti-inflammatory strategy. Encouraged by principal component analysis (PCA) data identifying a wide chemical space shared by CB2R and FAAH ligands, we designed a small library of adamantyl-benzamides, as potential dual agents, CB2R agonists, and FAAH inhibitors. The new compounds were tested for their CB2R affinity/selectivity and CB2R and FAAH activity. Derivatives 13, 26, and 27, displaying the best pharmacodynamic profile as CB2R full agonists and FAAH inhibitors, decreased pro-inflammatory and increased anti-inflammatory cytokines production. Molecular docking simulations complemented the experimental findings by providing a molecular rationale behind the observed activities. These multitarget ligands constitute promising anti-inflammatory agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Intranuovo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze Del Farmaco, Università Degli Studi di Bari ALDO MORO, Via Orabona 4, Bari 70125, Italy
| | - Leonardo Brunetti
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze Del Farmaco, Università Degli Studi di Bari ALDO MORO, Via Orabona 4, Bari 70125, Italy
| | - Pietro DelRe
- Institute of Crystallography, National Research Council of Italy, Via Amendola, 122/o, Bari 70126, Italy
| | | | - Angela Stefanachi
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze Del Farmaco, Università Degli Studi di Bari ALDO MORO, Via Orabona 4, Bari 70125, Italy
| | - Antonio Laghezza
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze Del Farmaco, Università Degli Studi di Bari ALDO MORO, Via Orabona 4, Bari 70125, Italy
| | - Mauro Niso
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze Del Farmaco, Università Degli Studi di Bari ALDO MORO, Via Orabona 4, Bari 70125, Italy
| | - Francesco Leonetti
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze Del Farmaco, Università Degli Studi di Bari ALDO MORO, Via Orabona 4, Bari 70125, Italy
| | - Fulvio Loiodice
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze Del Farmaco, Università Degli Studi di Bari ALDO MORO, Via Orabona 4, Bari 70125, Italy
| | - Alessia Ligresti
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli 80078, Italy
| | - Magdalena Kostrzewa
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli 80078, Italy
| | - Jose Brea
- Innopharma Screening Platform, BioFarma Research Group, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain.,Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology. School of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Maria Isabel Loza
- Innopharma Screening Platform, BioFarma Research Group, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain.,Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology. School of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Eddy Sotelo
- ComBioMed Research Group, Centro de Química Biológica y Materiales Moleculares (CIQUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Michele Saviano
- Institute of Crystallography, National Research Council of Italy, Via Vivaldi, 43, Caserta 81100, Italy
| | - Nicola Antonio Colabufo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze Del Farmaco, Università Degli Studi di Bari ALDO MORO, Via Orabona 4, Bari 70125, Italy
| | - Chiara Riganti
- Dipartimento di Oncologia, Università Degli Studi di Torino, Torino 10126, Italy
| | - Carmen Abate
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze Del Farmaco, Università Degli Studi di Bari ALDO MORO, Via Orabona 4, Bari 70125, Italy.,Institute of Crystallography, National Research Council of Italy, Via Amendola, 122/o, Bari 70126, Italy
| | - Marialessandra Contino
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze Del Farmaco, Università Degli Studi di Bari ALDO MORO, Via Orabona 4, Bari 70125, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Schiano Moriello A, Roviezzo F, Iannotti FA, Rea G, Allarà M, Camerlingo R, Verde R, Di Marzo V, Petrosino S. First Evidence of the Protective Effects of 2-Pentadecyl-2-Oxazoline (PEA-OXA) in In Vitro Models of Acute Lung Injury. Biomolecules 2022; 13:biom13010033. [PMID: 36671418 PMCID: PMC9855419 DOI: 10.3390/biom13010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a serious inflammatory lung disorder and a complication of SARS-CoV-2 infection. In patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection, the transition to ARDS is principally due to the occurrence of a cytokine storm and an exacerbated inflammatory response. The effectiveness of ultra-micronized palmitoylethanolamide (PEA-um) during the earliest stage of COVID-19 has already been suggested. In this study, we evaluated its protective effects as well as the effectiveness of its congener, 2-pentadecyl-2-oxazoline (PEA-OXA), using in vitro models of acute lung injury. In detail, human lung epithelial cells (A549) activated by polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly-(I:C)) or Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-β) were treated with PEA-OXA or PEA. The release of IL-6 and the appearance of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) were measured by ELISA and immunofluorescence assays, respectively. A possible mechanism of action for PEA-OXA and PEA was also investigated. Our results showed that both PEA-OXA and PEA were able to counteract poly-(I:C)-induced IL-6 release, as well as to revert TGF-β-induced EMT. In addition, PEA was able to produce an "entourage" effect on the levels of the two endocannabinoids AEA and 2-AG, while PEA-OXA only increased PEA endogenous levels, in poly-(I:C)-stimulated A549 cells. These results evidence for the first time the superiority of PEA-OXA over PEA in exerting protective effects and point to PEA-OXA as a new promising candidate in the management of acute lung injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aniello Schiano Moriello
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
- Epitech Group SpA, Saccolongo, 35100 Padova, Italy
| | - Fiorentina Roviezzo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Fabio Arturo Iannotti
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Rea
- Microenvironment Molecular Targets, National Cancer Institute G. Pascale Foundation, IRCCS, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Allarà
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
- Epitech Group SpA, Saccolongo, 35100 Padova, Italy
| | - Rosa Camerlingo
- Cellular Biology and Biotherapy-Research Department, National Cancer Institute G. Pascale Foundation, IRCCS, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta Verde
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
- Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health, CRIUCPQ and INAF, Faculties of Medicine and Agriculture and Food Sciences, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
- Correspondence: (V.D.); (S.P.)
| | - Stefania Petrosino
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
- Epitech Group SpA, Saccolongo, 35100 Padova, Italy
- Correspondence: (V.D.); (S.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lipid-Based Molecules on Signaling Pathways in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179803. [PMID: 36077195 PMCID: PMC9456412 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The signaling pathways associated with lipid metabolism contribute to the pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and provide insights for devising new therapeutic strategies. Prostaglandin E2 is a membrane-derived lipid molecule that contributes to developing ASD associated with canonical Wnt signaling. Cyclooxygenase-2 plays a key role in neuroinflammation and is implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental diseases, such as ASD. The endocannabinoid system maintains a balance between inflammatory and redox status and synaptic plasticity and is a potential target for ASD pathophysiology. Redox signaling refers to specific and usually reversible oxidation–reduction reactions, some of which are also involved in pathways accounting for the abnormal behavior observed in ASD. Redox signaling and redox status-sensitive transcription factors contribute to the pathophysiology of ASD. Cannabinoids regulate the redox balance by altering the levels and activity of antioxidant molecules via ROS-producing NADPH oxidase (NOX) and ROS-scavenging superoxide dismutase enzymes. These signaling cascades integrate a broad range of neurodevelopmental processes that may be involved in the pathophysiology of ASD. Based on these pathways, we highlight putative targets that may be used for devising novel therapeutic interventions for ASD.
Collapse
|
16
|
della Rocca G, Re G. Palmitoylethanolamide and Related ALIAmides for Small Animal Health: State of the Art. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12091186. [PMID: 36139024 PMCID: PMC9496254 DOI: 10.3390/biom12091186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
ALIAmides are a family of fatty acid amides whose name comes from their mechanism of action, i.e., the Autacoid Local Injury Antagonism (ALIA). Actually, the ALIAmide parent molecule, palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), is locally produced on demand from a cell membrane precursor in order to control immune-inflammatory cell responses, avert chronic non-resolving inflammation, and limit the resulting clinical signs. ALIAmide sister compounds, such as Adelmidrol and palmitoylglucosamine, share mechanisms of action with PEA and may also increase endogenous levels of PEA. Provided that their respective bioavailability is properly addressed (e.g., through decreasing the particle size through micronization), exogenously administered ALIAmides thus mimic or sustain the prohomeostatic functions of endogenous PEA. The aim of the present paper is to review the main findings on the use of ALIAmides in small animals as a tribute to the man of vision who first believed in this “according-to-nature” approach, namely Francesco della Valle. After briefly presenting some key issues on the molecular targets, metabolism, and pharmacokinetics of PEA and related ALIAmides, here we will focus on the preclinical and clinical studies performed in dogs and cats. Although more data are still needed, ALIAmides may represent a novel and promising approach to small animal health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia della Rocca
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Centro di Ricerca sul Dolore Animale (CeRiDA), University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Giovanni Re
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Effects of Palmitoylethanolamide on Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Review from Rodents to Humans. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12050667. [PMID: 35625595 PMCID: PMC9138306 DOI: 10.3390/biom12050667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) stands out among endogenous lipid mediators for its neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic functions. PEA belonging to the N-acetylanolamine class of phospholipids was first isolated from soy lecithin, egg yolk, and peanut flour. It is currently used for the treatment of different types of neuropathic pain, such as fibromyalgia, osteoarthritis, carpal tunnel syndrome, and many other conditions. The properties of PEA, especially of its micronized or ultra-micronized forms maximizing bioavailability and efficacy, have sparked a series of innovative research to evaluate its possible application as therapeutic agent for neurodegenerative diseases. Neurodegenerative diseases are widespread throughout the world, and although they are numerous and different, they share common patterns of conditions that result from progressive damage to the brain areas involved in mobility, muscle coordination and strength, mood, and cognition. The present review is aimed at illustrating in vitro and in vivo research, as well as human studies, using PEA treatment, alone or in combination with other compounds, in the presence of neurodegeneration. Namely, attention has been paid to the effects of PEA in counteracting neuroinflammatory conditions and in slowing down the progression of diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, Frontotemporal dementia, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, and Multiple Sclerosis. Literature research demonstrated the efficacy of PEA in addressing the damage typical of major neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
|
18
|
Lippi L, de Sire A, Folli A, D’Abrosca F, Grana E, Baricich A, Carda S, Invernizzi M. Multidimensional Effectiveness of Botulinum Toxin in Neuropathic Pain: A Systematic Review of Randomized Clinical Trials. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14050308. [PMID: 35622555 PMCID: PMC9145715 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14050308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although botulinum toxin (BoNT) has been suggested as a treatment to counter neuropathic pain, no previous systematic reviews investigated the multidimensional effects of BoNT on pain relief and Health-Related Quality of Life (HR-QoL). The aim of this systematic review is to summarize the current evidence on the effectiveness of BoNT treatment for neuropathic pain, and to characterize its multidimensional effectiveness in order to guide physicians in clinical practice. Five databases were systematically searched up to 4 April 2022, to identify randomized controlled trials satisfying the following criteria: adults suffering from neuropathic pain, BoNT administration, any comparator, multidimensional assessment of pain as primary outcome, HR-QoL, physical function, anxiety and depression, and sleep quality as secondary outcomes. Twelve studies were included. The multidimensional pain scales used were short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire, Neuropathic pain scale, Neuropathic Pain Symptom Inventory, International SCI Pain Basic Data Set, West Haven-Yale Multidimensional Pain Inventory, Brief Pain Inventory, and Douleur Neuropathique 4. These scales highlighted the positive effects of BoNT administration. According to the Jadad scale, all the RCTs included were high-quality studies. BoNT administration might be effectively introduced in the comprehensive management of neuropathic pain. Further research should focus on optimal and cost-effective therapeutic protocols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Lippi
- Physical and Rehabilitative Medicine, Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont “A. Avogadro”, 28100 Novara, Italy; (L.L.); (A.F.); (F.D.); (A.B.)
- Translational Medicine, Dipartimento Attività Integrate Ricerca e Innovazione (DAIRI), Azienda Ospedaliera SS. Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Alessandro de Sire
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Arianna Folli
- Physical and Rehabilitative Medicine, Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont “A. Avogadro”, 28100 Novara, Italy; (L.L.); (A.F.); (F.D.); (A.B.)
| | - Francesco D’Abrosca
- Physical and Rehabilitative Medicine, Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont “A. Avogadro”, 28100 Novara, Italy; (L.L.); (A.F.); (F.D.); (A.B.)
| | - Elisa Grana
- Neuropsychology and Neurorehabilitation Service, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital, 1004 Lausanne, Switzerland; (E.G.); (S.C.)
| | - Alessio Baricich
- Physical and Rehabilitative Medicine, Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont “A. Avogadro”, 28100 Novara, Italy; (L.L.); (A.F.); (F.D.); (A.B.)
- Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, “Ospedale Maggiore della Carità” University Hospital, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Stefano Carda
- Neuropsychology and Neurorehabilitation Service, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital, 1004 Lausanne, Switzerland; (E.G.); (S.C.)
| | - Marco Invernizzi
- Physical and Rehabilitative Medicine, Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont “A. Avogadro”, 28100 Novara, Italy; (L.L.); (A.F.); (F.D.); (A.B.)
- Translational Medicine, Dipartimento Attività Integrate Ricerca e Innovazione (DAIRI), Azienda Ospedaliera SS. Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-(0)3-2137-34800
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Infantino R, Schiano C, Luongo L, Paino S, Mansueto G, Boccella S, Guida F, Ricciardi F, Iannotta M, Belardo C, Marabese I, Pieretti G, Serra N, Napoli C, Maione S. MED1/BDNF/TrkB pathway is involved in thalamic hemorrhage-induced pain and depression by regulating microglia. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 164:105611. [PMID: 34995755 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Central post-stroke pain (CPSP) and associated depression remain poorly understood and pharmacological treatments are unsatisfactory. Recently, microglia activation was suggested to be involved in CPSP pathophysiology. The goal of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of a co-ultramicronized combination of N-palmitoylethanolamide and luteolin (PEALut) in a mouse model of thalamic hemorrhage (TH)-induced CPSP. TH was established through the collagenase-IV injection in thalamic ventral-posterolateral-nucleus. PEALut effects in CPSP-associated behaviors were evaluated during a 28-days observation period. We found that repeated administrations of co-ultra PEALut significantly reduced mechanical hypersensitivity after TH, as compared to vehicle, by reducing the early microglial activation in the perilesional site. Moreover, PEALut prevented the development of depressive-like behavior (21 days post-TH). These effects were associated with the restoration of synaptic plasticity in LEC-DG pathway and monoamines levels found impaired in TH mice. Hippocampal MED1 and TrkB expressions were significantly increased in TH compared to sham mice 21 days post-TH, whereas BDNF levels were decreased. PEALut restored MED1/TrkB/BDNF expression in mice. Remarkably, we found significant overexpression of MED1 in the human autoptic brain specimens after stroke, indicating a translational potential of our findings. These results pave the way for better-investigating depression in TH- induced CPSP, together with the involvement of MED1/TrkB/BDNF pathway, proposing PEALut as an adjuvant treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosmara Infantino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Concetta Schiano
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (DAMSS), University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Livio Luongo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy; IRCSS, Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Salvatore Paino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Gelsomina Mansueto
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (DAMSS), University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy; Legal Medicine Unit, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Serena Boccella
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Guida
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Flavia Ricciardi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Monica Iannotta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Carmela Belardo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Ida Marabese
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Gorizio Pieretti
- Multidisciplinary Department of Surgical and Dental Specialities, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Nicola Serra
- Department of Public Health, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudio Napoli
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (DAMSS), University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Sabatino Maione
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy; IRCSS, Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Micheli L, Lucarini E, Toti A, Ferrara V, Ciampi C, Parisio C, Bartolucci G, Di Cesare Mannelli L, Ghelardini C. Effects of Ultramicronized N-Palmitoylethanolamine Supplementation on Tramadol and Oxycodone Analgesia and Tolerance Prevention. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14020403. [PMID: 35214131 PMCID: PMC8875545 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain management requires increasing doses of opioids, the milestone of painkillers, which may result in the onset of tolerance with exacerbated side effects. Maintaining stable analgesia with low doses of opioids is thus imperative. N-palmitoylethanolamine (PEA) is an endogenous lipid compound endowed with pain-relieving as well as anti-inflammatory properties. The ultramicronized formulation of PEA was recently demonstrated to be able to modulate morphine’s effects, delaying tolerance and improving efficacy. To evaluate the possible application to other opioids, in this study, we analysed the capacity of ultramicronized PEA to regulate analgesia and tolerance induced by oxycodone and tramadol. Pre-emptive and continuative treatment with ultramicronized PEA (30 mg kg−1, daily, per os) delayed the onset of opioid tolerance and enhanced opioid analgesia when it was acutely administered in association with tramadol (20 mg kg−1, daily, subcutaneously) or oxycodone (0.5 mg kg−1, daily, subcutaneously). Moreover, PEA exerted antinociceptive effects on tolerant rats, suggesting the use of PEA together with opioids for stable, long-lasting analgesia. To that purpose, the oxycodone dose needed to be increased from 0.3 mg kg−1 (day 1) up to 1 mg kg−1 (day 31) in the oxycodone + vehicle group; the tramadol dose was progressively enhanced from 15 mg kg−1 to 50 mg kg−1 in 31 days in the tramadol + vehicle group. Acute oral co-treatment with PEA (120 mg kg−1) achieved the same analgesia without increasing the dose of both opioids. The behavioural effects of PEA on opioid chronic treatment paralleled a decrease in astrocyte activation in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord (a marker of the development of opioid tolerance) and with a modulation of mRNA expression of IL-6 and serpin-A3. In conclusion, pre- and co-administration of ultramicronized PEA delayed the development of tramadol tolerance, potentiating either oxycodone or tramadol analgesia and allowing a long-lasting analgesic effect with a low opioid dose regimen. The use of PEA is suggested for clinical purposes to support the opioid-based management of persistent pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Micheli
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health-Neurofarba-Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (L.M.); (E.L.); (A.T.); (V.F.); (C.C.); (C.P.); (C.G.)
| | - Elena Lucarini
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health-Neurofarba-Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (L.M.); (E.L.); (A.T.); (V.F.); (C.C.); (C.P.); (C.G.)
| | - Alessandra Toti
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health-Neurofarba-Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (L.M.); (E.L.); (A.T.); (V.F.); (C.C.); (C.P.); (C.G.)
| | - Valentina Ferrara
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health-Neurofarba-Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (L.M.); (E.L.); (A.T.); (V.F.); (C.C.); (C.P.); (C.G.)
| | - Clara Ciampi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health-Neurofarba-Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (L.M.); (E.L.); (A.T.); (V.F.); (C.C.); (C.P.); (C.G.)
| | - Carmen Parisio
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health-Neurofarba-Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (L.M.); (E.L.); (A.T.); (V.F.); (C.C.); (C.P.); (C.G.)
| | - Gianluca Bartolucci
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health-Neurofarba-Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences Section, University of Florence, 50019 Florence, Italy;
| | - Lorenzo Di Cesare Mannelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health-Neurofarba-Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (L.M.); (E.L.); (A.T.); (V.F.); (C.C.); (C.P.); (C.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-055-2758-395
| | - Carla Ghelardini
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health-Neurofarba-Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (L.M.); (E.L.); (A.T.); (V.F.); (C.C.); (C.P.); (C.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Schiano Moriello A, Di Marzo V, Petrosino S. Mutual Links between the Endocannabinoidome and the Gut Microbiome, with Special Reference to Companion Animals: A Nutritional Viewpoint. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12030348. [PMID: 35158670 PMCID: PMC8833664 DOI: 10.3390/ani12030348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that perturbation of the gut microbiome, known as “dysbiosis”, is associated with the pathogenesis of human and veterinary diseases that are not restricted to the gastrointestinal tract. In this regard, recent studies have demonstrated that dysbiosis is linked to the pathogenesis of central neuroinflammatory disorders, supporting the existence of the so-called microbiome-gut-brain axis. The endocannabinoid system is a recently recognized lipid signaling system and termed endocannabinoidome monitoring a variety of body responses. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that a profound link exists between the gut microbiome and the endocannabinoidome, with mutual interactions controlling intestinal homeostasis, energy metabolism and neuroinflammatory responses during physiological conditions. In the present review, we summarize the latest data on the microbiome-endocannabinoidome mutual link in health and disease, focalizing the attention on gut dysbiosis and/or altered endocannabinoidome tone that may distort the bidirectional crosstalk between these two complex systems, thus leading to gastrointestinal and metabolic diseases (e.g., idiopathic inflammation, chronic enteropathies and obesity) as well as neuroinflammatory disorders (e.g., neuropathic pain and depression). We also briefly discuss the novel possible dietary interventions based not only on probiotics and/or prebiotics, but also, and most importantly, on endocannabinoid-like modulators (e.g., palmitoylethanolamide) for intestinal health and beyond.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aniello Schiano Moriello
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Napoli, Italy; (A.S.M.); (V.D.M.)
- Epitech Group SpA, Via Einaudi 13, 35030 Padova, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Napoli, Italy; (A.S.M.); (V.D.M.)
- Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health, CRIUCPQ and INAF, Centre NUTRISS, Faculties of Medicine and Agriculture and Food Sciences, Université Laval, Quebéc City, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Stefania Petrosino
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Napoli, Italy; (A.S.M.); (V.D.M.)
- Epitech Group SpA, Via Einaudi 13, 35030 Padova, Italy
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Raciti L, Arcadi FA, Calabrò RS. Could Palmitoylethanolamide Be an Effective Treatment for Long-COVID-19? Hypothesis and Insights in Potential Mechanisms of Action and Clinical Applications. INNOVATIONS IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 19:19-25. [PMID: 35382075 PMCID: PMC8970234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 is highly transmissive and contagious disease with a wide spectrum of clinicopathological issues, including respiratory, vasculo-coagulative, and immune disorders. In some cases of COVID-19, patients can be characterized by clinical sequelae with mild-to-moderate symptoms that persist long after the resolution of the acute infection, known as long-COVID, potentially affecting their quality of life. The main symptoms of long-COVID include persistent dyspnea, fatigue and weakness (that are typically out of proportion, to the degree of ongoing lung damage and gas exchange impairment), persistence of anosmia and dysgeusia, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and cognitive dysfunctions (such as brain fog or memory lapses). The appropriate management and prevention of potential long-COVID sequelae is still lacking. It is also believed that long-term symptoms of COVID-19 are related to an immunity over-response, namely a cytokine storm, involving the release of pro-inflammatory interleukins, monocyte chemoattractant proteins, and tissue necrosis factors. Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) shows affinity for vanilloid receptor 1 and for cannabinoid-like G protein-coupled receptors, enhancing anandamide activity by means of an entourage effect. Due to its anti-inflammatory properties, PEA has been recently used as an early add-on therapy for respiratory problems in patients with COVID-19. It is believed that PEA mitigates the cytokine storm modulating cell-mediated immunity, as well as counteracts pain and oxidative stress. In this article, we theorize that PEA could be a potentially effective nutraceutical to treat long-COVID, with regard to fatigue and myalgia, where a mythocondrial dysfunction is hypothesizable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Raciti
- Drs. Raciti, Arcadi, and Calabrò are with IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo" in Messina, Italy
| | - Francesca Antonia Arcadi
- Drs. Raciti, Arcadi, and Calabrò are with IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo" in Messina, Italy
| | - Rocco Salvatore Calabrò
- Drs. Raciti, Arcadi, and Calabrò are with IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo" in Messina, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
D'Antongiovanni V, Pellegrini C, Antonioli L, Benvenuti L, Di Salvo C, Flori L, Piccarducci R, Daniele S, Martelli A, Calderone V, Martini C, Fornai M. Palmitoylethanolamide Counteracts Enteric Inflammation and Bowel Motor Dysfunctions in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:748021. [PMID: 34658885 PMCID: PMC8511319 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.748021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), an endogenous lipid mediator, is emerging as a promising pharmacological agent in multiple neurodegenerative disorders for its anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties. However, its effects on enteric inflammation and colonic dysmotility associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are lacking. This study was designed to investigate the beneficial effect of PEA administration in counteracting the enteric inflammation and relieving the bowel motor dysfunctions in an AD mouse model, SAMP8 mice. In addition, the ability of PEA in modulating the activation of enteric glial cells (EGCs), pivotally involved in the pathophysiology of bowel dysfunctions associated with inflammatory conditions, has also been examined. SAMP8 mice at 4 months of age were treated orally with PEA (5 mg/kg/day) for 2 months. SAMR1 animals were employed as controls. At the end of treatment, parameters dealing with colonic motility, inflammation, barrier integrity and AD protein accumulation were evaluated. The effect of PEA on EGCs was tested in cultured cells treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plus β-amyloid 1–42 (Aβ). SAMP8 treated with PEA displayed: 1) an improvement of in vitro colonic motor activity, citrate synthase activity and intestinal epithelial barrier integrity and 2) a decrease in colonic Aβ and α-synuclein (α-syn) accumulation, S100-β expression as well as enteric IL-1β and circulating LPS levels, as compared with untreated SAMP8 mice. In EGCs, treatment with PEA counteracted the increment of S100-β, TLR-4, NF-κB p65 and IL-1β release induced by LPS and Aβ. These results suggest that PEA, under a condition of cognitive decline, prevents the enteric glial hyperactivation, reduces AD protein accumulation and counteracts the onset and progression of colonic inflammatory condition, as well as relieves intestinal motor dysfunctions and improves the intestinal epithelial barrier integrity. Therefore, PEA represents a viable approach for the management of the enteric inflammation and motor contractile abnormalities associated with AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Carolina Pellegrini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Luca Antonioli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Benvenuti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Clelia Di Salvo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Flori
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | - Alma Martelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Interdepartmental Research Center "Nutrafood: Nutraceutica e Alimentazione per la Salute", University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Interdepartmental Research Center "Biology and Pathology of Ageing", University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Calderone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Interdepartmental Research Center "Nutrafood: Nutraceutica e Alimentazione per la Salute", University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Interdepartmental Research Center "Biology and Pathology of Ageing", University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Matteo Fornai
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Successful and Unsuccessful Brain Aging in Pets: Pathophysiological Mechanisms behind Clinical Signs and Potential Benefits from Palmitoylethanolamide Nutritional Intervention. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11092584. [PMID: 34573549 PMCID: PMC8470385 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cognitive dysfunction syndrome is a common yet underreported neurodegenerative disorder of elderly dogs and cats and a natural model of human Alzheimer’s disease. The increasingly expanding life expectancy means a larger proportion of affected animals in the coming decades. Although far from being curative, available treatments are more effective the sooner they are started. Educating veterinary practitioners and owners in the early recognition of age-related cognitive dysfunction is thus mandatory. By shedding light on the mechanism underlying the disease, novel and more effective approaches might be developed. Emerging evidence shows that successful and unsuccessful brain aging share a common underlying mechanism that is neuroinflammation. This process involves astrocytes, microglia, and mast cells and has a restorative homeostatic intent. However, for reasons not fully elucidated yet, neuroinflammation can also exert detrimental consequences substantially contributing to neurodegeneration. Here we summarize the evidence accumulated so far on the pathogenic role of neuroinflammation in the onset and progression of age-related neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease. The potential benefit of palmitoylethanolamide dietary intervention in rebalancing neuroinflammation and exerting neuroprotection is also discussed. Abstract Canine and feline cognitive dysfunction syndrome is a common neurodegenerative disorder of old age and a natural model of human Alzheimer’s disease. With the unavoidable expanding life expectancy, an increasing number of small animals will be affected. Although there is no cure, early detection and intervention are vitally important to delay cognitive decline. Knowledge of cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying disease onset and progression is an equally decisive factor for developing effective approaches. Uncontrolled neuroinflammation, orchestrated in the central nervous system mainly by astrocytes, microglia, and resident mast cells, is currently acknowledged as a hallmark of neurodegeneration. This has prompted scientists to find a way to rebalance the altered crosstalk between these cells. In this context, great emphasis has been given to the role played by the expanded endocannabinoid system, i.e., endocannabinoidome, because of its prominent role in physiological and pathological neuroinflammation. Within the endocannabinoidome, great attention has been paid to palmitoylethanolamide due to its safe and pro-homeostatic effects. The availability of new ultramicronized formulations highly improved the oral bioavailability of palmitoylethanolamide, paving the way to its dietary use. Ultramicronized palmitoylethanolamide has been repeatedly tested in animal models of age-related neurodegeneration with promising results. Data accumulated so far suggest that supplementation with ultramicronized palmitoylethanolamide helps to accomplish successful brain aging.
Collapse
|
25
|
Alternative Targets to Fight Alzheimer's Disease: Focus on Astrocytes. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11040600. [PMID: 33921556 PMCID: PMC8073475 DOI: 10.3390/biom11040600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The available treatments for patients affected by Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are not curative. Numerous clinical trials have failed during the past decades. Therefore, scientists need to explore new avenues to tackle this disease. In the present review, we briefly summarize the pathological mechanisms of AD known so far, based on which different therapeutic tools have been designed. Then, we focus on a specific approach that is targeting astrocytes. Indeed, these non-neuronal brain cells respond to any insult, injury, or disease of the brain, including AD. The study of astrocytes is complicated by the fact that they exert a plethora of homeostatic functions, and their disease-induced changes could be context-, time-, and disease specific. However, this complex but fervent area of research has produced a large amount of data targeting different astrocytic functions using pharmacological approaches. Here, we review the most recent literature findings that have been published in the last five years to stimulate new hypotheses and ideas to work on, highlighting the peculiar ability of palmitoylethanolamide to modulate astrocytes according to their morpho-functional state, which ultimately suggests a possible potential disease-modifying therapeutic approach for AD.
Collapse
|
26
|
della Rocca G, Gamba D. Chronic Pain in Dogs and Cats: Is There Place for Dietary Intervention with Micro-Palmitoylethanolamide? Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:952. [PMID: 33805489 PMCID: PMC8065429 DOI: 10.3390/ani11040952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The management of chronic pain is an integral challenge of small animal veterinary practitioners. Multiple pharmacological agents are usually employed to treat maladaptive pain including opiates, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, anticonvulsants, antidepressants, and others. In order to limit adverse effects and tolerance development, they are often combined with non-pharmacologic measures such as acupuncture and dietary interventions. Accumulating evidence suggests that non-neuronal cells such as mast cells and microglia play active roles in the pathogenesis of maladaptive pain. Accordingly, these cells are currently viewed as potential new targets for managing chronic pain. Palmitoylethanolamide is an endocannabinoid-like compound found in several food sources and considered a body's own analgesic. The receptor-dependent control of non-neuronal cells mediates the pain-relieving effect of palmitoylethanolamide. Accumulating evidence shows the anti-hyperalgesic effect of supplemented palmitoylethanolamide, especially in the micronized and co-micronized formulations (i.e., micro-palmitoylethanolamide), which allow for higher bioavailability. In the present paper, the role of non-neuronal cells in pain signaling is discussed and a large number of studies on the effect of palmitoylethanolamide in inflammatory and neuropathic chronic pain are reviewed. Overall, available evidence suggests that there is place for micro-palmitoylethanolamide in the dietary management of chronic pain in dogs and cats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia della Rocca
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Centro di Ricerca sul Dolore Animale (CeRiDA), Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Davide Gamba
- Operational Unit of Anesthesia, Centro Veterinario Gregorio VII, 00165 Roma, Italy;
- Freelance, DG Vet Pain Therapy, 24124 Bergamo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Manzo E, Schiano Moriello A, Tinto F, Verde R, Allarà M, De Petrocellis L, Pagano E, Izzo AA, Di Marzo V, Petrosino S. A Glucuronic Acid-Palmitoylethanolamide Conjugate (GLUPEA) Is an Innovative Drug Delivery System and a Potential Bioregulator. Cells 2021; 10:450. [PMID: 33672574 PMCID: PMC7924038 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) is an endogenous anti-inflammatory lipid mediator and a widely used nutraceutical. In this study, we designed, realized, and tested a drug-carrier conjugate between PEA (the active drug) and glucuronic acid (the carrier). The conjugate, named GLUPEA, was characterized for its capability of increasing PEA levels and exerting anti-inflammatory activity both in vitro and in vivo. GLUPEA treatment, compared to the same concentration of PEA, resulted in higher cellular amounts of PEA and the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG), and increased 2-AG-induced transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) channel desensitization to capsaicin. GLUPEA inhibited pro-inflammatory monocyte chemoattractant protein 2 (MCP-2) release from stimulated keratinocytes, and it was almost as efficacious as ultra-micronized PEA at reducing colitis in dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (DNBS)-injected mice when using the same dose. GLUPEA is a novel pro-drug able to efficiently mimic the anti-inflammatory and endocannabinoid enhancing actions of PEA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Manzo
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, CNR, 80078 Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy; (E.M.); (A.S.M.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.A.); (L.D.P.)
| | - Aniello Schiano Moriello
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, CNR, 80078 Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy; (E.M.); (A.S.M.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.A.); (L.D.P.)
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, 80078 Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy; (E.P.); (A.A.I.)
- Epitech Group S.p.A., 35030 Saccolongo, Padova, Italy
| | - Francesco Tinto
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, CNR, 80078 Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy; (E.M.); (A.S.M.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.A.); (L.D.P.)
| | - Roberta Verde
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, CNR, 80078 Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy; (E.M.); (A.S.M.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.A.); (L.D.P.)
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, 80078 Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy; (E.P.); (A.A.I.)
| | - Marco Allarà
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, CNR, 80078 Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy; (E.M.); (A.S.M.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.A.); (L.D.P.)
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, 80078 Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy; (E.P.); (A.A.I.)
- Epitech Group S.p.A., 35030 Saccolongo, Padova, Italy
| | - Luciano De Petrocellis
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, CNR, 80078 Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy; (E.M.); (A.S.M.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.A.); (L.D.P.)
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, 80078 Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy; (E.P.); (A.A.I.)
| | - Ester Pagano
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, 80078 Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy; (E.P.); (A.A.I.)
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80138 Naples, Napoli, Italy
| | - Angelo A. Izzo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, 80078 Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy; (E.P.); (A.A.I.)
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80138 Naples, Napoli, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, CNR, 80078 Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy; (E.M.); (A.S.M.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.A.); (L.D.P.)
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, 80078 Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy; (E.P.); (A.A.I.)
- Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health, CRIUCPQ and INAF-Centre NUTRISS, Faculties of Medicine and Agriculture and Food Sciences, Université Laval, Quebéc, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Stefania Petrosino
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, CNR, 80078 Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy; (E.M.); (A.S.M.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.A.); (L.D.P.)
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, 80078 Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy; (E.P.); (A.A.I.)
- Epitech Group S.p.A., 35030 Saccolongo, Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|