1
|
Fux AC, Casonato Melo C, Michelini S, Swartzwelter BJ, Neusch A, Italiani P, Himly M. Heterogeneity of Lipopolysaccharide as Source of Variability in Bioassays and LPS-Binding Proteins as Remedy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098395. [PMID: 37176105 PMCID: PMC10179214 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), also referred to as endotoxin, is the major component of Gram-negative bacteria's outer cell wall. It is one of the main types of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are known to elicit severe immune reactions in the event of a pathogen trespassing the epithelial barrier and reaching the bloodstream. Associated symptoms include fever and septic shock, which in severe cases, might even lead to death. Thus, the detection of LPS in medical devices and injectable pharmaceuticals is of utmost importance. However, the term LPS does not describe one single molecule but a diverse class of molecules sharing one common feature: their characteristic chemical structure. Each bacterial species has its own pool of LPS molecules varying in their chemical composition and enabling the aggregation into different supramolecular structures upon release from the bacterial cell wall. As this heterogeneity has consequences for bioassays, we aim to examine the great variability of LPS molecules and their potential to form various supramolecular structures. Furthermore, we describe current LPS quantification methods and the LPS-dependent inflammatory pathway and show how LPS heterogeneity can affect them. With the intent of overcoming these challenges and moving towards a universal approach for targeting LPS, we review current studies concerning LPS-specific binders. Finally, we give perspectives for LPS research and the use of LPS-binding molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra C Fux
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Biosciences & Medical Biology, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg (PLUS), Hellbrunnerstraße 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Chemical Biology Department, R&D Reagents, Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Friedrich-Ebert-Straße 68, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Cristiane Casonato Melo
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Biosciences & Medical Biology, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg (PLUS), Hellbrunnerstraße 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Chemical Biology Department, R&D Reagents, Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Friedrich-Ebert-Straße 68, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Sara Michelini
- Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Benjamin J Swartzwelter
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, 1601 Campus Delivery, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Andreas Neusch
- Experimental Medical Physics, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Paola Italiani
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn (SZN), Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy
| | - Martin Himly
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Biosciences & Medical Biology, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg (PLUS), Hellbrunnerstraße 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Raina S. Lipopolysaccharides: Regulated Biosynthesis and Structural Diversity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:7498. [PMID: 37108660 PMCID: PMC10145120 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell envelope of Gram-negative bacteria contains two distinct membranes, an inner (IM) and an outer (OM) membrane, separated by the periplasm, a hydrophilic compartment that includes a thin layer of peptidoglycan [...].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satish Raina
- Laboratory of Bacterial Genetics, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Andresen S, de Mojana di Cologna N, Archer-Hartmann S, Rogers AM, Samaddar S, Ganguly T, Black IM, Glushka J, Ng KKS, Azadi P, Lemos JA, Abranches J, Szymanski CM. Involvement of the Streptococcus mutans PgfE and GalE 4-epimerases in protein glycosylation, carbon metabolism, and cell division. Glycobiology 2023; 33:245-259. [PMID: 36637425 PMCID: PMC10114643 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwad004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans is a key pathogen associated with dental caries and is often implicated in infective endocarditis. This organism forms robust biofilms on tooth surfaces and can use collagen-binding proteins (CBPs) to efficiently colonize collagenous substrates, including dentin and heart valves. One of the best characterized CBPs of S. mutans is Cnm, which contributes to adhesion and invasion of oral epithelial and heart endothelial cells. These virulence properties were subsequently linked to post-translational modification (PTM) of the Cnm threonine-rich repeat region by the Pgf glycosylation machinery, which consists of 4 enzymes: PgfS, PgfM1, PgfE, and PgfM2. Inactivation of the S. mutans pgf genes leads to decreased collagen binding, reduced invasion of human coronary artery endothelial cells, and attenuated virulence in the Galleria mellonella invertebrate model. The present study aimed to better understand Cnm glycosylation and characterize the predicted 4-epimerase, PgfE. Using a truncated Cnm variant containing only 2 threonine-rich repeats, mass spectrometric analysis revealed extensive glycosylation with HexNAc2. Compositional analysis, complemented with lectin blotting, identified the HexNAc2 moieties as GlcNAc and GalNAc. Comparison of PgfE with the other S. mutans 4-epimerase GalE through structural modeling, nuclear magnetic resonance, and capillary electrophoresis demonstrated that GalE is a UDP-Glc-4-epimerase, while PgfE is a GlcNAc-4-epimerase. While PgfE exclusively participates in protein O-glycosylation, we found that GalE affects galactose metabolism and cell division. This study further emphasizes the importance of O-linked protein glycosylation and carbohydrate metabolism in S. mutans and identifies the PTM modifications of the key CBP, Cnm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silke Andresen
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | | | | | - Ashley M Rogers
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Sandip Samaddar
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA
| | - Tridib Ganguly
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA
| | - Ian M Black
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - John Glushka
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Kenneth K S Ng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - José A Lemos
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA
| | - Jacqueline Abranches
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA
| | - Christine M Szymanski
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cai L, Jain M, Munoz-Bodnar A, Huguet-Tapia JC, Gabriel DW. A synthetic 'essentialome' for axenic culturing of 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus'. BMC Res Notes 2022; 15:125. [PMID: 35365194 PMCID: PMC8973516 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-022-05986-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' (CLas) is associated with the devastating citrus 'greening' disease. All attempts to achieve axenic growth and complete Koch's postulates with CLas have failed to date, at best yielding complex cocultures with very low CLas titers detectable only by PCR. Reductive genome evolution has rendered all pathogenic 'Ca. Liberibacter' spp. deficient in multiple key biosynthetic, metabolic and structural pathways that are highly unlikely to be rescued in vitro by media supplementation alone. By contrast, Liberibacter crescens (Lcr) is axenically cultured and its genome is both syntenic and highly similar to CLas. Our objective is to achieve replicative axenic growth of CLas via addition of missing culturability-related Lcr genes. RESULTS Bioinformatic analyses identified 405 unique ORFs in Lcr but missing (or truncated) in all 24 sequenced CLas strains. Site-directed mutagenesis confirmed and extended published EZ-Tn5 mutagenesis data, allowing elimination of 310 of these 405 genes as nonessential, leaving 95 experimentally validated Lcr genes as essential for CLas growth in axenic culture. Experimental conditions for conjugation of large GFP-expressing plasmids from Escherichia coli to Lcr were successfully established for the first time, providing a practical method for transfer of large groups of 'essential' Lcr genes to CLas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Cai
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Mukesh Jain
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | | | - Jose C Huguet-Tapia
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Dean W Gabriel
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jain M, Cai L, Black I, Azadi P, Carlson RW, Jones KM, Gabriel DW. ' Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus'-Encoded BCP Peroxiredoxin Suppresses Lipopolysaccharide-Mediated Defense Signaling and Nitrosative Stress In Planta. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2022; 35:257-273. [PMID: 34931906 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-21-0230-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of gram-negative bacteria trigger a nitrosative and oxidative burst in both animals and plants during pathogen invasion. Liberibacter crescens strain BT-1 is a surrogate for functional genomic studies of the uncultured pathogenic 'Candidatus Liberibacter' spp. that are associated with severe diseases such as citrus greening and potato zebra chip. Structural determination of L. crescens LPS revealed the presence of a very long chain fatty acid modification. L. crescens LPS pretreatment suppressed growth of Xanthomonas perforans on nonhost tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) and X. citri subsp. citri on host orange (Citrus sinensis), confirming bioactivity of L. crescens LPS in activation of systemic acquired resistance (SAR). L. crescens LPS elicited a rapid burst of nitric oxide (NO) in suspension cultured tobacco cells. Pharmacological inhibitor assays confirmed that arginine-utilizing NO synthase (NOS) activity was the primary source of NO generation elicited by L. crescens LPS. LPS treatment also resulted in biological markers of NO-mediated SAR activation, including an increase in the glutathione pool, callose deposition, and activation of the salicylic acid and azelaic acid (AzA) signaling networks. Transient expression of 'Ca. L. asiaticus' bacterioferritin comigratory protein (BCP) peroxiredoxin in tobacco compromised AzA signaling, a prerequisite for LPS-triggered SAR. Western blot analyses revealed that 'Ca. L. asiaticus' BCP peroxiredoxin prevented peroxynitrite-mediated tyrosine nitration in tobacco. 'Ca. L. asiaticus' BCP peroxiredoxin (i) attenuates NO-mediated SAR signaling and (ii) scavenges peroxynitrite radicals, which would facilitate repetitive cycles of 'Ca. L. asiaticus' acquisition and transmission by fecund psyllids throughout the limited flush period in citrus.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Jain
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, U.S.A
| | - Lulu Cai
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, U.S.A
| | - Ian Black
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, U.S.A
| | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, U.S.A
| | - Russell W Carlson
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, U.S.A
| | - Kathryn M Jones
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, U.S.A
| | - Dean W Gabriel
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|