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Yu W, Wu W, Zhao D, Zhang R, Shao K, Liu H, Yan C, Lin P. Idebenone ameliorates statin-induced myotoxicity in atherosclerotic ApoE-/- mice by reducing oxidative stress and improving mitochondrial function. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167157. [PMID: 38582266 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Statins are the first line of choice for the treatment for atherosclerosis, but their use can cause myotoxicity, a common side effect that may require dosage reduction or discontinuation. The exact mechanism of statin-induced myotoxicity is unknown. Previous research has demonstrated that the combination of idebenone and statin yielded superior anti-atherosclerotic outcomes. Here, we investigated the mechanism of statin-induced myotoxicity in atherosclerotic ApoE-/- mice and whether idebenone could counteract it. After administering simvastatin to ApoE-/- mice, we observed a reduction in plaque formation as well as a decrease in their exercise capacity. We observed elevated levels of lactic acid and creatine kinase, along with a reduction in the cross-sectional area of muscle fibers, an increased presence of ragged red fibers, heightened mitochondrial crista lysis, impaired mitochondrial complex activity, and decreased levels of CoQ9 and CoQ10. Two-photon fluorescence imaging revealed elevated H2O2 levels in the quadriceps, indicating increased oxidative stress. Proteomic analysis indicated that simvastatin inhibited the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Idebenone treatment not only further reduced plaque formation but also ameliorated the impaired exercise capacity caused by simvastatin. Our study represents the inaugural comprehensive investigation into the mechanisms underlying statin-induced myotoxicity. We have demonstrated that statins inhibit CoQ synthesis, impair mitochondrial complex functionality, and elevate oxidative stress, ultimately resulting in myotoxic effects. Furthermore, our research marks the pioneering identification of idebenone's capability to mitigate statin-induced myotoxicity by attenuating oxidative stress, thereby safeguarding mitochondrial complex functionality. The synergistic use of idebenone and statin not only enhances the effectiveness against atherosclerosis but also mitigates statin-induced myotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfei Yu
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China; University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, No. 17, Shandong Road, Shinan district, Qingdao City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Wenjing Wu
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Dandan Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Kai Shao
- Mitochondrial Medicine Laboratory, Qilu Hospital (Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, China
| | - Haoyang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Chuanzhu Yan
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Pengfei Lin
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China.
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2
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Bell G, Thoma A, Hargreaves IP, Lightfoot AP. The Role of Mitochondria in Statin-Induced Myopathy. Drug Saf 2024:10.1007/s40264-024-01413-9. [PMID: 38492173 DOI: 10.1007/s40264-024-01413-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Statins represent the primary therapy for combatting hypercholesterolemia and reducing mortality from cardiovascular events. Despite their pleiotropic effects in lowering cholesterol synthesis, circulating cholesterol, as well as reducing the risk of other systemic diseases, statins have adverse events in a small, but significant, population of treated patients. The most prominent of these adverse effects is statin-induced myopathy, which lacks precise definition but is characterised by elevations in the muscle enzyme creatine kinase alongside musculoskeletal complaints, including pain, weakness and fatigue. The exact aetiology of statin-induced myopathy remains to be elucidated, although impaired mitochondrial function is thought to be an important underlying cause. This may result from or be the consequence of several factors including statin-induced inhibition of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) biosynthesis, impaired Ca2+ signalling and modified reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. The purpose of this review article is to provide an update on the information available linking statin therapy with mitochondrial dysfunction and to outline any mechanistic insights, which may be beneficial in the future treatment of myopathic adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin Bell
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Anastasia Thoma
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Iain P Hargreaves
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Adam P Lightfoot
- Department of Life Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK.
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3
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Fontana F, Macchi C, Anselmi M, Rizzuto AS, Ruscica M, Limonta P. PGC1-α-driven mitochondrial biogenesis contributes to a cancer stem cell phenotype in melanoma. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:166897. [PMID: 37758066 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the metabolic regulation of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in melanoma. Here, we used A375 and WM115 cell lines to dissect the role of mitochondria in conferring CSC traits. Notably, we observed that A375 and WM115 melanospheres, known to be enriched in ABCG2+ CSCs, showed higher mitochondrial mass compared with their adherent counterpart. In particular, they displayed increased PGC1-α expression and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complex levels, leading to a metabolic switch characterized by enhanced mitochondrial membrane potential, oxygen consumption, ATP synthesis and ROS production. Interestingly, PGC1-α silencing resulted in the suppression of CSC features, including clonogenic ability, migration, spheroid formation and ABCG2 enrichment. Similarly, XCT790 and SR-18292, two PGC1-α inhibitors, were able not only to reduce melanoma tumorigenicity and invasion but also to block melanosphere growth and propagation and ABCG2+ cell proliferation. In conclusion, improved mitochondrial biogenesis is associated with a stem-like phenotype in melanoma, and therapeutically targeting the mitochondria-enriched CSC subpopulation might overcome tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Fontana
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
| | - Chiara Macchi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Martina Anselmi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Massimiliano Ruscica
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Department of Cardio-Thoracic-Vascular Diseases, Foundation IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Patrizia Limonta
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Zheng P, Zhang Q, Ma W, Hu R, Gu Y, Bian Z, Yang D, Chen X, Wu H. Low-dose atorvastatin protects skeletal muscle mitochondria in high-fat diet-fed mice with mitochondrial autophagy inhibition and fusion enhancement. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 959:176085. [PMID: 37806539 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite the great clinical benefits of statins in cardiovascular diseases, their widespread use may lead to adverse muscle reactions associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Some studies have demonstrated that statins provide substantial improvement to skeletal muscle health in mice. Our previous study found that oral treatment with atorvastatin (Ator, 3 mg/kg) protected myocardial mitochondria in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the influence of low-dose Ator (3 mg/kg) on mitochondria in skeletal muscle under cholesterol overload. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a HFD for 18 weeks and orally administered Ator (3 mg/kg) during the last 12 weeks. Ator treatment had no effects on elevated serum cholesterol and glucose levels in HFD-fed mice. Serum creatine kinase levels and the cross-sectional area of muscle cells were not affected by HFD feeding or Ator treatment. Increased expression of PINK1-LC3 II (activated mitophagy), MFN2 (fusion), and PGC-1α (biogenesis) proteins was induced in the skeletal muscles of HFD-fed mice. Treatment with Ator inhibited PINK1 and LC3 II protein expression, but further promoted MFN1, MFN2, and OPA1 expression. The impairments in mitochondrial quality and morphology in HFD-fed mice were attenuated by treatment with Ator. Furthermore, Ator treatment enhanced glucose oxidation capacity and restored ATP production in the skeletal muscles of HFD-fed mice. The study reveals that low-dose Ator has a protective effect on muscle mitochondria in mice, likely through inhibiting mitophagy and enhancing mitochondrial fusion. This suggests that skeletal muscle mitochondria may be one of low-dose Ator-mediated protective targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenjing Ma
- Core Facility of The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ran Hu
- Core Facility of The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yilu Gu
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhiping Bian
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Di Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China; Core Facility of The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiangjian Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Hengfang Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China.
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Fernández-de-Las-Peñas C, Guijarro C, Torres-Macho J, Pellicer-Valero OJ, Franco-Moreno A, Nijs J, Velasco-Arribas M. Serological Biomarkers at Hospital Admission and Hospitalization Treatments Are Not Related to Sensitization-Associated Symptoms in Patients with Post-COVID Pain. Pathogens 2023; 12:1235. [PMID: 37887751 PMCID: PMC10610051 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12101235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Current evidence suggests that a group of patients who had survived coronavirus disease, 2019 (COVID-19) and developed post-COVID pain can exhibit altered nociceptive processing. The role of serological biomarkers and hospitalization treatments in post-COVID pain is unclear. This study aimed to investigate the association of serological biomarkers and treatments received during hospitalization with sensitization-associated symptoms in COVID-19 survivors with post-COVID pain. One hundred and eighty-three (n = 183) patients who had been hospitalized due to COVID-19 in one urban hospital of Madrid (Spain) during the first wave of the pandemic were assessed in a face-to-face interview 9.4 (SD 3.4) months after hospitalization. Levels of 19 serological biomarkers, hospitalization data, and treatments during hospitalization were obtained from hospital records. Sensitization-associated symptoms (Central Sensitization Inventory, CSI), sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, PSQI), pain catastrophism (Pain Catastrophizing Scale), and anxiety/depressive level (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, HADS) were assessed. The prevalence of post-COVID pain was 40.9% (n = 75). Twenty-nine (38.6%) patients had sensitization-associated symptoms. Overall, no differences in hospitalization data and serological biomarkers were identified according to the presence of sensitization-associated symptoms. The analysis revealed that patients with sensitization-associated symptoms exhibited higher lymphocyte count and lower urea levels than those without sensitization-associated symptoms, but differences were small. Pain catastrophism and depressive levels, but not fatigue, dyspnea, brain fog, anxiety levels, or poor sleep, were higher in individuals with sensitization-associated symptoms. In conclusion, this study revealed that sensitization-associated post-COVID pain symptoms are not associated with serological biomarkers at hospital admission and hospitalization treatments received.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Fernández-de-Las-Peñas
- Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), 28922 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Guijarro
- Department of Internal Medicine-Infectious Department, Research Department, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, 28922 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), 28922 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Torres-Macho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor-Virgen de la Torre, 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Oscar J Pellicer-Valero
- Image Processing Laboratory (IPL), Universitat de València, Parc Científic, 46980 València, Spain
| | - Ana Franco-Moreno
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor-Virgen de la Torre, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jo Nijs
- Pain in Motion Research Group (PAIN), Department of Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Anatomy, Faculty of Physical Education & Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Ixelles, Belgium
- Chronic Pain Rehabilitation Center, Department of Physical Medicine and Physiotherapy, University Hospital Brussels, 1050 Ixelles, Belgium
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation, Unit of Physiotherapy, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 41390 Göterbog, Sweden
| | - María Velasco-Arribas
- Department of Internal Medicine-Infectious Department, Research Department, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, 28922 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), 28922 Madrid, Spain
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6
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Manna L, Rizzi E, Bafile E, Cappelleri A, Ruscica M, Macchi C, Podaliri Vulpiani M, Salini R, Rossi E, Panebianco C, Perri F, Pazienza V, Federici F. Lentilactobacillus kefiri SGL 13 and Andrographis paniculata alleviate dextran sulfate sodium induced colitis in mice. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1072334. [PMID: 36860688 PMCID: PMC9968723 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1072334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic inflammatory conditions that typically involve diarrhea, abdominal pain, fatigue, and weight loss, with a dramatic impact on patients' quality of life. Standard medications are often associated with adverse side effects. Thus, alternative treatments such as probiotics are of great interest. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of oral administration of Lentilactobacillus kefiri (basonym: Lactobacillus kefiri) SGL 13 and Andrographis paniculata, namely, Paniculin 13™, on dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)- treated C57BL/6J mice. Methods Colitis was induced by administering 1.5% DSS in drinking water for 9 days. Forty male mice were divided into four groups, receiving PBS (control), 1.5% DSS, Paniculin 13™ and 1.5% DSS + Paniculin 13™. Results The results showed that body weight loss and Disease Activity Index (DAI) score were improved by Paniculin 13™. Moreover, Paniculin 13™ ameliorated DSS-induced dysbiosis, by modulating the gut microbiota composition. The gene expression of MPO, TNFα and iNOS in colon tissue was reduced and these data matched with the histological results, supporting the efficacy of Paniculin 13™ in reducing the inflammatory response. No adverse effects were associated to Paniculin 13™ administration. Discussion In conclusion, Paniculin 13™ could be an effective add-on approach to conventional therapies for IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Manna
- PNK Farmaceutici S.p.a., Castelnuovo Vomano, Italy
| | | | | | - Andrea Cappelleri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), University of Milan, Milan, Italy,Mouse and Animal Pathology Laboratory (MAPLab), Fondazione UNIMI, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Ruscica
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Macchi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Podaliri Vulpiani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “Giuseppe Caporale” (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy
| | - Romolo Salini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “Giuseppe Caporale” (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy
| | - Emanuela Rossi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “Giuseppe Caporale” (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy
| | - Concetta Panebianco
- Division of Gastroenterology, Fondazione IRCCS-Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Foggia, Italy
| | - Francesco Perri
- Division of Gastroenterology, Fondazione IRCCS-Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Foggia, Italy
| | - Valerio Pazienza
- Division of Gastroenterology, Fondazione IRCCS-Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Foggia, Italy
| | - Federica Federici
- PNK Farmaceutici S.p.a., Castelnuovo Vomano, Italy,*Correspondence: Federica Federici,
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7
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Pharmacotherapy of the Lipid-Lowering Drugs: Update on Efficacy and Risk. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24020996. [PMID: 36674512 PMCID: PMC9864443 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24020996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid-lowering drugs are widely used for the prevention and cure of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) [...].
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8
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Greco MF, Rizzuto AS, Zarà M, Cafora M, Favero C, Solazzo G, Giusti I, Adorni MP, Zimetti F, Dolo V, Banfi C, Ferri N, Sirtori CR, Corsini A, Barbieri SS, Pistocchi A, Bollati V, Macchi C, Ruscica M. PCSK9 Confers Inflammatory Properties to Extracellular Vesicles Released by Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13065. [PMID: 36361853 PMCID: PMC9655172 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are key participants in both early- and late-stage atherosclerosis and influence neighbouring cells possibly by means of bioactive molecules, some of which are packed into extracellular vesicles (EVs). Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is expressed and secreted by VSMCs. This study aimed to unravel the role of PCSK9 on VSMCs-derived EVs in terms of content and functionality. EVs were isolated from human VSMCs overexpressing human PCSK9 (VSMCPCSK9-EVs) and tested on endothelial cells, monocytes, macrophages and in a model of zebrafish embryos. Compared to EVs released from wild-type VSMCs, VSMCPCSK9-EVs caused a rise in the expression of adhesion molecules in endothelial cells and of pro-inflammatory cytokines in monocytes. These acquired an increased migratory capacity, a reduced oxidative phosphorylation and secreted proteins involved in immune response and immune effector processes. Concerning macrophages, VSMCPCSK9-EVs enhanced inflammatory milieu and uptake of oxidized low-density lipoproteins, whereas the migratory capacity was reduced. When injected into zebrafish embryos, VSMCPCSK9-EVs favoured the recruitment of macrophages toward the site of injection. The results of the present study provide evidence that PCSK9 plays an inflammatory role by means of EVs, at least by those derived from smooth muscle cells of vascular origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Francesca Greco
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Stefania Rizzuto
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Zarà
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Cafora
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Favero
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Solazzo
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Giusti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, Università degli Studi dell'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Adorni
- Unit of Neuroscience, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università degli Studi di Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Francesca Zimetti
- Department of Food and Drug, Università degli Studi di Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Vincenza Dolo
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, Università degli Studi dell'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Cristina Banfi
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Ferri
- Department of Medicine, Università degli Studi di Padova, 35100 Padua, Italy
| | - Cesare R Sirtori
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Corsini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Stella Barbieri
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Pistocchi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational, Università degli Studi di Milano, L.I.T.A., 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Bollati
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Macchi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Ruscica
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
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