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Lysak A, Farnebo S, Geuna S, Dahlin LB. Muscle preservation in proximal nerve injuries: a current update. J Hand Surg Eur Vol 2024; 49:773-782. [PMID: 38819009 DOI: 10.1177/17531934231216646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Optimal recovery of muscle function after proximal nerve injuries remains a complex and challenging problem. After a nerve injury, alterations in the affected muscles lead to atrophy, and later degeneration and replacement by fat-fibrous tissues. At present, several different strategies for the preservation of skeletal muscle have been reported, including various sets of physical exercises, muscle massage, physical methods (e.g. electrical stimulation, magnetic field and laser stimulation, low-intensity pulsed ultrasound), medicines (e.g. nutrients, natural and chemical agents, anti-inflammatory and antioxidants, hormones, enzymes and enzyme inhibitors), regenerative medicine (e.g. growth factors, stem cells and microbiota) and surgical procedures (e.g. supercharge end-to-side neurotization). The present review will focus on methods that aimed to minimize the damage to muscles after denervation based on our present knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrii Lysak
- Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics of National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Simon Farnebo
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Hand Surgery, Plastic Surgery and Burns, Linköping University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Stefano Geuna
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences; Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Lars B Dahlin
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Translational Medicine - Hand Surgery, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Hand Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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Rathor R, Suryakumar G. Myokines: A central point in managing redox homeostasis and quality of life. Biofactors 2024. [PMID: 38572958 DOI: 10.1002/biof.2054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Redox homeostasis is a crucial phenomenon that is obligatory for maintaining the healthy status of cells. However, the loss of redox homeostasis may lead to numerous diseases that ultimately result in a compromised quality of life. Skeletal muscle is an endocrine organ that secretes hundreds of myokines. Myokines are peptides and cytokines produced and released by muscle fibers. Skeletal muscle secreted myokines act as a robust modulator for regulating cellular metabolism and redox homeostasis which play a prime role in managing and improving metabolic function in multiple organs. Further, the secretory myokines maintain redox homeostasis not only in muscles but also in other organs of the body via stabilizing oxidants and antioxidant levels. Myokines are also engaged in maintaining mitochondrial dynamics as mitochondria is a central point for the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Ergo, myokines also act as a central player in communicating signals to other organs, including the pancreas, gut, liver, bone, adipose tissue, brain, and skin via their autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine effects. The present review provides a comprehensive overview of skeletal muscle-secreted myokines in managing redox homeostasis and quality of life. Additionally, probable strategies will be discussed that provide a solution for a better quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Rathor
- Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), Ministry of Defence, Delhi, India
| | - Geetha Suryakumar
- Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), Ministry of Defence, Delhi, India
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Goyal A, Jain H, Verma A, Jain J, Shamim U, Kanagala SG, Motwani J, Dey RC, Chunawala Z, Sohail AH, Belur AD. The role of renal denervation in cardiology and beyond: An updated comprehensive review and future directives. Curr Probl Cardiol 2024; 49:102196. [PMID: 37952794 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2023.102196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Renal denervation (RDN) is a minimally invasive intervention performed by denervation of the nervous fibers in the renal plexus, which decreases sympathetic activity. These sympathetic nerves influence various physiological functions that regulate blood pressure (BP), including intravascular volume, electrolyte composition, and vascular tone. Although proven effective in some trials, controversial trials, such as the Controlled Trial of Renal Denervation for Resistant Hypertension (SYMPLICITY-HTN3), have demonstrated contradictory results for the effectiveness of RDN in resistant hypertension (HTN). In the treatment of HTN, individuals with primary HTN are expected to experience greater benefits compared to those with secondary HTN due to the diverse underlying causes of secondary HTN. Beyond its application for HTN, RDN has also found utility in addressing cardiac arrhythmias, such as atrial fibrillation, and managing cases of heart failure. Non-cardiogenic applications of RDN include reducing the intensity of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), overcoming insulin resistance, and in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review of RDN and its uses in cardiology and beyond, along with providing future directions and perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman Goyal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Hritvik Jain
- Department of Internal Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Amogh Verma
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Rama Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Hapur, India
| | - Jyoti Jain
- Department of Internal Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Urooj Shamim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Sai Gautham Kanagala
- Department of Internal Medicine, Metropolitan Hospital Center, NY, New York, United States
| | - Jatin Motwani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Rohit Chandra Dey
- Department of Internal Medicine, Altai State Medical University, Barnaul, Altai Krai, Russia
| | - Zainali Chunawala
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas, United States
| | - Amir H Sohail
- Department of Surgery, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Agastya D Belur
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.
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Mehrotra P, Jablonski J, Toftegard J, Zhang Y, Shahini S, Wang J, Hung CW, Ellis R, Kayal G, Rajabian N, Liu S, Roballo K, Udin SB, Andreadis ST, Personius KE. Skeletal muscle reprogramming enhances reinnervation after peripheral nerve injury. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-3463557. [PMID: 38260278 PMCID: PMC10802751 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3463557/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Peripheral Nerve Injuries (PNI) affect more than 20 million Americans and severely impact quality of life by causing long-term disability. The onset of PNI is characterized by nerve degeneration distal to the nerve injury resulting in long periods of skeletal muscle denervation. During this period, muscle fibers atrophy and frequently become incapable of "accepting" innervation because of the slow speed of axon regeneration post injury. We hypothesize that reprogramming the skeletal muscle to an embryonic-like state may preserve its reinnervation capability following PNI. To this end, we generated a mouse model in which NANOG, a pluripotency-associated transcription factor can be expressed locally upon delivery of doxycycline (Dox) in a polymeric vehicle. NANOG expression in the muscle upregulated the percentage of Pax7+ nuclei and expression of eMYHC along with other genes that are involved in muscle development. In a sciatic nerve transection model, NANOG expression led to upregulation of key genes associated with myogenesis, neurogenesis and neuromuscular junction (NMJ) formation, and downregulation of key muscle atrophy genes. Further, NANOG mice demonstrated extensive overlap between synaptic vesicles and NMJ acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) indicating restored innervation. Indeed, NANOG mice showed greater improvement in motor function as compared to wild-type (WT) animals, as evidenced by improved toe-spread reflex, EMG responses and isometric force production. In conclusion, we demonstrate that reprogramming the muscle can be an effective strategy to improve reinnervation and functional outcomes after PNI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pihu Mehrotra
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - James Jablonski
- Department of Department of Rehabilitation Science, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - John Toftegard
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, NY, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Yali Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Shahryar Shahini
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Jianmin Wang
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Carey W Hung
- Biomedical Affairs and Research, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Reilly Ellis
- Biomedical Affairs and Research, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Gabriella Kayal
- Biomedical Affairs and Research, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Nika Rajabian
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Song Liu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Kelly Roballo
- Biomedical Affairs and Research, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Susan B. Udin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University at Buffalo, Amherst, NY 14203, USA
| | - Stelios T. Andreadis
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, NY, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
- Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
- Center for Cell, Gene and Tissue Engineering (CGTE), University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Kirkwood E. Personius
- Department of Department of Rehabilitation Science, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
- Center for Cell, Gene and Tissue Engineering (CGTE), University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
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Wu L, Shi M, Liang Y, Huang J, Xia W, Bian H, Zhuo Q, Zhao C. The profiles and clinical significance of extraocular muscle-expressed lncRNAs and mRNAs in oculomotor nerve palsy. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1293344. [PMID: 38173464 PMCID: PMC10761543 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1293344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Oculomotor nerve palsy (ONP) arises from primary abnormalities in the central neural pathways that control the extraocular muscles (EOMs). Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been found to be involved in the pathogenesis of various neuroparalytic diseases. However, little is known about the role of lncRNAs in ONP. Methods We collected medial rectus muscle tissue from ONP and constant exotropia (CXT) patients during strabismus surgeries for RNA sequencing analysis. Differentially expressed mRNAs and lncRNAs were revealed and included in the functional enrichment analysis. Co-expression analysis was conducted between these differentially expressed mRNAs and lncRNAs, followed by target gene prediction of differentially expressed lncRNAs. In addition, lncRNA-microRNA and lncRNA-transcription factor-mRNA interaction networks were constructed to further elaborate the pathological changes in medial rectus muscle of ONP. Furthermore, RT-qPCR was applied to further validate the expression levels of important lncRNAs and mRNAs, whose clinical significance was examined by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Results A total of 618 differentially expressed lncRNAs and 322 differentially expressed mRNAs were identified. The up-regulated mRNAs were significantly related to cholinergic synaptic transmission (such as CHRM3 and CHRND) and the components and metabolism of extracellular matrix (such as CHI3L1 and COL19A1), while the down-regulated mRNAs were significantly correlated with the composition (such as MYH7 and MYL3) and contraction force (such as MYH7 and TNNT1) of muscle fibers. Co-expression analysis and target gene prediction revealed the strong correlation between MYH7 and NR_126491.1 as well as MYOD1 and ENST00000524479. Moreover, the differential expressions of lncRNAs (XR_001739409.1, NR_024160.1 and XR_001738373.1) and mRNAs (CDKN1A, MYOG, MYOD1, MYBPH, TMEM64, STATH, and MYL3) were validated by RT-qPCR. ROC curve analysis showed that lncRNAs (XR_001739409.1, NR_024160.1, and NR_002766.2) and mRNAs (CDKN1A, MYOG, MYOD1, MYBPH, TMEM64, and STATH) might be promising biomarkers of ONP. Conclusions These results may shed light on the molecular biology of EOMs of ONP, as well as the possible correlation of lncRNAs and mRNAs with clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianqun Wu
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingsu Shi
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Liang
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaqiu Huang
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiyi Xia
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China
| | - Hewei Bian
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiao Zhuo
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China
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Dziemidowicz K, Kellaway SC, Guillemot-Legris O, Matar O, Trindade RP, Roberton VH, Rayner MLD, Williams GR, Phillips JB. Development of ibuprofen-loaded electrospun materials suitable for surgical implantation in peripheral nerve injury. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 154:213623. [PMID: 37837905 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
The development of nerve wraps for use in the repair of peripheral nerves has shown promise over recent years. A pharmacological effect to improve regeneration may be achieved by loading such materials with therapeutic agents, for example ibuprofen, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with neuroregenerative properties. In this study, four commercially available polymers (polylactic acid (PLA), polycaprolactone (PCL) and two co-polymers containing different ratios of PLA to PCL) were used to fabricate ibuprofen-loaded nerve wraps using blend electrospinning. In vitro surgical handling experiments identified a formulation containing a PLA/PCL 70/30 molar ratio co-polymer as the most suitable for in vivo implantation. In a rat model, ibuprofen released from electrospun materials significantly improved the rate of axonal growth and sensory recovery over a 21-day recovery period following a sciatic nerve crush. Furthermore, RT-qPCR analysis of nerve segments revealed that the anti-inflammatory and neurotrophic effects of ibuprofen may still be observed 21 days after implantation. This suggests that the formulation developed in this work could have potential to improve nerve regeneration in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Dziemidowicz
- Centre for Nerve Engineering, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
| | - Simon C Kellaway
- Centre for Nerve Engineering, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Owein Guillemot-Legris
- Centre for Nerve Engineering, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Omar Matar
- Centre for Nerve Engineering, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Rita Pereira Trindade
- Centre for Nerve Engineering, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Victoria H Roberton
- Centre for Nerve Engineering, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Melissa L D Rayner
- Centre for Nerve Engineering, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Gareth R Williams
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - James B Phillips
- Centre for Nerve Engineering, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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Martín AI, Moreno-Rupérez Á, Nebot E, Granado M, Jaque D, Nieto-Bona MP, López-Calderón A, Priego T. Time-Dependent Changes in Muscle IGF1-IGFBP5-PAPP System after Sciatic Denervation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14112. [PMID: 37762414 PMCID: PMC10531309 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Denervation-induced muscle atrophy is a frequent cause of skeletal muscle diseases. However, the role of the most important muscle growth factor, insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1), in this process is poorly understood. IGF-1 activity is controlled by six IGF-1 binding proteins (IGFBPs). In skeletal muscle, IGFBP-5 seems to have an important role in atrophic processes. Furthermore, pappalysins (PAPP-A) modulate muscle growth by increasing IGF-1 bioavailability through IGFBP cleavage. We aimed to study the time-dependent changes in the IGF1-IGFBP5-PAPP system and its regulators in gastrocnemius muscle after sciatic denervation. Gastrocnemius atrophy and overexpression of IGF-1 was observed from day 3 post-denervation. The proteolytic factors measured were elevated from day 1 post-denervation onwards. Expression of both IGFBP-5 and pappalysins were increased on days 1 and 3. Subsequently, on days 7 to 14 pappalysins returned to control levels while IGFBP-5 remained elevated. The ratio IGFBP-5/PAPP-A was correlated with the main proteolytic markers. All data suggest that the initial increase of pappalysins could facilitate the IGF-1 action on muscle growth, whereas their subsequent decrease could lead to further muscle wasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Isabel Martín
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal sn, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.I.M.); (Á.M.-R.); (E.N.); (A.L.-C.)
| | - Álvaro Moreno-Rupérez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal sn, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.I.M.); (Á.M.-R.); (E.N.); (A.L.-C.)
| | - Elena Nebot
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal sn, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.I.M.); (Á.M.-R.); (E.N.); (A.L.-C.)
| | - Miriam Granado
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Calle Arzobispo Morcillo 2, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Daniel Jaque
- Nanomaterials for Bioimaging Group (NanoBIG), Departamento de Física de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Avenida Francisco Tomas y Valiente, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - M. Paz Nieto-Bona
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad CC Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Avenida de Atenas sn, 20922 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Asunción López-Calderón
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal sn, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.I.M.); (Á.M.-R.); (E.N.); (A.L.-C.)
| | - Teresa Priego
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Enfermería, Fisioterapia y Podología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal sn, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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