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Cai K, Cao XY, Chen F, Zhu Y, Sun DD, Cheng HB, Duan JA, Su SL. Xianlian Jiedu Decoction alleviates colorectal cancer by regulating metabolic profiles, intestinal microbiota and metabolites. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 128:155385. [PMID: 38569292 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xianlian Jiedu Decoction (XLJDD) has been used for the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC) for several decades because of the prominent efficacy of the prescription. Despite the clear clinical efficacy of XLJDD, the anti-CRC mechanism of action is still unclear. PURPOSE The inhibitory effect and mechanism of XLJDD on CRC were investigated in the azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium (AOM/DSS)-induced mice. METHODS The AOM/DSS-induced mice model was adopted to evaluate the efficacy after administering the different doses of XLJDD. The therapeutic effects of XLJDD in treating AOM/DSS-induced CRC were investigated through histopathology, immunofluorescence and ELISA analysis methods. In addition, metabolomics profile and 16S rRNA analysis were used to explore the effective mechanisms of XLJDD on CRC. RESULTS The results stated that the XLJDD reduced the number of tumor growth on the inner wall of the colon and the colorectal weight/length ratio, and suppressed the disease activity index (DAI) score, meanwhile XLJDD also increased body weight, colorectal length, and overall survival rate. The treatment of XLJDD also exhibited the ability to lower the level of inflammatory cytokines in serum and reduce the expression levels of β-catenin, COX-2, and iNOS protein in colorectal tissue. The findings suggested that XLJDD has anti-inflammatory properties and may provide relief for those suffering from inflammation-related conditions. Mechanistically, XLJDD improved gut microbiota dysbiosis and associated metabolic levels of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), sphingolipid, and glycerophospholipid. This was achieved by reducing the abundance of Turicibacter, Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1, and the levels of sphinganine, LPCs, and PCs. Additionally, XLJDD increased the abundance of Enterorhabdus and Alistipes probiotics, as well as the content of butyric acid and isovaleric acid. CONCLUSION The data presented in this article demonstrated that XLJDD can effectively inhibit the occurrence of colon inner wall tumors by reducing the level of inflammation and alleviating intestinal microbial flora imbalance and metabolic disorders. It provides a scientific basis for clinical prevention and treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Cai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Xin-Yue Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Fan Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Yue Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Dong-Dong Sun
- The First Clinical Medical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prevention and Treatment of Tumor, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Hai-Bo Cheng
- The First Clinical Medical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prevention and Treatment of Tumor, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
| | - Jin-Ao Duan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Shu-Lan Su
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
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Kiran N, Yashaswini C, Maheshwari R, Bhattacharya S, Prajapati BG. Advances in Precision Medicine Approaches for Colorectal Cancer: From Molecular Profiling to Targeted Therapies. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2024; 7:967-990. [PMID: 38633600 PMCID: PMC11019743 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.4c00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Precision medicine is transforming colorectal cancer treatment through the integration of advanced technologies and biomarkers, enhancing personalized and effective disease management. Identification of key driver mutations and molecular profiling have deepened our comprehension of the genetic alterations in colorectal cancer, facilitating targeted therapy and immunotherapy selection. Biomarkers such as microsatellite instability (MSI) and DNA mismatch repair deficiency (dMMR) guide treatment decisions, opening avenues for immunotherapy. Emerging technologies such as liquid biopsies, artificial intelligence, and machine learning promise to revolutionize early detection, monitoring, and treatment selection in precision medicine. Despite these advancements, ethical and regulatory challenges, including equitable access and data privacy, emphasize the importance of responsible implementation. The dynamic nature of colorectal cancer, with its tumor heterogeneity and clonal evolution, underscores the necessity for adaptive and personalized treatment strategies. The future of precision medicine in colorectal cancer lies in its potential to enhance patient care, clinical outcomes, and our understanding of this intricate disease, marked by ongoing evolution in the field. The current reviews focus on providing in-depth knowledge on the various and diverse approaches utilized for precision medicine against colorectal cancer, at both molecular and biochemical levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelakanta
Sarvashiva Kiran
- Department
of Biotechnology, School of Applied Sciences, REVA University, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560064, India
| | - Chandrashekar Yashaswini
- Department
of Biotechnology, School of Applied Sciences, REVA University, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560064, India
| | - Rahul Maheshwari
- School
of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM’s
Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies (NMIMS) Deemed-to-University, Green Industrial Park, TSIIC,, Jadcherla, Hyderabad 509301, India
| | - Sankha Bhattacharya
- School
of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM’S
NMIMS Deemed-to-be University, Shirpur, Maharashtra 425405, India
| | - Bhupendra G. Prajapati
- Shree.
S. K. Patel College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ganpat University, Kherva, Gujarat 384012, India
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Pourali G, Kazemi D, Chadeganipour AS, Arastonejad M, Kashani SN, Pourali R, Maftooh M, Akbarzade H, Fiuji H, Hassanian SM, Ghayour-Mobarhan M, Ferns GA, Khazaei M, Avan A. Microbiome as a biomarker and therapeutic target in pancreatic cancer. BMC Microbiol 2024; 24:16. [PMID: 38183010 PMCID: PMC10768369 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-03166-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Studying the effects of the microbiome on the development of different types of cancer has recently received increasing research attention. In this context, the microbial content of organs of the gastrointestinal tract has been proposed to play a potential role in the development of pancreatic cancer (PC). Proposed mechanisms for the pathogenesis of PC include persistent inflammation caused by microbiota leading to an impairment of antitumor immune surveillance and altered cellular processes in the tumor microenvironment. The limited available diagnostic markers that can currently be used for screening suggest the importance of microbial composition as a non-invasive biomarker that can be used in clinical settings. Samples including saliva, stool, and blood can be analyzed by 16 s rRNA sequencing to determine the relative abundance of specific bacteria. Studies have shown the potentially beneficial effects of prebiotics, probiotics, antibiotics, fecal microbial transplantation, and bacteriophage therapy in altering microbial diversity, and subsequently improving treatment outcomes. In this review, we summarize the potential impact of the microbiome in the pathogenesis of PC, and the role these microorganisms might play as biomarkers in the diagnosis and determining the prognosis of patients. We also discuss novel treatment methods being used to minimize or prevent the progression of dysbiosis by modulating the microbial composition. Emerging evidence is supportive of applying these findings to improve current therapeutic strategies employed in the treatment of PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazaleh Pourali
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Danial Kazemi
- Student Research Committee, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Hezar Jerib Street, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Mahshid Arastonejad
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | | | - Roozbeh Pourali
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mina Maftooh
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamed Akbarzade
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamid Fiuji
- Basic Sciences Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahdi Hassanian
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Basic Sciences Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Ghayour-Mobarhan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gordon A Ferns
- Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Department of Medical Education, Falmer, Brighton, Sussex, BN1 9PH, UK
| | - Majid Khazaei
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Basic Sciences Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Avan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- College of Medicine, University of Warith Al-Anbiyaa, Karbala, Iraq.
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane City, QLD, 4000, Australia.
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Erfanian N, Nasseri S, Miraki Feriz A, Safarpour H, Namaie MH. Characterization of Wnt signaling pathway under treatment of Lactobacillus acidophilus postbiotic in colorectal cancer using an integrated in silico and in vitro analysis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22988. [PMID: 38151510 PMCID: PMC10752892 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50047-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a prevalent and life-threatening cancer closely associated with the gut microbiota. Probiotics, as a vital microbiota group, interact with the host's colonic epithelia and immune cells by releasing a diverse range of metabolites named postbiotics. The present study examined the effects of postbiotics on CRC's prominent differentially expressed genes (DEGs) using in silico and in vitro analysis. Through single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), we identified four DEGs in CRC, including secreted frizzled-related protein 1 (SFRP1), secreted frizzled-related protein 2 (SFRP2), secreted frizzled-related protein 4 (SFRP4), and matrix metallopeptidase 7 (MMP7). Enrichment analysis and ExpiMap, a novel deep learning-based method, determined that these DEGs are involved in the Wnt signaling pathway as a primary cascade in CRC. Also, spatial transcriptome analysis showed specific expression patterns of the SFRP2 gene in fibroblast cell type. The expression of selected DEGs was confirmed on CRC and normal adjacent tissues using Real-Time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Moreover, we examined the effects of postbiotics extracted from Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus) on the proliferation, migration, and cell cycle distribution of HT-29 cells using MTT, scratch, and flow cytometry assays. Our results showed that L. acidophilus postbiotics induce cell cycle arrest at G1 phase and also had anti-proliferative and anti-migration effects on HT-29 cells, while it did not exert anti-proliferative activity on control fibroblasts. Finally, we revealed that treating HT-29 cells with postbiotics can affect the expression of selected DEGs. We suggested that L. acidophilus postbiotics have therapeutic potential in CRC by modulating key genes in the Wnt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafiseh Erfanian
- Student Research Committee, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Saeed Nasseri
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Adib Miraki Feriz
- Student Research Committee, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Hossein Safarpour
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Hassan Namaie
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.
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Chen Y, Wang X, Ye Y, Ren Q. Gut microbiota in cancer: insights on microbial metabolites and therapeutic strategies. Med Oncol 2023; 41:25. [PMID: 38129370 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-02249-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the role of gut microbiota in cancer treatment has attracted substantial attention. It is now well established that gut microbiota and its metabolites significantly contribute to the incidence, treatment, and prognosis of various cancers. This review provides a comprehensive review on the pivotal role of gut microbiota and their metabolites in cancer initiation and progression. Furthermore, it evaluates the impact of gut microbiota on the efficacy and associated side effects of anticancer therapies, including radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy, thus emphasizing the clinical importance of gut microbiota reconstitution in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalan Chen
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu Province, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu Province, China
| | - Xibin Wang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu Province, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu Province, China
| | - Yuwei Ye
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu Province, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu Province, China
- Gansu Province Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu Province, China
| | - Qian Ren
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu Province, China.
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu Province, China.
- Gansu Province Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu Province, China.
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Zhou H, Wang L, Lin Z, Jiang C, Chen X, Wang K, Liu L, Shao L, Pan J, Li J, Zhang D, Wu J. Methylglyoxal from gut microbes boosts radiosensitivity and radioimmunotherapy in rectal cancer by triggering endoplasmic reticulum stress and cGAS-STING activation. J Immunother Cancer 2023; 11:e007840. [PMID: 38035726 PMCID: PMC10689421 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2023-007840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preoperative radiation therapy (preRT) is a fundamental aspect of neoadjuvant treatment for rectal cancer (RC), but the response to this treatment remains unsatisfactory. The combination of radiation therapy (RT) and immunotherapy (iRT) presents a promising approach to cancer treatment, though the underlying mechanisms are not yet fully understood. The gut microbiota may influence the response to RT and immunotherapy. Therefore, we aimed to identify the metabolism of gut microbiota to reverse radioresistance and enhance the efficacy of iRT. METHODS Fecal and serum samples were prospectively collected from patients with locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) who had undergone pre-RT treatment. Candidate gut microbiome-derived metabolites linked with radiosensitization were screened using 16s rRNA gene sequencing and ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-mass coupled with mass spectrometry. In vitro and in vivo studies were conducted to assess the radiosensitizing effects of the metabolites including the syngeneic CT26 tumor model and HCT116 xenograft tumor model, transcriptomics and immunofluorescence. The CT26 abscopal effect modeling was employed to evaluate the combined effects of metabolites on iRT. RESULTS We initially discovered the gut microbiota-associated metabolite, methylglyoxal (MG), which accurately predicts the response to preRT (Area Under Curve (AUC) value of 0.856) among patients with LARC. Subsequently, we observed that MG amplifies the RT response in RC by stimulating intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reducing hypoxia in the tumor in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, our study demonstrated that MG amplifies the RT-induced activation of the cyclic guanosine monophosphate AMP synthase-stimulator of interferon genes pathway by elevating DNA double-strand breaks. Moreover, it facilitates immunogenic cell death generated by ROS-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress, consequently leading to an increase in CD8+ T and natural killer cells infiltrated in the tumor immune microenvironment. Lastly, we discovered that the combination of anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (anti-PD1) therapy produced long-lasting complete responses in all irradiated tumor sites and half of the non-irradiated ones. CONCLUSIONS Our research indicates that MG shows promise as a radiosensitizer and immunomodulator for RC. Furthermore, we propose that combining MG with iRT has great potential for clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Clinical Medicine for Oncology, Fujian Medical University & Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zhiwen Lin
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Chenwei Jiang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingte Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Clinical Medicine for Oncology, Fujian Medical University & Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Radiation, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Libin Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Clinical Medicine for Oncology, Fujian Medical University & Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Lingdong Shao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Clinical Medicine for Oncology, Fujian Medical University & Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jianji Pan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Clinical Medicine for Oncology, Fujian Medical University & Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jinluan Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Clinical Medicine for Oncology, Fujian Medical University & Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Da Zhang
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Junxin Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Clinical Medicine for Oncology, Fujian Medical University & Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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Thoda C, Touraki M. Probiotic-Derived Bioactive Compounds in Colorectal Cancer Treatment. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1898. [PMID: 37630458 PMCID: PMC10456921 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11081898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a multifactorial disease with increased morbidity and mortality rates globally. Despite advanced chemotherapeutic approaches for the treatment of CRC, low survival rates due to the regular occurrence of drug resistance and deleterious side effects render the need for alternative anticancer agents imperative. Accumulating evidence supports that gut microbiota imbalance precedes the establishment of carcinogenesis, subsequently contributing to cancer progression and response to anticancer therapy. Manipulation of the gut microbiota composition via the administration of probiotic-derived bioactive compounds has gradually attained the interest of scientific communities as a novel therapeutic strategy for CRC. These compounds encompass miscellaneous metabolic secreted products of probiotics, including bacteriocins, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), lactate, exopolysaccharides (EPSs), biosurfactants, and bacterial peptides, with profound anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative properties. This review provides a classification of postbiotic types and a comprehensive summary of the current state of research on their biological role against CRC. It also describes how their intricate interaction with the gut microbiota regulates the proper function of the intestinal barrier, thus eliminating gut dysbiosis and CRC development. Finally, it discusses the future perspectives in precision-medicine approaches as well as the challenges of their synthesis and optimization of administration in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Touraki
- Laboratory of General Biology, Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54 124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
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Lathigara D, Kaushal D, Wilson RB. Molecular Mechanisms of Western Diet-Induced Obesity and Obesity-Related Carcinogenesis-A Narrative Review. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13050675. [PMID: 37233716 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13050675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aims to provide a narrative review of the molecular mechanisms of Western diet-induced obesity and obesity-related carcinogenesis. A literature search of the Cochrane Library, Embase and Pubmed databases, Google Scholar and the grey literature was conducted. Most of the molecular mechanisms that induce obesity are also involved in the twelve Hallmarks of Cancer, with the fundamental process being the consumption of a highly processed, energy-dense diet and the deposition of fat in white adipose tissue and the liver. The generation of crown-like structures, with macrophages surrounding senescent or necrotic adipocytes or hepatocytes, leads to a perpetual state of chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, hyperinsulinaemia, aromatase activity, activation of oncogenic pathways and loss of normal homeostasis. Metabolic reprogramming, epithelial mesenchymal transition, HIF-1α signalling, angiogenesis and loss of normal host immune-surveillance are particularly important. Obesity-associated carcinogenesis is closely related to metabolic syndrome, hypoxia, visceral adipose tissue dysfunction, oestrogen synthesis and detrimental cytokine, adipokine and exosomal miRNA release. This is particularly important in the pathogenesis of oestrogen-sensitive cancers, including breast, endometrial, ovarian and thyroid cancer, but also 'non-hormonal' obesity-associated cancers such as cardio-oesophageal, colorectal, renal, pancreatic, gallbladder and hepatocellular adenocarcinoma. Effective weight loss interventions may improve the future incidence of overall and obesity-associated cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhruvi Lathigara
- Department General Surgery, UWS, Campbelltown Hospital, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
| | - Devesh Kaushal
- Department General Surgery, UWS, Campbelltown Hospital, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
| | - Robert Beaumont Wilson
- Department Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, UNSW, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia
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