QbD-Optimized, Phospholipid-Based Elastic Nanovesicles for the Effective Delivery of 6-Gingerol: A Promising Topical Option for Pain-Related Disorders

Development and Preclinical Assessment of a Palbociclib Nanostructured Lipid Carrier for Potential Breast Cancer Management

Breast cancer has the highest incidence rates among all cancers, which represent a global health concern. Effective chemotherapy for breast cancer must minimize adverse effects to improve patient outcomes. Palbociclib (PB), a CDK 4/6 inhibitor, restricts cell growth and suppresses DNA replication in the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene (RB). Despite its breakthrough status postapproval, PB is associated with severe side effects, including neutropenia, leukopenia, infections, and thrombocytopenia. The current study aims to develop and optimize a PB-loaded lipidic nanocarrier. The development method was solvent evaporation, and formulation optimization was performed using a central composite rotatable design. Characterization of the nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) showed a particle size of 129.8 ± 7.6 nm with a PDI of 0.2694 ± 0.04 and a zeta potential of -29.8 ± 2.4 mV. Surface morphology was studied using transmission electron microscopy, which confirmed the particles' uniform and spherical shape. In vitro release studies in 0.1 N HCl and pH 6.8 phosphate buffer demonstrated cumulative drug releases of 91.23 ± 2.1% and 72.9 ± 2.0%, respectively. Intestinal permeation studies demonstrated a 3.76-fold increase in gut permeation with PB-NLC compared to that with PB-Sus. The lipolysis study indicated an enhanced drug availability at the site of absorption. Confocal studies revealed improved drug penetration depth in the intestine with PB-NLC compared to that with PB-Sus. In vivo pharmacokinetic studies demonstrated that incorporating PB into a lipidic nanocarrier (PB-NLC) significantly enhanced its bioavailability by approximately 5.9-fold (p < 0.05) compared to PB suspension. Additionally, acute toxicity studies in Wistar rats confirmed the safety of the developed NLC for oral administration in managing breast cancer. Therefore, the PB-loaded NLC shows significant promise for breast cancer treatment, providing improved drug delivery and minimized side effects.

Fabrication and characterization of transdermal delivery of ribociclib nanoemulgel in breast cancer treatment

The objective of this study is to create a nanoemulgel formulation of Ribociclib (RIBO), a highly selective inhibitor of CDK4/6 through the utilization of spontaneous emulsification method. An experimental investigation was conducted to construct pseudo-ternary phase diagram for the most favourable formulation utilizing rice bran oil, which is known for its diverse anticancer properties. The formulation consisted of varying combination of the surfactant and as the co-surfactant (Tween 80 and Transcutol, respectively) referred to as Smix and the trials were optimized to get the desired outcome. The nanoemulsion (NE) formulations that were developed exhibited a droplet size of 179.39 nm, accompanied with a PDI of 0.211. According to the data released by Opt-RIBO-NE, it can be inferred that the Higuchi model had the most favourable fit among many kinetics models considered. The results indicate that the use of nanogel preparations for the topical delivery of RIBO in breast cancer therapy, specifically RIBO-NE-G, is viable. This is supported by the extended release of the RIBO, and the appropriate level of drug permeation observed in Opt-RIBO-NE-G. Due to RIBO and Rice Bran oil, RIBO-NE-G had greater antioxidant activity, indicating its effectiveness as antioxidants. The stability of the RIBO-NE-G was observed over a period of three months, indicating a favourable shelf life. Therefore, this study proposes the utilization of an optimized formulation of RIBO-NE-G may enhance the efficacy of anticancer treatment and mitigate the occurrence of systemic side effects in breast cancer patients, as compared to the use of suspension preparation of RIBO.

Rutin-Loaded Transethosomal Gel for Topical Application: A Comprehensive Analysis of Skin Permeation and Antimicrobial Efficacy

This study conducts a systematic investigation of the creation and optimization of a rutin-loaded transethosome intended for topical use. The formulation's characteristics were thoroughly assessed for vesicle size (160.45 ± 1.98 nm), polydispersity index (0.235 ± 0.067), and zeta potential (-22.89 mV), with an entrapment efficiency and drug loading of 89.99 ± 1.55% and 8.9 ± 2.11%, respectively, and found to have a spherical shape by the use of transmission electron microscopy. The conversion to a gel suitable for application on the skin was carried out. The drug release form Opt-RUT-TE formulation (73.61 ± 2.55%) was significantly higher than that of release form RUT-suspension (34.52 ± 1.19%). The drug that permeated the skin from Opt-RUT-TEG (935.25 ± 10.49 μg/cm2) was significantly higher than the permeability from RUT-Suspension gel (522.57 ± 6.79 μg/cm2). Notably, tape stripping analysis revealed that the Opt-RUT-TE gel effectively penetrated the skin layers, with a higher concentration observed in the epidermis-dermis than in the RUT-suspension gel. The transethosomal gel exhibited favorable characteristics, highlighting its capacity to efficiently permeate the skin and suppress the growth of microorganisms, and Opt-RUT-TEG showed a higher microorganism inhibition zone (Gram-positive bacteria) than that of RUT-suspension gel. The investigation highlights the significant therapeutic possibilities of rutin in a transethosomal gel formulation for treating dermatological diseases by improving skin permeability and exhibiting antibacterial effects.

Gingerols and shogaols: A multi-faceted review of their extraction, formulation, and analysis in drugs and biofluids to maximize their nutraceutical and pharmaceutical applications

Gingerols represent the main bioactive compounds in ginger drugs mostly Zinigiber officinale (F. Zingebraceae) and account for the biological activities and the strong/pungent flavor in ginger. Ginger (Z. officinale) rhizome is one of the most valued herbal drugs for ailments' treatment in many ayurvedic medicine asides from its culinary applications as a spice. Gingerols and their dehydrated products shogaols are phenolic phytochemicals found in members of the Zingiberaceae family and account for most of their effects including anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities. This review entails most of the novel trends related to the extraction, optimization, and formulations of gingerols and shogaols to insure best recoveries and efficacies from their natural resources. Further, it presents a comprehensive overview of the different analytical approaches for the determination of gingerols/shogaols' levels in nutraceuticals to ensure highest quality and for their detection in body fluids for proof of efficacy.