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Agustiningsih D, Wibawa T. Demystifying roles of exercise in immune response regulation against acute respiratory infections: A narrative review. SPORTS MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2024; 6:139-153. [PMID: 38708320 PMCID: PMC11067861 DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2024.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The benefits of physical activity and exercise, especially those classified as moderate-to-vigorous activity (MVPA), have been well-established in preventing non-communicable diseases and mental health problems in healthy adults. However, the relationship between physical activity and exercise and the prevention and management of acute respiratory infection (ARI), a global high-burden disease, has been inconclusive. There have been debates and disagreements among scientific publications regarding the relationship between exercise and immune response against the causative agents of ARI. This narrative review aims to explore the theory that sufficiently explains the correlation between exercise, immune response, and ARI. The potential root causes of discrepancies come from research associated with the "open window" hypothesis. The studies have several limitations, and future improvements to address them are urgently needed in the study design, data collection, exercise intervention, subject recruitment, biomarkers for infection and inflammation, nutritional and metabolism status, and in addressing confounding variables. In conclusion, data support the clinical advantages of exercise have a regulatory contribution toward improving the immune response, which in turn potentially protects humans fromARI. However, the hypothesis related to its negative effect must be adopted cautiously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denny Agustiningsih
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Tri Wibawa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
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Mallardo M, Daniele A, Musumeci G, Nigro E. A Narrative Review on Adipose Tissue and Overtraining: Shedding Light on the Interplay among Adipokines, Exercise and Overtraining. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4089. [PMID: 38612899 PMCID: PMC11012884 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25074089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Lifestyle factors, particularly physical inactivity, are closely linked to the onset of numerous metabolic diseases. Adipose tissue (AT) has been extensively studied for various metabolic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and immune system dysregulation due to its role in energy metabolism and regulation of inflammation. Physical activity is increasingly recognized as a powerful non-pharmacological tool for the treatment of various disorders, as it helps to improve metabolic, immune, and inflammatory functions. However, chronic excessive training has been associated with increased inflammatory markers and oxidative stress, so much so that excessive training overload, combined with inadequate recovery, can lead to the development of overtraining syndrome (OTS). OTS negatively impacts an athlete's performance capabilities and significantly affects both physical health and mental well-being. However, diagnosing OTS remains challenging as the contributing factors, signs/symptoms, and underlying maladaptive mechanisms are individualized, sport-specific, and unclear. Therefore, identifying potential biomarkers that could assist in preventing and/or diagnosing OTS is an important objective. In this review, we focus on the possibility that the endocrine functions of AT may have significant implications in the etiopathogenesis of OTS. During physical exercise, AT responds dynamically, undergoing remodeling of endocrine functions that influence the production of adipokines involved in regulating major energy and inflammatory processes. In this scenario, we will discuss exercise about its effects on AT activity and metabolism and its relevance to the prevention and/or development of OTS. Furthermore, we will highlight adipokines as potential markers for diagnosing OTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Mallardo
- Department of Molecular and Biotechnological Medicine, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy;
- CEINGE-Biotechnologies Advances S.c.a r.l., Via G. Salvatore 486, 80145 Naples, Italy;
| | - Aurora Daniele
- Department of Molecular and Biotechnological Medicine, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy;
- CEINGE-Biotechnologies Advances S.c.a r.l., Via G. Salvatore 486, 80145 Naples, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Musumeci
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Anatomy, Histology and Movement Sciences Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 87, 95123 Catania, Italy
- Research Center on Motor Activities (CRAM), University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Ersilia Nigro
- CEINGE-Biotechnologies Advances S.c.a r.l., Via G. Salvatore 486, 80145 Naples, Italy;
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Biological, Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via G. Vivaldi 42, 81100 Caserta, Italy
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da Mata GE, Bricola R, Ribeiro DN, Simabuco FM, Pauli JR, de Freitas EC, Ropelle ER, da Silva ASR, Pinto AP. Acute exercise modulates Trim63 and Bmal1 in the skeletal muscle of IL-10 knockout mice. Cytokine 2024; 175:156484. [PMID: 38159471 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2023.156484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The anti-inflammatory role of physical exercise is mediated by interleukin 10 (IL-10), and their release is possibly upregulated in response to IL-6. Previous studies demonstrated that mice lacking IL-6 (IL-6 KO mice) exhibited diminished exercise tolerance, and reduced strength. Rev-erbα, a transcriptional suppressor involved in circadian rhythm, has been discovered to inhibit the expression of genes linked to bodily functions, encompassing inflammation and metabolism. It also plays a significant role in skeletal muscle and exercise performance capacity. Given the potential association between Rev-erbα and the immune system and the fact that both pathways are modulated following acute aerobic exercise, we examined the physical performance of IL-10 KO mice and analyzed the modulation of the atrophy and Rev-erbα pathways in the muscle of wild type (WT) and IL-10 KO mice following one session of acute exercise. For each phenotype, WT and IL-10 KO were divided into two subgroups (Control and Exercise). The acute exercise session started at 6 m/min, followed by 3 m/min increments every 3 min until animal exhaustion. Two hours after the end of the exercise protocol, the gastrocnemius muscle was removed and prepared for the reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-q-PCR) and immunoblotting technique. In summary, compared to WT, the IL-10 KO animals showed lower body weight and grip strength in the baseline. The IL-10 control group presented a lower protein content of BMAL1. After the exercise protocol, the IL-10 KO group had higher mRNA levels of Trim63 (atrophy signaling pathway) and lower mRNA levels of Clock and Bmal1 (Rev-erbα signaling pathway). This is the first study showing the relationship between Rev-erbα and atrophy in IL-10 KO mice. Also, we accessed a public database that analyzed the gastrocnemius of MuRF KO mice submitted to two processes of muscle atrophy, a denervation surgery and dexamethasone (Dexa) injections. Independently of knockout, the denervation demonstrated lower Nr1d1 levels. In conclusion, IL-10 seems to be a determinant in the Rev-erbα pathway and atrophy after acute exercise, with no modulation in the baseline state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Eduardo da Mata
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Bricola
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Fernando M Simabuco
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Brazil
| | - José R Pauli
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ellen C de Freitas
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Health Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo R Ropelle
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adelino S R da Silva
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Ana P Pinto
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Borer KT, De Sousa MJ, Nindl BC, Stanford KI, Pedersen BK. Editorial: Integrative exercise endocrinology. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 14:1350462. [PMID: 38264284 PMCID: PMC10805019 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1350462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Tomljenoviċ Borer
- Department of Movement Science, School of Kinesiology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Mary Jane De Sousa
- Department of Kinesiology and Physiology, College of Health and Human Development, The Pennsylvania State University, University, Park, PA, United States
| | - Bradley C. Nindl
- Warrior Human Performance Research Center, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Kristin I. Stanford
- Department of Surgery, General and Gastrointestinal Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Bente Klarlund Pedersen
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism/Centre for Physical Activity Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Abokyi S, Sekyere NM, Ocansey S. Maximal incremental exercise improves macular photostress recovery time and lowers intraocular pressure in healthy athletes. J Sci Med Sport 2023; 26:646-649. [PMID: 37793957 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2023.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Better visual performance in athletes compared to non-athletes could suggest improved macular function through physical exertion. The study aimed to investigate the effect of maximal incremental treadmill (MIT) exercise on macular function. DESIGN An interventional study comparing the effect of maximal incremental treadmill (MIT) exercise until volitional exhaustion between athletes (n = 26) and non-athletes (n = 26). METHODS Participants underwent an ophthalmological assessment involving repeated measurements of the photostress recovery time (PSRT) at baseline and post-exercise. PSRT was recorded after a 10-second exposure of the macular to an intense light source from an ophthalmoscope positioned 2 cm in front of the eye. Secondary outcome measures also recorded included the best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and the intraocular pressure (IOP). RESULTS Compared to the baseline, MIT exercise markedly improved the PSRT of athletes from 42.7 ± 1.6 s to 39.6 ± 1.4 s (P < 0.001), while having no significant changes in the PSRT of non-athletes. After adjusting for exercise duration, the exercise intervention showed significant effects on the PSRT improvement in the athletes compared to non-athletes after exercise [F(1,49) = 16.941, P < 0.001], with estimated marginal means of 3.00 s and 0.47 s, respectively. Also, the exercise intervention resulted in significant improvements in IOP (P < 0.001) and BCVA (P < 0.01) of both groups. CONCLUSIONS MIT exercise improves macular function, BCVA, and reduced IOP in healthy athletes. Maximal incremental exercise may be recommended for competitive sports athletes seeking optimal visual performance, as long as it does not adversely impact other relevant non-visual factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Abokyi
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong; Research Centre for SHARP Vision (RCSV), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong.
| | - Nyamaah Mensah Sekyere
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Stephen Ocansey
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Ghana
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Ko K, Woo SW, Chae YC, Lee M, Moon HY. Potential involvement of neutrophils on exercise effects in breast cancer malignancy. Phys Act Nutr 2023; 27:41-47. [PMID: 38297475 PMCID: PMC10844724 DOI: 10.20463/pan.2023.0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This review aimed to comprehensively explore and elucidate multifaceted neutrophils in breast cancer, particularly in the context of physical activity. Neutrophils play a critical role in the tumor microenvironment and systemic immune response, despite their short half-life and terminal differentiation. Through a thorough review of research related to changes in immunity in breast cancer during exercise, this review aims to provide comprehensive insights into immunological changes, especially focusing on neutrophils. Recognizing that much of the existing research has predominantly focused on T cells and nature killer (NK) cells, our review seeks to shift the spotlight toward understanding how exercise affects neutrophils, a less-explored but critical immune response component in breast cancer. METHODS This study involved an extensive review of the literature (from 2000 to 2023) using the PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar databases. The keywords chosen for the searches were "immune cells and exercise," "exercise and breast cancer," "tumor microenvironment and neutrophils," and "neutrophils and exercise and breast cancers." RESULTS Neutrophils in the tumor microenvironment can exhibit distinct phenotypes and functions. These differences have yielded conflicting results regarding tumor progression. Exercise plays a positive role in breast cancer and alters the immune system. Physical activity can quantitatively and functionally regulate neutrophils under various conditions such as metabolic disruption or senescence. CONCLUSION This short communication outlines exercise-induced neutrophil diversification and its role in breast cancer progression, both within and systemically within the tumor microenvironment. Exercise may provide benefits through the potential neutrophil involvement in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangeun Ko
- Institute of Sport Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Song Won Woo
- Institute of Sport Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Chan Chae
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Minchul Lee
- Department of Sports Medicine, College of Health Science, CHA University, Pocheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Youl Moon
- Institute of Sport Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physical Education, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute on Aging, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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