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Conroy C, Fountain MT, Whitfield EC, Hall DR, Farman D, Bray DP. Methyl N,N-dimethylanthranilate and ethyl propionate: repellents effective against spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:3160-3171. [PMID: 38348748 DOI: 10.1002/ps.8020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae), is an economically important pest of soft and stone fruit crops. The aim of this study was to identify repellents, formulated in dispensers, which could protect crops from D. suzukii. Fourteen potential repellents were screened against summer- and winter-morph D. suzukii through electroantennography and behavioural bioassays. Repellents effective in the laboratory were tested in polytunnels to determine their efficacy in reducing catches in fruit-baited traps. Further trials of three potential repellents were conducted to determine the distances over which repellent dispensers could reduce D. suzukii emergence in a strawberry crop. RESULTS All 14 chemicals screened were detected by the antennae of both D. suzukii morphs. Hexyl acetate and geosmin both elicited a significantly greater corrected EAG response in summer morphs than winter morphs. Summer-morph D. suzukii were repelled by butyl acetate, ethyl propionate, methyl N,N-dimethyl anthranilate, geosmin, methyl salicylate, DEET and benzaldehyde at one or more doses test in laboratory bioassays. Winter morphs were repelled by ethyl propionate, methyl anthranilate, methyl N,N-dimethyl anthranilate, DEET, benzaldehyde and butyl anthranilate at one or more of the doses tested in the laboratory. Ethyl propionate, methyl N,N-dimethylanthranilate and benzaldehyde repelled both morphs from fruit-baited traps in polytunnel trapping trials. Ethyl propionate and methyl N,N-dimethylanthranilate reduced emergence of D. suzukii in a strawberry crop over 3-5 m. CONCLUSIONS Ethyl propionate and methyl N,N-dimethylanthranilate may protect strawberry crops against D. suzukii. Future work should test these repellents in combination with attractants in a 'push-pull' strategy. © 2024 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Conroy
- NIAB East Malling, East Malling, UK
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham, UK
| | | | | | - David R Hall
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham, UK
| | - Dudley Farman
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham, UK
| | - Daniel P Bray
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham, UK
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Zhu JJ, Wang HJ. Semiochemicals and Natural Repellents in Biting Fly Management. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2024:101223. [PMID: 38908821 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2024.101223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Biting flies, including stable flies and horn flies, are considered important pests of livestock, companion animals, and humans by inflicting painful bites and interrupting normal animal behavior as well as human recreational/outdoor activities. It is estimated that they cause an annual loss of over 3 billion dollars in the US livestock industry. Both groups of pest flies further transmit various infectious diseases to animals and humans. The present review summarizes recent research advancements in stable and horn fly chemical and sensory ecology, especially in the discovery of novel attractants and repellents, as well as their controls for these blood-sucking flies and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Jerry Zhu
- USDA-ARS Agroecosystem Management Research Unit, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583, USA.
| | - Haichuan John Wang
- USDA-ARS Agroecosystem Management Research Unit, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583, USA
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González MA, Duvallet G, Morel D, de Blas I, Barrio E, Ruiz-Arrondo I. An Integrated Pest Management Strategy Approach for the Management of the Stable Fly Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae). INSECTS 2024; 15:222. [PMID: 38667353 PMCID: PMC11050470 DOI: 10.3390/insects15040222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans, stand as formidable pests with a global impact, inflicting significant economic losses on the livestock sector. Larval development occurs in diverse substrates, including decomposing plant material and manure, while emerged adults pose a threat through blood-feeding on both animals and humans. Conventional chemical control methods, predominantly reliant on insecticides, not only pose environmental risks but also face challenges of resistance among stable fly populations. To address this pressing issue, we propose an integrated pest management (IPM) strategy for stable fly control. This approach involved a combination of sanitary-cultural practices, animal protection, the release of natural enemies targeting immature stages, and a specialized trapping system for adults. The Stomoxycc® trap, designed for mass trapping of adult Stomoxys, was employed alongside the release of the predatory mite Macrocheles robustulus and two wasp parasitoids, Spalangia cameroni and Muscidifurax raptor (under the commercial brands Biomite® and Biowasp®) on animal bedding as a key component of this IPM strategy. The implementation of this initiative has been undertaken at a significant sanctuary for donkeys and mules in western Spain. In this publication, we present the application and results of the IPM strategy utilized and provide insights into its use as a sustainable and environmentally friendly option for controlling stable fly populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikel A. González
- Departamento de Biología de la Conservación y Cambio Global, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), 41092 Sevilla, Spain;
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBER ESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gérard Duvallet
- Centre d’Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive, Université Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Université Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, 34199 Montpellier, France
| | | | - Ignacio de Blas
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Mixto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (I.d.B.); or (I.R.-A.)
| | - Elena Barrio
- El Refugio del Burrito, 06394 Bodonal de la Sierra, Spain;
| | - Ignacio Ruiz-Arrondo
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Mixto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (I.d.B.); or (I.R.-A.)
- Center for Rickettsiosis and Arthropod-Borne Diseases, San Pedro University Hospital-CIBIR, 26006 Logroño, Spain
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Shimizu K, Saito T, Takashima Y, Okada H, Asakawa M, Inoshima Y. First Report of Mermithidae (Enoplea: Mermithida) Parasitizing Adult Stable Flies in Japan. J Nematol 2024; 56:20240022. [PMID: 38846324 PMCID: PMC11156181 DOI: 10.2478/jofnem-2024-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Mermithidae is a family of nematodes that parasitize a wide range of invertebrates worldwide. Herein, we report nematodes that were unexpectedly found in three of 486 adult stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans) captured from three farms (F1, F2, and F3) in different regions of Gifu Prefecture, Japan. We aimed to characterize these nematodes both at the morphological and molecular level. Morphological studies revealed that the nematodes were juveniles of Mermithidae. Phylogenetic analysis based on 18S and 28S rDNA indicated that the mermithids from farms F1 and F2 could be categorized into the same cluster as Ovomermis sinensis and Hexamermis sp., whereas the mermithid from farm F3 clustered with Amphimermis sp. Additionally, these mermithids could be categorized within the same clusters as related mermithids detected in Japan that parasitize various arthropod orders. Our findings suggest that these stable flies may have been parasitized by mermithids already present in the region and that genetically distinct species of mermithids occur across Japan. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of mermithids parasitizing adult stable flies in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Shimizu
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Gifu501-1193, Japan
| | - Taizo Saito
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Gifu501-1193, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Takashima
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Gifu501-1193, Japan
- Education and Research Center for Food Animal Health, Gifu University (GeFAH), Gifu, Gifu501-1193, Japan
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Gifu501-1193, Japan
- Center for One Medicine Innovative Translation Research (COMIT), Gifu University, Gifu, Gifu501-1193, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Okada
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido069-8501, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiko Asakawa
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido069-8501, Japan
| | - Yasuo Inoshima
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Gifu501-1193, Japan
- Education and Research Center for Food Animal Health, Gifu University (GeFAH), Gifu, Gifu501-1193, Japan
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Gifu501-1193, Japan
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Hennig S, Hung E, Gooding C, Gries G. Black blow fly (Diptera: Calliphoridae) bacterial symbionts inform oviposition site selection by stable flies (Diptera: Muscidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2024; 24:22. [PMID: 38597910 PMCID: PMC11005781 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieae040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Larval habitats of blood-feeding stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae), overlap with foraging sites of black blow flies, Phormia regina (Meigen) (Diptera: Calliphoridae). We tested the hypothesis that bacteria in blow fly excreta inform oviposition decisions by female stable flies. In laboratory 2-choice bioassays, we offered gravid female stable flies fabric-covered agar plates as oviposition sites that were kept sterile or inoculated with either a blend of 7 bacterial strains isolated from blow fly excreta (7-isolate-blend) or individual bacterial isolates from that blend. The 7-isolate-blend deterred oviposition by female stable flies, as did either of 2 strains of Morganella morganii subsp. sibonii. Conversely, Exiguobacterium sp. and Serratia marcescens each prompted oviposition by flies. The flies' oviposition decisions appear to be guided by bacteria-derived semiochemicals as the bacteria could not be physically accessed. Oviposition deterrence caused by semiochemicals of the 7-isolate-blend may help stable flies avoid competition with blow flies. The semiochemicals of bioactive bacterial strains could be developed as trap lures to attract and capture flies and deter their oviposition in select larval habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Hennig
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Emmanuel Hung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Claire Gooding
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Gerhard Gries
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
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Bonina V, Arpaia S. The use of RNA interference for the management of arthropod pests in livestock farms. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 37:631-646. [PMID: 37401856 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Pest management in farm animals is an important action to contain economic damage to livestock production and prevent transmission of severe diseases to the stock. The use of chemical insecticides is still the most common approach followed by farmers; however, avoiding possible toxic effects on animals is a fundamental task for pest control measures compatible with animal well-being. Moreover, legal constraints and insurgence of resistance by target species to the available insecticidal compounds are increasingly complicating farmers' operations. Alternatives to chemical pesticides have been explored with some promising results in the area of biological control or the use of natural products as sprays. The application of RNA interference techniques has enabled the production of new means of pest control in agriculture, and it is opening a promising avenue for controlling arthropod pests of livestock. Transcript depletion of specific target genes of the recipient organisms is based on the action of double-strand RNAs (dsRNA) capable of impairing the production of fundamental proteins. Their mode of action, based on the specific recognition of short genomic sequences, is expected to be highly selective towards non-target organisms potentially exposed; in addition, there are physical and chemical barriers to dsRNA uptake by mammalian cells that render these products practically innocuous for higher animals. Summarising existing literature on gene silencing for main taxa of arthropod pests of livestock (Acarina, Diptera, Blattoidea), this review explores the perspectives of practical applications of dsRNA-based pesticides against the main pests of farm animals. Knowledge gaps are summarised to stimulate additional research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Bonina
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Salvatore Arpaia
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, TERIN-BBC Research Centre Trisaia, Rotondella, Matera, Italy
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Schwarz L, Hamar F, Bernreiter-Hofer T, Loncaric I, Arnold M, Voglmayr T, Ladinig A. Bleeding skin lesions in gestating sows of a piglet producing farm in Austria. Porcine Health Manag 2023; 9:52. [PMID: 37964382 PMCID: PMC10647148 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-023-00348-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stomoxys calcitrans, the stable fly, occurs in pig producing countries worldwide. While in cattle the impact of this blood sucking insect is quite well described, its role in pig production is poorly investigated. Here we describe a case of a massive stable fly overpopulation in the gestation unit of a piglet producing farm in Austria that resulted in bleeding skin lesions in bitten sows. CASE PRESENTATION In October 2021, the responsible herd veterinarian of the case farm reported of sows in the gestation area presenting with bloody crusts on the whole skin surface of the body and of bleeding skin lesions. 33/55 sows were affected by moderate to severe skin lesions. Reproductive performance decreased during the time of massive stable fly overpopulation. Sows in the gestation unit showed defensive behaviour and at a certain time point resigned and accepted being bitten by stable flies. After controlling the fly population, reproductive performance improved and even exceeded the performance before the massive overgrowth of the stable fly population. CONCLUSIONS Stable flies are a serious harm to pigs and should be kept in mind for improved animal health and welfare. Knowledge about the determination of Stomoxys calcitrans and early recognition of an increasing stable fly population in pig farming systems followed by proper insect control measures have to be performed to reduce losses caused by this harming insect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Schwarz
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Flora Hamar
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tanja Bernreiter-Hofer
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Tierarztpraxis an der Nordbahn, Strasshof, Austria
| | - Igor Loncaric
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mirjam Arnold
- Clinic for Swine, Department for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute for Animal Health I, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | | | - Andrea Ladinig
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Lehmann AT, Brewer GJ, Boxler DJ, Zhu JJ, Hanford K, Taylor D, Kenar JA, Cermak SC, Hogsette JA. A push-pull strategy to suppress stable fly (Diptera: Muscidae) attacks on pasture cattle via a coconut oil fatty acid repellent formulation and traps with m-cresol lures. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023. [PMID: 36966475 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stable flies [Stomoxys calcitrans (L.)] are economically important pests of cattle and other livestock. As an alternative to conventional insecticides, we tested a push-pull management strategy using a coconut oil fatty acid repellent formulation and an attractant-added stable fly trap. RESULTS In our field trials we found that weekly applications of a push-pull strategy can reduce stable fly populations on cattle as well as a standard insecticide (permethrin). We also found that the efficacy periods of the push-pull and permethrin treatments following on-animal application were equivalent. Traps with an attractant lure used as the pull component of the push-pull strategy captured sufficient numbers of stable flies to reduce on-animal numbers by an estimated 17-21%. CONCLUSIONS This is the first proof-of-concept field trial demonstrating the effectiveness of a push-pull strategy using a coconut oil fatty acid-based repellent formulation and traps with an attractant lure to manage stable flies on pasture cattle. Also notable is that the push-pull strategy had an efficacy period equivalent to that of a standard, conventional insecticide under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gary J Brewer
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - David J Boxler
- West Central Research and Extension Center, University of Nebraska, North Platte, NE, USA
| | - Junwei J Zhu
- Agroecosystem Management Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Kathryn Hanford
- Department of Statistics, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - David Taylor
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - James A Kenar
- Functional Foods Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Steven C Cermak
- Bio-Oils Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Jerome A Hogsette
- USDA-ARS, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Soil-litter arthropod communities under pasture land use in southern Rwanda. Trop Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s42965-022-00277-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Lorn S, Klakankhai W, Nusen P, Sumarnrote A, Tainchum K. Pyrethroid Susceptibility in Stomoxys calcitrans and Stomoxys indicus (Diptera: Muscidae) Collected from Cattle Farms in Southern Thailand. INSECTS 2022; 13:711. [PMID: 36005336 PMCID: PMC9409396 DOI: 10.3390/insects13080711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The susceptibility to six pyrethroid insecticides (permethrin, deltamethrin, alpha-cypermethrin, cypermethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, and bifenthrin), each at the recommended concentration, was evaluated for two stable fly species-Stomoxys calcitrans (Linnaeus, 1758) and Stomoxys indicus Picard, 1908 (Diptera: Muscidae)-through tarsal contact using a World Health Organization (WHO) cone bioassay procedure. The field populations of S. calcitrans were collected from the Songkhla and Phattalung provinces, while S. indicus were collected from the Phattalung and Satun provinces in Thailand. The stable flies were exposed to insecticide-treated filter paper for 30 min, and their knockdown counts at 30 min and 60 min and mortality counts at 12 h and 24 h were recorded. The S. calcitrans and S. indicus Songkhla and Phattalung populations were moderately susceptible to pyrethroids, as indicated by the 24 h mortality. Nonetheless, the Satun population of S. indicus was completely susceptible to permethrin, with 100% mortality, and showed the lowest susceptibility to deltamethrin and bifenthrin. The results indicate the generally low susceptibility of stable flies to pyrethroids in the southern provinces of Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sokchan Lorn
- Agricultural Innovation and Management Division, Faculty of Natural Resources, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
- Department of Foundation Year, University of Puthisastra, Phnom Penh 12211, Cambodia
| | - Warin Klakankhai
- Agricultural Innovation and Management Division, Faculty of Natural Resources, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Pitunart Nusen
- Animal Production Innovation and Management Division, Faculty of Natural Resources, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Anchana Sumarnrote
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand
| | - Krajana Tainchum
- Agricultural Innovation and Management Division, Faculty of Natural Resources, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
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González MA, Bravo-Barriga D, Fernández EB, Frontera E, Ruiz-Arrondo I. Severe skin lesions caused by persistent bites of the stable fly Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae) in a donkey sanctuary of western Spain. J Equine Vet Sci 2022; 116:104056. [PMID: 35753635 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.104056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Animal sanctuaries are important organisations that promote animal welfare and health as well as social awareness. Following the appearance of several donkeys with severe and distinctive skin lesions in a sanctuary from western Spain in 2021, a multicomponent study was performed to rule out the possible causes. The lesions were mainly concentrated on the extremities and, to a lesser extent, on the face and/or chest. The use of cotton leggings on their extremities as an external barrier to prevent them from bites and treatments with antiparasitic, antiseptic washes and dermatitis lotion showed to be effective measures to improve the donkey lesions. Skin scraping was negative for any relevant causative agents. Histopathological examination of the lesions showed an inflammatory infiltrate at the superficial dermal level, compatible with diffuse chronic dermatitis. A field entomological study was conducted from May to October 2021 to ascertain if any Diptera was responsible for these lesions. Considerable numbers of the stable fly Stomoxys calcitrans were recorded in both sticky traps and decomposing straw bedding. Several species of haematophagous Diptera were also recorded in lower numbers in other traps placed on the farm facilities. According to the entomological data, the location of the bites and clinical signs, it was concluded that S. calcitrans was the main cause of the skin lesions in the donkeys. To our best knowledge, this is the first clinical case of donkeys affected by the stable fly in Spain. For differential diagnosis, a brief discussion of the evidence caused by other biting Diptera groups is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikel A González
- Zoología Aplicada y de la Conservación (ZAP), Universidad de las Islas Baleares (UIB), Palma de Mallorca, España
| | - Daniel Bravo-Barriga
- Parasitología, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, España.
| | | | - Eva Frontera
- Parasitología, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, España
| | - Ignacio Ruiz-Arrondo
- Centro de Rickettsiosis y Enfermedades Transmitidas por Artrópodos Vectores, Hospital Universitario San Pedro-CIBIR, La Rioja, España
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Chaiphongpachara T, Duvallet G, Changbunjong T. Wing Phenotypic Variation among Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae) Populations in Thailand. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13050405. [PMID: 35621741 PMCID: PMC9143182 DOI: 10.3390/insects13050405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary The stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae), is the predominant Stomoxys spp. in Thailand and is considered a pest for livestock, pets, wildlife, and occasionally humans. This study investigated the phenotypic variation in the wing size and shape of S. calcitrans populations from different geographical regions in Thailand using landmark-based geometric morphometric analysis. Results showed strong spatial variation in wing shape among S. calcitrans populations and thus suggested the existence of phenotypic plasticity in this fly. Abstract Stomoxys calcitrans (Linnaeus, 1758) (Diptera: Muscidae) is a cosmopolitan hematophagous ectoparasite of veterinary and medical importance. It is an important mechanical vector of several animal pathogens and can cause significant economic losses. However, the morphological variation of this species remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate the phenotypic variation in the wing size and shape of S. calcitrans populations in Thailand based on a landmark-based geometric morphometric approach. Specimens were collected from five populations in five geographical regions in Thailand. A total of 490 left wings of S. calcitrans (245 female and 245 male individuals) were used for geometric morphometric analysis. Wing size differences were detected between some populations of S. calcitrans, whereas wing shape differences were found among populations. Therefore, the phenotypic variation in S. calcitrans populations indicated that these populations are adaptive responses to local environmental pressures, suggesting the presence of phenotypic plasticity in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanawat Chaiphongpachara
- Department of Public Health and Health Promotion, College of Allied Health Sciences, Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University, Bangkok 10300, Thailand;
| | - Gerard Duvallet
- UMR5175, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France;
| | - Tanasak Changbunjong
- Department of Pre-Clinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals (MoZWE), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
- Correspondence:
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Changbunjong T, Boonmasawai S, Sungpradit S, Weluwanarak T, Leesombun A. Contact and Fumigant Activities of Citrus aurantium Essential Oil against the Stable Fly Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:1122. [PMID: 35567123 PMCID: PMC9102086 DOI: 10.3390/plants11091122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), is a cosmopolitan hematophagous fly of medical and veterinary importance. It is widely considered a major livestock pest that can cause significant economic losses. This study aimed to evaluate the insecticidal activity of Citrus aurantium (L.) essential oil against S. calcitrans based on contact and fumigant toxicity tests. Chemical analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of the essential oil showed the dominance (93.79%) of limonene in the total essential oil composition. Furthermore, the insecticidal test results showed that the mortality of flies increased with concentration and time within 24 h of exposure. In the contact toxicity test, the median lethal dose was 105.88 µg/fly, while the 90% lethal dose was 499.25 µg/fly. As for the fumigant toxicity test, the median lethal concentration was 13.06 mg/L air, and the 90% lethal concentration was 43.13 mg/L air. These results indicate that C. aurantium essential oil exhibits insecticidal activity against S. calcitrans. Therefore, it can be used as an alternative to synthetic insecticides for achieving stable fly control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanasak Changbunjong
- Department of Pre-Clinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; (T.C.); (S.B.); (S.S.)
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals (MoZWE), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand;
| | - Sookruetai Boonmasawai
- Department of Pre-Clinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; (T.C.); (S.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Sivapong Sungpradit
- Department of Pre-Clinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; (T.C.); (S.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Thekhawet Weluwanarak
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals (MoZWE), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand;
| | - Arpron Leesombun
- Department of Pre-Clinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; (T.C.); (S.B.); (S.S.)
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Leesombun A, Sungpradit S, Boonmasawai S, Weluwanarak T, Klinsrithong S, Ruangsittichai J, Ampawong S, Masmeatathip R, Changbunjong T. Insecticidal Activity of Plectranthus amboinicus Essential Oil against the Stable Fly Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae) and the Horse Fly Tabanus megalops (Diptera: Tabanidae). INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13030255. [PMID: 35323553 PMCID: PMC8955824 DOI: 10.3390/insects13030255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng., commonly known as Indian borage, has been reported to have insecticidal activity against various insects. In this study, the insecticidal properties (contact and fumigant toxicities) derived from P. amboinicus essential oil were investigated against the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans, and the horse fly, Tabanus megalops. The results showed that P. amboinicus essential oil has both contact and fumigant toxicities against the target species and thus has potential as an alternative control agent. Abstract The stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae), and the horse fly, Tabanus megalops (Diptera: Tabanidae), are important ectoparasites of livestock in Thailand. These species affect animal health and cause economic losses. This study investigated the insecticidal activity of Plectranthus amboinicus essential oil against S. calcitrans and T. megalops through contact and fumigant toxicity tests and evaluated the effects of the essential oil on these flies through histopathological and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) studies. The results of the contact toxicity test indicated that the median lethal dose against S. calcitrans and T. megalops was 12.05 and 131.41 µg/fly, and the 90% lethal dose was 45.53 and 200.62 µg/fly, respectively. The results of the fumigant toxicity test showed that the median lethal concentration against S. calcitrans and T. megalops was 1.34 and 7.12 mg/L air, and the 90% lethal concentration was 4.39 and 30.37 mg/L air, respectively. Histopathology revealed neuronal degeneration in the brain of S. calcitrans and interstitial neuronal edema of the brain and ovarian necrosis in T. megalops. No external morphological changes were observed via SEM. Given its insecticidal properties against S. calcitrans and T. megalops, P. amboinicus essential oil could be developed into a natural insecticide to control these fly species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpron Leesombun
- Department of Pre-Clinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; (A.L.); (S.S.); (S.B.)
| | - Sivapong Sungpradit
- Department of Pre-Clinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; (A.L.); (S.S.); (S.B.)
| | - Sookruetai Boonmasawai
- Department of Pre-Clinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; (A.L.); (S.S.); (S.B.)
| | - Thekhawet Weluwanarak
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals (MoZWE), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand;
| | - Suriyo Klinsrithong
- The Center of Veterinary Diagnosis, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand;
| | - Jiraporn Ruangsittichai
- Department of Medical Entomology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Sumate Ampawong
- Department of Tropical Pathology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Roungthip Masmeatathip
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand;
| | - Tanasak Changbunjong
- Department of Pre-Clinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; (A.L.); (S.S.); (S.B.)
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals (MoZWE), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand;
- Correspondence:
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Azevedo LH, Borges V, Filho WM, de Campos Castilho R, de Moraes GJ. Semi-field evaluation of the predation of Macrocheles embersoni and Macrocheles muscaedomesticae (Acari: Mesostigmata: Macrochelidae) on the house fly and the stable fly (Diptera: Muscidae). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:1029-1034. [PMID: 34783158 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The house fly, Musca domestica L., and the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), are important and harmful organisms. The cosmopolitan house fly is not parasitic, but the adults are annoying and a known vector of several pathogens. The importance of the stable fly has increased in Brazil in the last 40 years, after major changes in sugarcane cultivation practices were implemented, including the widespread application of vinasse (byproduct in sugarcane mills) and the parallel reduction of sugarcane preharvest burning. These changes have favored the development of this fly, which can reach high populations, that can negatively affect cattle and other animals. The control of these flies relies heavily on the use of chemical products, which very often do not provide adequate population reduction. Predatory mites of the family Macrochelidae have been evaluated under laboratory conditions for the biological control of these organisms, especially of the house fly. The objective of this study was to examine the predation capacity of the macrochelids Macrocheles embersoni Azevedo, Castilho & Berto and Macrocheles muscaedomesticae (Scopoli) on the house fly and the stable fly, under semi-field conditions (screen-houses). RESULTS Reductions of 83 to 90% of the house fly and 66 to 73% of the stable fly populations were observed, with the release of 100 of these predators per square meter. CONCLUSIONS The number of adults of both fly species was much lower in the units where the predators had been released than in the others. However it is suggested that provisioning and or conserving alternative food sources for these macrochelids, such as free-living nematodes, could further improve biocontrol efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Henrique Azevedo
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (FCAV), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Borges
- Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Walter Mesquita Filho
- Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Raphael de Campos Castilho
- Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Gilberto José de Moraes
- Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, Brazil
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Machtinger ET, Brown JE, Burgess ER. Landscape distribution and abundance of animal-associated adult filth flies on commercial swine facilities in North Carolina, US. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 35:633-645. [PMID: 34398989 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Filth flies associated with animal production transmit pathogens to humans and animals, propagate antimicrobial resistance in microbial communities and provoke nuisance litigation. Although dispersal of flies from facilities is often responsible for these negative effects, filth fly research on swine facilities has been limited to within the barns. Filth fly adaptations in space and time, as well as influences of abiotic and biotic factors impact distribution and abundance of animal-associated filth flies on swine production facilities. In this study, fly surveillance was conducted around four swine facilities in Bladen County, North Carolina, U.S.A. from January 2019 to October 2019. Traps were replaced weekly and animal-associated filth flies were identified. Flies were grouped for comparison based on biology and differences in pest management strategies. There were distinct differences in abundance and spatial distribution of different filth fly groups on the swine facilities, which are likely linked to environmental factors like spatial relation to crop production and species phenology. The impact of the observed temporal and spatial distribution and abundance is discussed in the context of filth fly management.
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Affiliation(s)
- E T Machtinger
- Veterinary Entomology Laboratory, State College, PA, U.S.A
| | - J E Brown
- Veterinary Entomology Laboratory, State College, PA, U.S.A
| | - E R Burgess
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, U.S.A
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Lim SY, Harun UB, Gobil AR, Mustafa NA, Zahid NA, Amin-Nordin S, Ariffin UKM, Jamaluddin TZMT, Mohamed NA, Zulkefli NAM, Shohaimi S. Measuring customer satisfaction on the cleanliness of food premises using fuzzy conjoint analysis: A pilot test. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256896. [PMID: 34469489 PMCID: PMC8409644 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Determining the level of customer satisfaction in cleanliness regarding a product or service is a significant aspect of businesses. However, the availability of feedback tools for consumers to evaluate the cleanliness of a restaurant is a crucial issue as several aspects of cleanliness need to be evaluated collectively. To overcome this issue, this study designed a survey instrument based on the standard form used for grading the food premises and transformed it into a seven Likert scale questionnaire and consists of seven questions. This study employed fuzzy conjoint analysis to measure the level of satisfaction in cleanliness in food premises. This pilot study recruited 30 students in Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Seremban 3. The student's perception was represented by the scores calculated based on their degree of similarities and corresponding levels of satisfaction, whereby, only scores with the highest degree of similarity were selected. Furthermore, this study identified the aspects of hygiene that assessed based on the customers' satisfaction upon visiting the premises. The results indicated that the fuzzy conjoint analysis produced a similar outcome as the statistical mean, thus, was useful for the evaluation of customer satisfaction on the cleanliness of food premises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sook Yee Lim
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, Cheras, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ummilia Balqis Harun
- Department of Mathematical Science, Faculty of Computer and Mathematical Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Kampus Seremban, Seremban, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Rahman Gobil
- Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computer and Mathematical Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Kampus Seremban, Seremban, Malaysia
| | - Noor Afiqah Mustafa
- Department of Mathematical Science, Faculty of Computer and Mathematical Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Kampus Seremban, Seremban, Malaysia
| | - Nur Azwanis Zahid
- Department of Mathematical Science, Faculty of Computer and Mathematical Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Kampus Seremban, Seremban, Malaysia
| | - Syafinaz Amin-Nordin
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Umi Kalsom Md. Ariffin
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Nurul Azmawati Mohamed
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences 2, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - Nor Afiah Mohd Zulkefli
- Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Shamarina Shohaimi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia
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