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Sukumaran V, Mutlu O, Murtaza M, Alhalbouni R, Dubansky B, Yalcin HC. Experimental assessment of cardiovascular physiology in the chick embryo. Dev Dyn 2023; 252:1247-1268. [PMID: 37002896 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
High resolution assessment of cardiac functional parameters is crucial in translational animal research. The chick embryo is a historically well-used in vivo model for cardiovascular research due to its many practical advantages, and the conserved form and function of the chick and human cardiogenesis programs. This review aims to provide an overview of several different technical approaches for chick embryo cardiac assessment. Doppler echocardiography, optical coherence tomography, micromagnetic resonance imaging, microparticle image velocimetry, real-time pressure monitoring, and associated issues with the techniques will be discussed. Alongside this discussion, we also highlight recent advances in cardiac function measurements in chick embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Onur Mutlu
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | | | | | - Benjamin Dubansky
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Office of Research and Economic Development, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Huseyin C Yalcin
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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2
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Trinidad F, Rubonal F, Rodriguez de Castro I, Pirzadeh I, Gerrah R, Kheradvar A, Rugonyi S. Effect of Blood Flow on Cardiac Morphogenesis and Formation of Congenital Heart Defects. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2022; 9:jcdd9090303. [PMID: 36135448 PMCID: PMC9503889 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd9090303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) affects about 1 in 100 newborns and its causes are multifactorial. In the embryo, blood flow within the heart and vasculature is essential for proper heart development, with abnormal blood flow leading to CHD. Here, we discuss how blood flow (hemodynamics) affects heart development from embryonic to fetal stages, and how abnormal blood flow solely can lead to CHD. We emphasize studies performed using avian models of heart development, because those models allow for hemodynamic interventions, in vivo imaging, and follow up, while they closely recapitulate heart defects observed in humans. We conclude with recommendations on investigations that must be performed to bridge the gaps in understanding how blood flow alone, or together with other factors, contributes to CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Trinidad
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Floyd Rubonal
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | | | - Ida Pirzadeh
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Rabin Gerrah
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Arash Kheradvar
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Sandra Rugonyi
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Correspondence:
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3
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Kamel DW, Abdelhameed AM, Mohammad SA, Abbas SN. CT of cardiac and extracardiac vascular anomalies: embryological implications. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s43055-021-00616-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common neonatal anomaly. Extracardiac findings are commonly associated with CHD. It is mandatory to evaluate extracardiac structures for potential associated abnormalities that might impact the surgical planning for these patients. The purpose of this study was to determine the extracardiac abnormalities that could associate cardiac anomalies and to give insights into their embryological aberrations.
Results
Thirty-two pediatric patients (22 males and 10 females) underwent CT angiography to assess CHD. Diagnosis of the CHD and associated extracardiac findings were recorded and tabulated by organ system and type of CHD. Retrospective ECG-gated low-peak kilovoltage (80Kvp) technique was used on 128MDCT GE machine. Patients were diagnosed according to their CHD into four groups: chamber anomalies 90%, septal anomalies 81.3%, conotruncal anomalies 59.4%, and valvular anomalies 59.4%. Extracardiac findings were found in 28 patients (87.5%) with a total of 76 findings. Vascular findings were the most prevalent as 50 vascular findings were observed in 28 patients. Aortic anomalies were the commonest vascular anomalies. Fourteen thoracic findings were observed in 12 patients; of them lung consolidation patches were the most common and 12 abdominal findings were found in seven patients, most of findings were related to situs abnormalities.
Conclusion
Extracardiac abnormalities especially vascular anomalies are commonly associating CHD. Along with genetic basis, aberrations in dynamics of blood flow could represent possible causes of this association.
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Elahi S, Blackburn BJ, Lapierre-Landry M, Gu S, Rollins AM, Jenkins MW. Semi-automated shear stress measurements in developing embryonic hearts. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:5297-5305. [PMID: 33014615 PMCID: PMC7510878 DOI: 10.1364/boe.395952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Blood-induced shear stress influences gene expression. Abnormal shear stress patterns on the endocardium of the early-stage heart tube can lead to congenital heart defects. To have a better understanding of these mechanisms, it is essential to include shear stress measurements in longitudinal cohort studies of cardiac development. Previously reported approaches are computationally expensive and nonpractical when assessing many animals. Here, we introduce a new approach to estimate shear stress that does not rely on recording 4D image sets and extensive post processing. Our method uses two adjacent optical coherence tomography frames (B-scans) where lumen geometry and flow direction are determined from the structural data and the velocity is measured from the Doppler OCT signal. We validated our shear stress estimate by flow phantom experiments and applied it to live quail embryo hearts where observed shear stress patterns were similar to previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Elahi
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western
Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case
Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106,
USA
| | - Brecken J. Blackburn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case
Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106,
USA
| | - Maryse Lapierre-Landry
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case
Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106,
USA
| | - Shi Gu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case
Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106,
USA
| | - Andrew M. Rollins
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case
Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106,
USA
| | - Michael W. Jenkins
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western
Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case
Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106,
USA
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Keller BB, Kowalski WJ, Tinney JP, Tobita K, Hu N. Validating the Paradigm That Biomechanical Forces Regulate Embryonic Cardiovascular Morphogenesis and Are Fundamental in the Etiology of Congenital Heart Disease. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2020; 7:E23. [PMID: 32545681 PMCID: PMC7344498 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd7020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The goal of this review is to provide a broad overview of the biomechanical maturation and regulation of vertebrate cardiovascular (CV) morphogenesis and the evidence for mechanistic relationships between function and form relevant to the origins of congenital heart disease (CHD). The embryonic heart has been investigated for over a century, initially focusing on the chick embryo due to the opportunity to isolate and investigate myocardial electromechanical maturation, the ability to directly instrument and measure normal cardiac function, intervene to alter ventricular loading conditions, and then investigate changes in functional and structural maturation to deduce mechanism. The paradigm of "Develop and validate quantitative techniques, describe normal, perturb the system, describe abnormal, then deduce mechanisms" was taught to many young investigators by Dr. Edward B. Clark and then validated by a rapidly expanding number of teams dedicated to investigate CV morphogenesis, structure-function relationships, and pathogenic mechanisms of CHD. Pioneering studies using the chick embryo model rapidly expanded into a broad range of model systems, particularly the mouse and zebrafish, to investigate the interdependent genetic and biomechanical regulation of CV morphogenesis. Several central morphogenic themes have emerged. First, CV morphogenesis is inherently dependent upon the biomechanical forces that influence cell and tissue growth and remodeling. Second, embryonic CV systems dynamically adapt to changes in biomechanical loading conditions similar to mature systems. Third, biomechanical loading conditions dynamically impact and are regulated by genetic morphogenic systems. Fourth, advanced imaging techniques coupled with computational modeling provide novel insights to validate regulatory mechanisms. Finally, insights regarding the genetic and biomechanical regulation of CV morphogenesis and adaptation are relevant to current regenerative strategies for patients with CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley B. Keller
- Cincinnati Children’s Heart Institute, Greater Louisville and Western Kentucky Practice, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - William J. Kowalski
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Neuro-Vascular Biology, Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Joseph P. Tinney
- Kosair Charities Pediatric Heart Research Program, Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA;
| | - Kimimasa Tobita
- Department of Medical Affairs, Abiomed Japan K.K., Muromachi Higashi Mitsui Bldg, Tokyo 103-0022, Japan;
| | - Norman Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA;
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Celik M, Goktas S, Karakaya C, Cakiroglu AI, Karahuseyinoglu S, Lashkarinia SS, Ermek E, Pekkan K. Microstructure of early embryonic aortic arch and its reversibility following mechanically altered hemodynamic load release. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2020; 318:H1208-H1218. [PMID: 32243769 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00495.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In the embryonic heart, blood flow is distributed through a bilaterally paired artery system composed of the aortic arches (AAs). The purpose of this study is to establish an understanding of the governing mechanism of microstructural maturation of the AA matrix and its reversibility, toward the desired macroscopic vessel lumen diameter and thickness for healthy, abnormal, and in ovo repaired abnormal mechanical loading. While matrix-remodeling mechanisms were significantly different for normal versus conotruncal banding (CTB), both led to an increase in vessel lumen. Correlated with right-sided flow increase at Hamburger & Hamilton stages 21, intermittent load switching between collagen I and III with elastin and collagen-IV defines the normal process. However, decreases in collagen I, elastin, vascular endothelial growth factor-A, and fibrillin-1 in CTB were recovered almost fully following the CTB-release model, primarily because of the pressure load changes. The complex temporal changes in matrix proteins are illustrated through a predictive finite-element model based on elastin and collagen load-sharing mechanism to achieve lumen area increase and thickness increase resulting from wall shear stress and tissue strain, respectively. The effect of embryonic timing in cardiac interventions on AA microstructure was established where abnormal mechanical loading was selectively restored at the key stage of development. Recovery of the normal mechanical loading via early fetal intervention resulted in delayed microstructural maturation. Temporal elastin increase, correlated with wall shear stress, is required for continuous lumen area growth.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The present study undertakes comparative analyses of the mechanistic differences of the arterial matrix microstructure and dynamics in the three fundamental processes of control, conotruncal banded, and released conotruncal band in avian embryo. Among other findings, this study provides specific evidence on the restorative role of elastin during the early lumen growth process. During vascular development, a novel intermittent load-switching mechanism between elastin and collagen, triggered by a step increase in wall shear stress, governs the chronic vessel lumen cross-sectional area increase. Mimicking the fetal cardiovascular interventions currently performed in humans, the early release of the abnormal mechanical load rescues the arterial microstructure with time lag.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Celik
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Selda Goktas
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cansu Karakaya
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Sercin Karahuseyinoglu
- Department of Histology & Embryology, School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Erhan Ermek
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kerem Pekkan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Menon V, Lincoln J. The Genetic Regulation of Aortic Valve Development and Calcific Disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2018; 5:162. [PMID: 30460247 PMCID: PMC6232166 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart valves are dynamic, highly organized structures required for unidirectional blood flow through the heart. Over an average lifetime, the valve leaflets or cusps open and close over a billion times, however in over 5 million Americans, leaflet function fails due to biomechanical insufficiency in response to wear-and-tear or pathological stimulus. Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is the most common valve pathology and leads to stiffening of the cusp and narrowing of the aortic orifice leading to stenosis and insufficiency. At the cellular level, CAVD is characterized by valve endothelial cell dysfunction and osteoblast-like differentiation of valve interstitial cells. These processes are associated with dysregulation of several molecular pathways important for valve development including Notch, Sox9, Tgfβ, Bmp, Wnt, as well as additional epigenetic regulators. In this review, we discuss the multifactorial mechanisms that contribute to CAVD pathogenesis and the potential of targeting these for the development of novel, alternative therapeutics beyond surgical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinal Menon
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States.,The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Joy Lincoln
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States.,The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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8
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Courchaine K, Rykiel G, Rugonyi S. Influence of blood flow on cardiac development. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 137:95-110. [PMID: 29772208 PMCID: PMC6109420 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The role of hemodynamics in cardiovascular development is not well understood. Indeed, it would be remarkable if it were, given the dauntingly complex array of intricately synchronized genetic, molecular, mechanical, and environmental factors at play. However, with congenital heart defects affecting around 1 in 100 human births, and numerous studies pointing to hemodynamics as a factor in cardiovascular morphogenesis, this is not an area in which we can afford to remain in the dark. This review seeks to present the case for the importance of research into the biomechanics of the developing cardiovascular system. This is accomplished by i) illustrating the basics of some of the highly complex processes involved in heart development, and discussing the known influence of hemodynamics on those processes; ii) demonstrating how altered hemodynamic environments have the potential to bring about morphological anomalies, citing studies in multiple animal models with a variety of perturbation methods; iii) providing examples of widely used technological innovations which allow for accurate measurement of hemodynamic parameters in embryos; iv) detailing the results of studies in avian embryos which point to exciting correlations between various hemodynamic manipulations in early development and phenotypic defect incidence in mature hearts; and finally, v) stressing the relevance of uncovering specific biomechanical pathways involved in cardiovascular formation and remodeling under adverse conditions, to the potential treatment of human patients. The time is ripe to unravel the contributions of hemodynamics to cardiac development, and to recognize their frequently neglected role in the occurrence of heart malformation phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Courchaine
- Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland OR, USA
| | - Graham Rykiel
- Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland OR, USA
| | - Sandra Rugonyi
- Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland OR, USA.
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