Interplay between Heart Disease and Metabolic Steatosis: A Contemporary Perspective

Unlocking the Cardiovascular Benefits of Walnuts: Insights on Molecular Mechanism From Animal Studies

The health-promoting benefits of walnut consumption are substantially ascribed to its fatty acid (FA) profile, which is rich in polyunsaturated FA with an exceptionally high n-3 to n-6 ratio. There are also phytonutrients in walnuts that are linked to health welfare. This review article integrates all studies on the effects of walnuts on the cardiovascular system performed on experimental animals, and thus is a source of data on the mechanisms underlying the observed effects. These studies, which are very diverse in experimental design, indicate that a diet enriched with walnuts or treating animals with walnut extract or chemical constituents of walnuts, has many favorable effects on heart and vascular system function. The cardiovascular effect of walnuts depends on the metabolic status of the organism. Among the cardiovascular effects of walnuts is that they improve the FA profile in the circulation and heart in favor of n-3 polyunsaturated FAs. In addition, a favorable effect on triglyceride and cholesterol status, which reduces cardiovascular disease risk, is observed. Intake of walnuts promotes FA catabolism and has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiarrhythmic effects. Walnuts also have a beneficial effect on vascular tone, accompanied by a decrease in blood pressure and reduced risk for atherosclerosis. In conclusion, studies on experimental animals encourage the consumption of walnuts as a simple, convenient approach to improve cardiovascular health.

Shared genetic architecture and causal relationship between liver and heart disease

This study investigates the relationship and genetic mechanisms of liver and heart diseases, focusing on the liver-heart axis (LHA) as a fundamental biological basis. Through genome-wide association study analysis, we explore shared genes and pathways related to LHA. Shared genetic factors are found in 8 out of 20 pairs, indicating genetic correlations. The analysis reveals 53 loci with pleiotropic effects, including 8 loci exhibiting shared causality across multiple traits. Based on SNP-p level tissue-specific multi-marker analysis of genomic annotation (MAGMA) analysis demonstrates significant enrichment of pleiotropy in liver and heart diseases within different cardiovascular tissues and female reproductive appendages. Gene-specific MAGMA analysis identifies 343 pleiotropic genes associated with various traits; these genes show tissue-specific enrichment primarily in the liver, cardiovascular system, and other tissues. Shared risk loci between immune cells and both liver and cardiovascular diseases are also discovered. Mendelian randomization analyses provide support for causal relationships among the investigated trait pairs.

TBC1D25 alleviates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis by inhibiting abnormal lipid accumulation and inflammation

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a strong stimulant of cardiovascular diseases, affecting one-quarter of the world's population. TBC1 domain family member 25 (TBC1D25) regulates the development of myocardial hypertrophy and cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury; however, its effect on NAFLD/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) has not been reported. In this study, we demonstrated that TBC1D25 expression is upregulated in NASH. TBC1D25 deficiency aggravated hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis in NASH. In vitro tests revealed that TBC1D25 overexpression restrained NASH responses. Subsequent mechanistic validation experiments demonstrated that TBC1D25 interfered with NASH progression by inhibiting abnormal lipid accumulation and inflammation. TBC1D25 deficiency significantly promoted NASH occurrence and development. Therefore, TBC1D25 may potentially be used as a clinical therapeutic target for NASH treatment.

Cardiovascular Risk in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C Treated with Direct Acting Antivirals

Background: Chronic hepatitis C (CHC) is associated with hepatic and extrahepatic complications, including cardiovascular disease (CVD). The effects of sustained virological response (SVR) and liver fibrosis on CVD risk are not well established. Aims: We aim to assess the dynamics of Fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease 2013 (ASCVD) scores up to three years after direct acting antivirals (DAA) treatment and explore the time-dependent association between the two scores. Methods: We included consecutive CHC patients treated with DAA and followed up with them for three years. Outcomes were changes from baseline (before DAA) in ASCVD and FIB-4 scores, measured at the end of treatment, 12-, 24-, and 36-months follow-up. Results: In total, 91 patients with CHC were finally included (median age: 66 years (IQR = 58−72 years); 43% females). Median follow-up was 2 years (1−3 years) and all patients reached SVR. The ASCVD score did not significantly change from baseline (Mean = 17.2%, 95% CI 14.1, 20.3), but the FIB-4 score significantly decreased at any time-point by an average of 0.8 (95% CI 0.78, 0.82, p < 0.001). Elevated FIB-4 scores at one (β = 1.16, p < 0.001) and three years (β = 2.52, p < 0.001) were associated with an increased ASCVD score. Clinically, two participants- with non-decreasing FIB-4 scores after treatment- had acute coronary syndrome at the end of treatment and one year follow-up, respectively. Conclusions: In our study, we found that FIB-4 and ASCVD scores exhibited a positive correlation irrespective of time-point after treatment. Larger studies are essential to further investigate the utility of FIB-4 scores in cardiovascular risk assessment.

Metabolic Remodeling with Hepatosteatosis Induced Vascular Oxidative Stress in Hepatic ERK2 Deficiency Mice with High Fat Diets

We previously demonstrated the marked hepatosteatosis and endothelial dysfunction in hepatocyte-specific ERK2 knockout mice (LE2KO) with a high-fat/high-sucrose diet (HFHSD), but detailed metabolic changes and the characteristics in insulin-sensitive organs were not tested. This study aimed to characterize metabolic remodeling with changes in insulin-sensitive organs, which could induce endothelial dysfunction in HFHSD-LE2KO. The serum glucose and fatty acid (FA) were modestly higher in HFHSD-LE2KO than HFHSD-Control. FA synthesis genes were up-regulated, which was associated with the decreased phosphorylation of AMPK and ACC, and with the up-regulation of SREBP-1 in the liver from HFHSD-LE2KO. In FA and amino acids fraction analysis, arachidonic acid/eicosapentaenoic acid ratio, L-ornithine/arginine ratio, asymmetric dimethylarginine and homocysteine levels were elevated in HFHSD-LE2KO. Insulin-induced phosphorylation of AKT was blunted in skeletal muscle. Serum leptin and IL-1β were elevated, and serum adiponectin was decreased with the enlargement of epididymal adipocytes. Finally, the enhanced superoxide levels in the aorta, which were blunted with CCCP, apocynin, and tempol, were observed in HFHSD-LE2KO. A pre-incubation of aortic rings with tempol improved endothelial dysfunction in HFHSD-LE2KO. HFHSD-LE2KO revealed an acceleration of FA synthesis in the liver leading to insulin resistance in skeletal muscle and the enlargement of visceral adipocytes. Global metabolic remodeling such as changes in arginine metabolism, ω3/ω6 ratio, and adipocytokines, could affect the vascular oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction in HFHSD-LE2KO.

Switch-associated protein 70 protects against nonalcoholic fatty liver disease through suppression of TAK1

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

NAFLD is a progressive disease without known effective drug treatments. Switch-associated protein 70 (SWAP70) is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor that participates in the regulation of many cellular processes. However, the role of SWAP70 in NAFLD remains unclear. This study aimed to identify the function and mechanism of SWAP70 in NAFLD.

APPROACH AND RESULTS

The results showed that the expression of SWAP70 was significantly increased in mice and hepatocytes after metabolic stimulation. Overexpression of SWAP70 in hepatocytes suppressed lipid deposition and inflammation, and SWAP70 knockdown created the inverse effect. Using hepatocyte-specific Swap70 knockout and overexpression mice fed a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet, we demonstrated that SWAP70 suppressed the progression of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis by inhibiting lipid accumulation, inflammatory response, and fibrosis. Mechanically, RNA sequencing analysis and immunoprecipitation assays revealed that SWAP70 inhibited the interaction between transforming growth factor β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) binding protein 1 and TAK1 and sequentially suppressed the phosphorylation of TAK1 and subsequent c-Jun N-terminal kinase/P38 signaling. Inhibition of TAK1 activation blocked hepatocyte lipid deposition and inflammation caused by SWAP70 knockdown.

CONCLUSIONS

SWAP70 is a protective molecule that can suppress the progression of NAFLD by inhibiting hepatic steatosis and inflammation. SWAP70 may be important for mitigating the progression of NAFLD.

Clinical evaluation of grayscale and linear scale hepatorenal indices for fatty liver quantification: a prospective study of a native Chinese population

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Hepato-renal index (HRI) has been investigated extensively in various clinical studies. New linear scale HRI (LS-HRI) is proposed as an alternative to conventional grayscale HRI (GS-HRI) that suffers from lack of a widely accepted cut-off value for differentiation of fatty from normal livers. To investigate the diagnostic performance of conventional GS-HRI and new LS-HRI for a relatively large Chinese population with NAFLD using a well-established ultrasonographic fatty liver indicator (US-FLI) as the reference standard for steatosis grades.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A total of 106 patients with various stages of NAFLD were prospectively enrolled. All ultrasound images for these patients were first acquired by a highly experienced ultrasound doctor and their US-FLI scores then obtained by the same doctor. Both GS-HRI and LS-HRI values were measured off-line by two additional ultrasound doctors. Four steatosis grades were determined from US-FLI scores for steatosis detection and staging.

RESULTS

Inter-observer agreements for both GS-HRI and LS-HRI were excellent with the respective concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) of 0.900 for GS-HRI and 0.822 for LS-HRI. A linear correlation to US-FLI for LS-HRI (R = 0.74) was substantially superior to that for GS-HRI (R = 0.46). LS-HRI had a sensitivity of 85.9% and a specificity of 96.3% to differentiate steatosis from the normal liver (AUROC: 95.5%) while GS-HRI had a sensitivity of 85.9% and a specificity of 92.6% to distinguish steatosis from the normal liver (AUROC: 94.7%).

CONCLUSIONS

Both GS-HRI and LS-HRI measurements are reproducible between two ultrasonographic clinicians and are evidently effective for steatosis detection.