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Chaudhari R, Khanna S, Patel VK, Vora J, Plaza S, de Lacalle LNL. Experimental Investigations of Using Aluminum Oxide (Al 2O 3) and Nano-Graphene Powder in the Electrical Discharge Machining of Titanium Alloy. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:2247. [PMID: 38138417 PMCID: PMC10745897 DOI: 10.3390/mi14122247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, a comprehensive parametric analysis was carried out using the electrical discharge machining of Ti6Al4V, using pulse-on time, current, and pulse-off time as input factors with output measures of surface roughness and material removal rate. The present study also used two different nanopowders, namely alumina and nano-graphene, to analyze their effect on output measures and surface defects. All the experimental runs were performed using Taguchi's array at three levels. Analysis of variance was employed to study the statistical significance. Empirical relations were generated through Minitab. The regression model term was observed to be significant for both the output responses, which suggested that the generated regressions were adequate. Among the input factors, pulse-off time and current were found to have a vital role in the change in material removal rate, while pulse-on time was observed as a vital input parameter. For surface quality, pulse-on time and pulse-off time were recognized to be influential parameters, while current was observed to be an insignificant factor. Teaching-learning-based optimization was used for the optimization of output responses. The influence of alumina and nano-graphene powder was investigated at optimal process parameters. The machining performance was significantly improved by using both powder-mixed electrical discharge machining as compared to the conventional method. Due to the higher conductivity of nano-graphene powder, it showed a larger improvement as compared to alumina powder. Lastly, scanning electron microscopy was operated to investigate the impact of alumina and graphene powder on surface morphology. The machined surface obtained for the conventional process depicted more surface defects than the powder-mixed process, which is key in aeronautical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Chaudhari
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Gandhinagar 382007, India; (R.C.); (V.K.P.)
| | - Sakshum Khanna
- School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Gandhinagar 382007, India;
| | - Vivek K. Patel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Gandhinagar 382007, India; (R.C.); (V.K.P.)
| | - Jay Vora
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Gandhinagar 382007, India; (R.C.); (V.K.P.)
| | - Soraya Plaza
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of the Basque Country, Escuela Superior de Ingenieros Alameda de Urquijo s/n, 48013 Bilbao, Spain;
| | - Luis Norberto López de Lacalle
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of the Basque Country, Escuela Superior de Ingenieros Alameda de Urquijo s/n, 48013 Bilbao, Spain;
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Ablyaz TR, Shlykov ES, Muratov KR, Sidhu SS, Mikhailovich D, Takhirovich KV. Study of Wire-Cut Electro-Discharge Machining of Heat-Resistant Nickel Alloys. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6743. [PMID: 37895724 PMCID: PMC10608005 DOI: 10.3390/ma16206743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents an analysis and theoretical model for assessing the quality and accuracy of wire-cut electro-discharge machining (WEDM) of products made from novel heat-resistant nickel alloys such as CrNi56KVMTYB. It is observed that WEDM processing of Ni alloy led to high surface roughness for the thick specimens, and electrical parameters such as pulse duration for the selected range depict an insignificant role in the value of surface roughness. On the other hand, the cut width of the machined surface decreases as the pulse duration increases, while the cut width is elevated for thick workpieces. Secondary discharges developed in WEDM have negative effects that cause sludge adhering and deterioration in the quality and productivity of processing. The regression model is developed to predict the surface roughness and cut width of machined surfaces, which holds significant importance in modern engineering. The workpiece is examined for surface integrity and material deposition. It is observed that an increase in the height of the specimen leads to the occurrence of secondary discharges, which in turn results in the formation of cracks on the surfaces of high-temperature nickel alloys. These cracks have a detrimental effect on the performance of critical products made from next-generation heat-resistant nickel alloys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timur Rizovich Ablyaz
- Mechnical Engineering Department, Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Perm 614990, Russia; (E.S.S.); (K.R.M.)
| | - Evgeny Sergeevich Shlykov
- Mechnical Engineering Department, Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Perm 614990, Russia; (E.S.S.); (K.R.M.)
| | - Karim Ravilevich Muratov
- Mechnical Engineering Department, Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Perm 614990, Russia; (E.S.S.); (K.R.M.)
| | - Sarabjeet Singh Sidhu
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Sardar Beant Singh State University, Gurdaspur 143521, Punjab, India
| | - Dmitry Mikhailovich
- Institute of Technical Chemistry of the Ural Branch, RAS, Perm 614990, Russia;
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Paswan K, Pramanik A, Chattopadhyaya S, Sharma S, Singh G, Khan AM, Singh S. An Analysis of Machining Response Parameters, Crystalline Structures, and Surface Topography During EDM of Die-Steel Using EDM Oil and Liquid-Based Viscous Dielectrics: A Comparative Analysis of Machining Performance. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-023-07626-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Mouralova K, Bednar J, Benes L, Prokes T, Zahradnicek R, Fries J. Mathematical Models for Machining Optimization of Ampcoloy 35 with Different Thicknesses Using WEDM to Improve the Surface Properties of Mold Parts. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 16:100. [PMID: 36614437 PMCID: PMC9821618 DOI: 10.3390/ma16010100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) is an unconventional machining technology that can be used to machine materials with minimum electrical conductivity. The technology is often employed in the automotive industry, as it makes it possible to produce mold parts of complex shapes. Copper alloys are commonly used as electrodes for their high thermal conductivity. The subject of this study was creating mathematical models for the machining optimization of Ampcoloy 35 with different thicknesses (ranging from 5 to 160 mm with a step of 5 mm) using WEDM to improve the surface properties of the mold parts. The Box-Behnken type experiment was used with a total of 448 samples produced. The following machining parameters were altered over the course of the experiment: the pulse on and off time, discharge current, and material thickness. The cutting speed was measured, and the topography of the machined surfaces in the center and at the margins of the samples was analyzed. The morphology and subsurface layer were also studied. What makes this study unique is the large number of the tested thicknesses, ranging from 5 to 160 mm with a step of 5 mm. The contribution of this study to the automotive industry and plastic injection mold production is, therefore, significant. The regression models for the cutting speed and surface topography allow for efficient defect-free machining of Ampcoloy 35 of 5-160 mm thicknesses, both on the surface and in the subsurface layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Mouralova
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, 616 69 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Bednar
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, 616 69 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Libor Benes
- Faculty of Production Technologies and Management, Jan Evangelista Purkyně University, 400 96 Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Prokes
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, 616 69 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Zahradnicek
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, 616 69 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Fries
- Department of Machine and Industrial Design, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
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Fiber Laser Cutting of Cu–Zr Added Quaternary NiTi Shape Memory Alloy: Experimental Investigation and Optimization. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-022-07256-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kumar S, Jangir P, Tejani GG, Premkumar M. A Decomposition based Multi-Objective Heat Transfer Search algorithm for structure optimization. Knowl Based Syst 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.knosys.2022.109591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Dodun O, Slătineanu L, Nagîț G, Hrițuc A, Mihalache AM, Beșliu-Băncescu I. WEDM-Generated Slot Width Variation Modeling. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13081231. [PMID: 36014152 PMCID: PMC9412553 DOI: 10.3390/mi13081231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) is a process that is used when it is necessary to manufacture small-width slots with a micrometer accuracy or to precisely detach parts with complex contours from metal workpieces in the form of sheets or plates. The fact that the wire electrode rests only in the working zone in two of its guides allows it to achieve micrometric oscillations, leading to the generation of an error from the flat shape of the slot surfaces that gradually develops into the workpiece. The slot widths are influenced by several factors, such as the workpiece thickness, pulse-on time, pulse-off time, the wire tension force, the current, and the wire movement speed along its axis. Some theoretical assumptions about the behavior of the wire electrode were first considered. An experimental research plan was then designed to obtain additional information on the influence of the mentioned factors on the slot width in different positions of the cross-section through the slot. The statistical processing of the experimental results led to the elaboration of empirical mathematical models that highlight the order of influence and the intensity of the influence exerted by the factors mentioned above.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oana Dodun
- Department of Machine Manufacturing Technology, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iași, 700050 Iasi, Romania; (O.D.); (L.S.); (G.N.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Laurențiu Slătineanu
- Department of Machine Manufacturing Technology, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iași, 700050 Iasi, Romania; (O.D.); (L.S.); (G.N.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Gheorghe Nagîț
- Department of Machine Manufacturing Technology, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iași, 700050 Iasi, Romania; (O.D.); (L.S.); (G.N.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Adelina Hrițuc
- Department of Machine Manufacturing Technology, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iași, 700050 Iasi, Romania; (O.D.); (L.S.); (G.N.); (A.M.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-751-640-117
| | - Andrei Marius Mihalache
- Department of Machine Manufacturing Technology, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iași, 700050 Iasi, Romania; (O.D.); (L.S.); (G.N.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Irina Beșliu-Băncescu
- Department of Mechanics and Technologies, Ștefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania;
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Hmede R, Chapelle F, Lapusta Y. Review of Neural Network Modeling of Shape Memory Alloys. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22155610. [PMID: 35957170 PMCID: PMC9370891 DOI: 10.3390/s22155610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Shape memory materials are smart materials that stand out because of several remarkable properties, including their shape memory effect. Shape memory alloys (SMAs) are largely used members of this family and have been innovatively employed in various fields, such as sensors, actuators, robotics, aerospace, civil engineering, and medicine. Many conventional, unconventional, experimental, and numerical methods have been used to study the properties of SMAs, their models, and their different applications. These materials exhibit nonlinear behavior. This fact complicates the use of traditional methods, such as the finite element method, and increases the computing time necessary to adequately model their different possible shapes and usages. Therefore, a promising solution is to develop new methodological approaches based on artificial intelligence (AI) that aims at efficient computation time and accurate results. AI has recently demonstrated some success in efficiently modeling SMA features with machine- and deep-learning methods. Notably, artificial neural networks (ANNs), a subsection of deep learning, have been applied to characterize SMAs. The present review highlights the importance of AI in SMA modeling and introduces the deep connection between ANNs and SMAs in the medical, robotic, engineering, and automation fields. After summarizing the general characteristics of ANNs and SMAs, we analyze various ANN types used for modeling the properties of SMAs according to their shapes, e.g., a wire as an actuator, a wire with a spring bias, wire systems, magnetic and porous materials, bars and rings, and reinforced concrete beams. The description focuses on the techniques used for NN architectures and learning.
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Parametric Study and Investigations of Bead Geometries of GMAW-Based Wire–Arc Additive Manufacturing of 316L Stainless Steels. METALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/met12071232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Appropriate selection of wire–arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) variables imparts bead geometries with characteristics of multi-layer structures. Thus, the present study aimed to optimize the gas metal arc welding (GMAW)-based WAAM variables of travel speed (TS), wire feed speed (WFS), and voltage (V) for the bead geometries of bead width (BW) and bead height (BH) on an SS 316L substrate. Single-layer depositions were made through a metallic wire of SS 316L by following an experimental matrix of the Box–Behnken design (BBD) technique. Multivariable regression equations were generated for design variables and responses, and ANOVA was used to investigate the feasibility of the obtained regression equations. WFS was the highest contributor affecting the BW, followed by V and TS, while WFS was again the highest contributor affecting the BH, followed by TS and V. Heat transfer search (HTS) optimization was used to attain optimal combinations. The single-objective optimization result showed a maximum bead height and minimum bead width of 6.72 mm and 3.72 mm, respectively. A multi-layer structure was then fabricated by considering an optimization case study, and it showed optimized parameters at a WFS of 5.50 m/min, TS of 141 mm/min, and voltage of 19 V with the bead height and bead width of 5.01 mm and 7.81 mm, respectively. The multi-layered structure obtained at the optimized parameter was found to be free from disbonding, and seamless fusion was detected between the obtained layers of the structure. The authors believe that the present study will be beneficial for industrial applications for the fabrication of multi-layer structures.
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Chaudhari R, Kevalramani A, Vora J, Khanna S, Patel VK, Pimenov DY, Giasin K. Parametric Optimization and Influence of Near-Dry WEDM Variables on Nitinol Shape Memory Alloy. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13071026. [PMID: 35888844 PMCID: PMC9320167 DOI: 10.3390/mi13071026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Nitinol-shape memory alloys (SMAs) are widely preferred for applications of automobile, biomedical, aerospace, robotics, and other industrial area. Therefore, precise machining of Nitinol SMA plays a vital role in achieving better surface roughness, higher productivity and geometrical accuracy for the manufacturing of devices. Wire electric discharge machining (WEDM) has proven to be an appropriate technique for machining nitinol shape memory alloy (SMA). The present study investigated the influence of near-dry WEDM technique to reduce the environmental impact from wet WEDM. A parametric optimization was carried out with the consideration of design variables of current, pulse-on-time (Ton), and pulse-off-time (Toff) and their effect were studied on output characteristics of material removal rate (MRR), and surface roughness (SR) for near-dry WEDM of nitinol SMA. ANOVA was carried out for MRR, and SR using statistical analysis to investigate the impact of design variables on response measures. ANOVA results depicted the significance of the developed quadratic model for both MRR and SR. Current, and Ton were found to be major contributors on the response value of MRR, and SR, respectively. A teaching–learning-based optimization (TLBO) algorithm was employed to find the optimal combination of process parameters. Single-response optimization has yielded a maximum MRR of 1.114 mm3/s at Ton of 95 µs, Toff of 9 µs, current of 6 A. Least SR was obtained at Ton of 35 µs, Toff of 27 µs, current of 2 A with a predicted value of 2.81 µm. Near-dry WEDM process yielded an 8.94% reduction in MRR in comparison with wet-WEDM, while the performance of SR has been substantially improved by 41.56%. As per the obtained results from SEM micrographs, low viscosity, reduced thermal energy at IEG, and improved flushing of eroded material for air-mist mixture during NDWEDM has provided better surface morphology over the wet-WEDM process in terms of reduction in surface defects and better surface quality of nitinol SMA. Thus, for obtaining the better surface quality with reduced surface defects, near-dry WEDM process is largely suitable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Chaudhari
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Raysan, Gandhinagar 382007, India; (R.C.); (A.K.); (V.K.P.)
| | - Aniket Kevalramani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Raysan, Gandhinagar 382007, India; (R.C.); (A.K.); (V.K.P.)
| | - Jay Vora
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Raysan, Gandhinagar 382007, India; (R.C.); (A.K.); (V.K.P.)
- Correspondence: (J.V.); (K.G.)
| | | | - Vivek K. Patel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Raysan, Gandhinagar 382007, India; (R.C.); (A.K.); (V.K.P.)
| | - Danil Yurievich Pimenov
- Department of Automated Mechanical Engineering, South Ural State University, Lenin Prosp. 76, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia;
| | - Khaled Giasin
- School of Mechanical and Design Engineering, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3DJ, UK
- Correspondence: (J.V.); (K.G.)
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Singh R, Singh RP, Trehan R. Machine learning algorithms based advanced optimization of EDM parameters: An experimental investigation into shape memory alloys. SENSORS INTERNATIONAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sintl.2022.100179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Chaudhari R, Prajapati P, Khanna S, Vora J, Patel VK, Pimenov DY, Giasin K. Multi-Response Optimization of Al 2O 3 Nanopowder-Mixed Wire Electrical Discharge Machining Process Parameters of Nitinol Shape Memory Alloy. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15062018. [PMID: 35329469 PMCID: PMC8950695 DOI: 10.3390/ma15062018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Shape memory alloy (SMA), particularly those having a nickel-titanium combination, can memorize and regain original shape after heating. The superior properties of these alloys, such as better corrosion resistance, inherent shape memory effect, better wear resistance, and adequate superelasticity, as well as biocompatibility, make them a preferable alloy to be used in automotive, aerospace, actuators, robotics, medical, and many other engineering fields. Precise machining of such materials requires inputs of intellectual machining approaches, such as wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM). Machining capabilities of the process can further be enhanced by the addition of Al2O3 nanopowder in the dielectric fluid. Selected input machining process parameters include the following: pulse-on time (Ton), pulse-off time (Toff), and Al2O3 nanopowder concentration. Surface roughness (SR), material removal rate (MRR), and recast layer thickness (RLT) were identified as the response variables. In this study, Taguchi's three levels L9 approach was used to conduct experimental trials. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique was implemented to reaffirm the significance and adequacy of the regression model. Al2O3 nanopowder was found to have the highest contributing effect of 76.13% contribution, Ton was found to be the highest contributing factor for SR and RLT having 91.88% and 88.3% contribution, respectively. Single-objective optimization analysis generated the lowest MRR value of 0.3228 g/min (at Ton of 90 µs, Toff of 5 µs, and powder concentration of 2 g/L), the lowest SR value of 3.13 µm, and the lowest RLT value of 10.24 (both responses at Ton of 30 µs, Toff of 25 µs, and powder concentration of 2 g/L). A specific multi-objective Teaching-Learning-Based Optimization (TLBO) algorithm was implemented to generate optimal points which highlight the non-dominant feasible solutions. The least error between predicted and actual values suggests the effectiveness of both the regression model and the TLBO algorithms. Confirmatory trials have shown an extremely close relation which shows the suitability of both the regression model and the TLBO algorithm for the machining of the nanopowder-mixed WEDM process for Nitinol SMA. A considerable reduction in surface defects owing to the addition of Al2O3 powder was observed in surface morphology analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Chaudhari
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Raisan, Gandhinagar 382007, India; (R.C.); (P.P.); (V.K.P.)
| | - Parth Prajapati
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Raisan, Gandhinagar 382007, India; (R.C.); (P.P.); (V.K.P.)
| | - Sakshum Khanna
- Department of Solar Engineering, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Raisan, Gandhinagar 382007, India;
| | - Jay Vora
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Raisan, Gandhinagar 382007, India; (R.C.); (P.P.); (V.K.P.)
- Correspondence: (J.V.); (K.G.)
| | - Vivek K. Patel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Raisan, Gandhinagar 382007, India; (R.C.); (P.P.); (V.K.P.)
| | - Danil Yurievich Pimenov
- Department of Automated Mechanical Engineering, South Ural State University, Lenin Prosp. 76, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia;
| | - Khaled Giasin
- School of Mechanical and Design Engineering, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3DJ, UK
- Correspondence: (J.V.); (K.G.)
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Hou G, Gong L, Wang M, Yu X, Yang Z, Mou X. A novel linear active disturbance rejection controller for main steam temperature control based on the simultaneous heat transfer search. ISA TRANSACTIONS 2022; 122:357-370. [PMID: 34083082 DOI: 10.1016/j.isatra.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The main steam temperature of boiler outlet has been deemed as a significant parameter of the safety and economic performances in the thermal power plant operation. The complex working status of the thermal generation endures highly uncertain factors and remarkable disturbance, which call for effective controlling approaches in the corresponding temperature management. The linear active disturbance rejection controller (LADRC) is a conducive and powerful controlling method, whereas strong correlation between LADRC parameters leads to difficulties in optimally determining the controller parameters. Aiming at eliminating the negative effects on main steam temperature control caused by uncertainties factors and disturbances, a high performance LADRC based on a novel parameters optimization strategy, the simultaneous heat transfer search (SHTS) algorithm, is designed to deliver a stability, rapidity, and precision of control process. In the presented SHTS algorithm, all the three phases of heat transfer are randomly and parallel operated, providing a significant improvement towards the optimization performance. The proposed algorithm is first verified on various benchmark functions contrasted to state-of-the-art counterparts in performance validating, and then adopted in the parameter selection of LADRC in the main steam temperature control system. The excellent control performance, strong robustness and disturbance rejection ability of the designed approach are illustrated through the simulation results on main steam temperature control system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guolian Hou
- School of Control and Computer Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Linjuan Gong
- School of Control and Computer Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Mengyi Wang
- Digital Energy China, Schneider Electric China Operations Shanghai Branch, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Zhile Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Human-Machine Intelligence-Synergy Systems, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen, China.
| | - Xiaolin Mou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Human-Machine Intelligence-Synergy Systems, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen, China.
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Multi-Response Optimization of Abrasive Waterjet Machining of Ti6Al4V Using Integrated Approach of Utilized Heat Transfer Search Algorithm and RSM. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14247746. [PMID: 34947337 PMCID: PMC8708002 DOI: 10.3390/ma14247746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Machining of Titanium alloys (Ti6Al4V) becomes more vital due to its essential role in biomedical, aerospace, and many other industries owing to the enhanced engineering properties. In the current study, a Box–Behnken design of the response surface methodology (RSM) was used to investigate the performance of the abrasive water jet machining (AWJM) of Ti6Al4V. For process parameter optimization, a systematic strategy combining RSM and a heat-transfer search (HTS) algorithm was investigated. The nozzle traverse speed (Tv), abrasive mass flow rate (Af), and stand-off distance (Sd) were selected as AWJM variables, whereas the material removal rate (MRR), surface roughness (SR), and kerf taper angle (θ) were considered as output responses. Statistical models were developed for the response, and Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was executed for determining the robustness of responses. The single objective optimization result yielded a maximum MRR of 0.2304 g/min (at Tv of 250 mm/min, Af of 500 g/min, and Sd of 1.5 mm), a minimum SR of 2.99 µm, and a minimum θ of 1.72 (both responses at Tv of 150 mm/min, Af of 500 g/min, and Sd of 1.5 mm). A multi-objective HTS algorithm was implemented, and Pareto optimal points were produced. 3D and 2D plots were plotted using Pareto optimal points, which highlighted the non-dominant feasible solutions. The effectiveness of the suggested model was proved in predicting and optimizing the AWJM variables. The surface morphology of the machined surfaces was investigated using the scanning electron microscope. The confirmation test was performed using optimized cutting parameters to validate the results.
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Fuse K, Dalsaniya A, Modi D, Vora J, Pimenov DY, Giasin K, Prajapati P, Chaudhari R, Wojciechowski S. Integration of Fuzzy AHP and Fuzzy TOPSIS Methods for Wire Electric Discharge Machining of Titanium (Ti6Al4V) Alloy Using RSM. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:7408. [PMID: 34885563 PMCID: PMC8658822 DOI: 10.3390/ma14237408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Titanium and its alloys exhibit numerous uses in aerospace, automobile, biomedical and marine industries because of their enhanced mechanical properties. However, the machinability of titanium alloys can be cumbersome due to their lower density, high hardness, low thermal conductivity, and low elastic modulus. The wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) process is an effective choice for machining titanium and its alloys due to its unique machining characteristics. The present work proposes multi-objective optimization of WEDM on Ti6Al4V alloy using a fuzzy integrated multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) approach. The use of MCDM has become an active area of research due to its proven ability to solve complex problems. The novelty of the present work is to use integrated fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and fuzzy technique for order preference by similarity to ideal situation (TOPSIS) to optimize the WEDM process. The experiments were systematically conducted adapting the face-centered central composite design approach of response surface methodology. Three independent factors-pulse-on time (Ton), pulse-off time (Toff), and current-were chosen, each having three levels to monitor the process response in terms of cutting speed (VC), material removal rate (MRR), and surface roughness (SR). To assess the relevance and significance of the models, an analysis of variance was carried out. The optimal process parameters after integrating fuzzy AHP coupled with fuzzy TOPSIS approach found were Ton = 40 µs, Toff = 15 µs, and current = 2A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishan Fuse
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Raysan, Gandhinagar 382007, India; (K.F.); (A.D.); (D.M.); (J.V.); (P.P.)
| | - Arrown Dalsaniya
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Raysan, Gandhinagar 382007, India; (K.F.); (A.D.); (D.M.); (J.V.); (P.P.)
| | - Dhananj Modi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Raysan, Gandhinagar 382007, India; (K.F.); (A.D.); (D.M.); (J.V.); (P.P.)
| | - Jay Vora
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Raysan, Gandhinagar 382007, India; (K.F.); (A.D.); (D.M.); (J.V.); (P.P.)
| | - Danil Yurievich Pimenov
- Department of Automated Mechanical Engineering, South Ural State University, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia;
| | - Khaled Giasin
- School of Mechanical and Design Engineering, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3DJ, UK;
| | - Parth Prajapati
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Raysan, Gandhinagar 382007, India; (K.F.); (A.D.); (D.M.); (J.V.); (P.P.)
| | - Rakesh Chaudhari
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Raysan, Gandhinagar 382007, India; (K.F.); (A.D.); (D.M.); (J.V.); (P.P.)
| | - Szymon Wojciechowski
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Management, Poznan University of Technology, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
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16
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Machine learning and statistical approach in modeling and optimization of surface roughness in wire electrical discharge machining. MACHINE LEARNING WITH APPLICATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mlwa.2021.100099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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17
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Experimental Investigations and Pareto Optimization of Fiber Laser Cutting Process of Ti6Al4V. METALS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/met11091461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the current study, laser cutting of Ti6Al4V was accomplished using Taguchi’s L9 orthogonal array (OA). Laser power, cutting speed, and gas pressure were selected as input process parameters, whereas surface roughness (SR), kerf width, dross height, and material removal rate (MRR) were considered as output variables. The effects of input variables were analyzed through the analysis of variance (ANOVA), main effect plots, residual plots, and contour plots. A heat transfer search algorithm was used to optimize the parameters for the single objective function including higher MRR, minimum SR, minimum dross, and minimum kerf. A multi-objective heat transfer search algorithm was used to create non-dominant optimal Pareto points, giving unique optimal solutions with the corresponding input parameters. For better understanding and ease of selection of input parameters in industry and by scientists, a Pareto graph (2D and 3D graph) is generated from the Pareto points.
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18
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Liu C, Yang X, Peng S, Zhang Y, Peng L, Zhong RY. Spark Analysis Based on the CNN-GRU Model for WEDM Process. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12060702. [PMID: 34208519 PMCID: PMC8235280 DOI: 10.3390/mi12060702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM), widely used to fabricate micro and precision parts in manufacturing industry, is a nontraditional machining method using discharge energy which is transformed into thermal energy to efficiently remove materials. A great amount of research has been conducted based on pulse characteristics. However, the spark image-based approach has little research reported. This paper proposes a discharge spark image-based approach. A model is introduced to predict the discharge status using spark image features through a synchronous high-speed image and waveform acquisition system. First, the relationship between the spark image features (e.g., area, energy, energy density, distribution, etc.) and discharge status is explored by a set of experiments). Traditional methods have claimed that pulse waveform of “short” status is related to the status of non-machining while through our research, it is concluded that this is not always true by conducting experiments based on the spark images. Second, a deep learning model based on Convolution neural network (CNN) and Gated recurrent unit (GRU) is proposed to predict the discharge status. A time series of spark image features extracted by CNN form a 3D feature space is used to predict the discharge status through GRU. Moreover, a quantitative labeling method of machining state is proposed to improve the stability of the model. Due the effective features and the quantitative labeling method, the proposed approach achieves better predict result comparing with the single GRU model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhong Liu
- School of Electromechanical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China;
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China;
| | - Xingxin Yang
- School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (X.Y.); (S.P.)
| | - Shaohu Peng
- School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (X.Y.); (S.P.)
| | - Yongjun Zhang
- School of Electromechanical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China;
- Correspondence:
| | - Lingxi Peng
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China;
| | - Ray Y. Zhong
- Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China;
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19
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Chaudhari R, Vora J, López de Lacalle L, Khanna S, Patel VK, Ayesta I. Parametric Optimization and Effect of Nano-Graphene Mixed Dielectric Fluid on Performance of Wire Electrical Discharge Machining Process of Ni 55.8Ti Shape Memory Alloy. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14102533. [PMID: 34068107 PMCID: PMC8152769 DOI: 10.3390/ma14102533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the current scenario of manufacturing competitiveness, it is a requirement that new technologies are implemented in order to overcome the challenges of achieving component accuracy, high quality, acceptable surface finish, an increase in the production rate, and enhanced product life with a reduced environmental impact. Along with these conventional challenges, the machining of newly developed smart materials, such as shape memory alloys, also require inputs of intelligent machining strategies. Wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) is one of the non-traditional machining methods which is independent of the mechanical properties of the work sample and is best suited for machining nitinol shape memory alloys. Nano powder-mixed dielectric fluid for the WEDM process is one of the ways of improving the process capabilities. In the current study, Taguchi's L16 orthogonal array was implemented to perform the experiments. Current, pulse-on time, pulse-off time, and nano-graphene powder concentration were selected as input process parameters, with material removal rate (MRR) and surface roughness (SR) as output machining characteristics for investigations. The heat transfer search (HTS) algorithm was implemented for obtaining optimal combinations of input parameters for MRR and SR. Single objective optimization showed a maximum MRR of 1.55 mm3/s, and minimum SR of 2.68 µm. The Pareto curve was generated which gives the optimal non-dominant solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Chaudhari
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Raisan, Gandhinagar 382007, India; (R.C.); (V.K.P.)
| | - Jay Vora
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Raisan, Gandhinagar 382007, India; (R.C.); (V.K.P.)
- Correspondence: (J.V.); (L.L.d.L.)
| | - L.N. López de Lacalle
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of the Basque Country, Escuela Superior de Ingenieros Alameda de Urquijo s/n., 48013 Bilbao, Spain;
- Correspondence: (J.V.); (L.L.d.L.)
| | - Sakshum Khanna
- Department of Solar Energy, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Raisan, Gandhinagar 382007, India;
- Journal of Visualized Experiments, New Delhi 110002, India
| | - Vivek K. Patel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Raisan, Gandhinagar 382007, India; (R.C.); (V.K.P.)
| | - Izaro Ayesta
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of the Basque Country, Escuela Superior de Ingenieros Alameda de Urquijo s/n., 48013 Bilbao, Spain;
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20
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Chaudhari R, Vora JJ, Patel V, de Lacalle LNL, Parikh DM. Effect of WEDM Process Parameters on Surface Morphology of Nitinol Shape Memory Alloy. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13214943. [PMID: 33153190 PMCID: PMC7663334 DOI: 10.3390/ma13214943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Nickel–titanium shape memory alloys (SMAs) have started becoming popular owing to their unique ability to memorize or regain their original shape from the plastically deformed condition by means of heating or magnetic or mechanical loading. Nickel–titanium alloys, commonly known as nitinol, have been widely used in actuators, microelectromechanical system (MEMS) devices, and many other applications, including in the biomedical, aerospace, and automotive fields. However, nitinol is a difficult-to-cut material because of its versatile specific properties such as the shape memory effect, superelasticity, high specific strength, high wear and corrosion resistance, and severe strain hardening. There are several challenges faced when machining nitinol SMA with conventional machining techniques. Noncontact operation of the wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) process between the tool (wire) and workpiece significantly eliminates the problems of conventional machining processes. The WEDM process consists of multiple input parameters that should be controlled to obtain great surface quality. In this study, the effect of WEDM process parameters on the surface morphology of nitinol SMA was studied using 3D surface analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. 3D surface analysis results indicated a higher value of surface roughness (SR) on the top of the work surface and a lower SR on the bottom portion of the work surface. The surface morphology of the machined sample obtained at optimized parameters showed a reduction in microcracks, micropores, and globules in comparison with the machined surface obtained at a high discharge energy level. EDX analysis indicated a machined surface free of molybdenum (tool electrode).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Chaudhari
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University, Raisan, Gandhinagar 382007, India; (R.C.); (J.J.V.); (D.M.P.)
| | - Jay J. Vora
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University, Raisan, Gandhinagar 382007, India; (R.C.); (J.J.V.); (D.M.P.)
| | - Vivek Patel
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shaanxi 710072, China;
- Department of Engineering Science, Division of Welding Technology, University West, 46186 Trollhättan, Sweden
| | - L. N. López de Lacalle
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of the Basque Country, Escuela Superior de Ingenieros Alameda de Urquijo s/n., 48013 Bilbao, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - D. M. Parikh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University, Raisan, Gandhinagar 382007, India; (R.C.); (J.J.V.); (D.M.P.)
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21
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Experimental Study of Tool Wear in Electrochemical Discharge Machining. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10155039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical discharge machining (ECDM) is an emerging special processing technology for non-conductive hard and brittle materials, but it may encounter the problem of tool wear due to its process characteristics, which affects the processing accuracy. In this study, in the non-machining state, the tungsten carbide spiral cathode with a diameter of 400 μm was selected to analyze the influencing mechanism of the process parameters on tool wear, and a suitable voltage range for the processing was obtained. The influence of the cathode’s loss behavior on the film formation time and the average current of spark discharge was discussed based on the current signal. The results show that the tool wear mainly appears from the bottom to the end and edge tip of the protrusion. Loss is mainly in the form of local material melting or gasification at high temperature. In addition, the loss may shorten the film formation time, but the effect on the average current of spark discharge is small.
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22
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Nasakina EO, Konushkin SV, Sudarchikova MA, Sergienko KV, Baikin AS, Tsareva AM, Kaplan MA, Kolmakov AG, Sevost’yanov MA. Obtaining a Wire of Biocompatible Superelastic Alloy Ti-28Nb-5Zr. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E2187. [PMID: 32397478 PMCID: PMC7254264 DOI: 10.3390/ma13092187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Using the methods of electric arc melting, intermediate heat treatments, and consecutive intensive plastic deformation, a Ti-Nb-Zr alloy wire with a diameter of 1200 μm was obtained with a homogeneous chemical and phase (β-Ti body-centered crystal lattice) composition corresponding to the presence of superelasticity and shape memory effect, corrosion resistance and biocompatibility. Perhaps the wire structure is represented by grains with a nanoscale diameter. For the wire obtained after stabilizing annealing, the proof strength Rp0.2 is 635 MPa, tensile strength is 840 MPa and Young's modulus is 22 GPa, relative elongation is 6.76%. No toxicity was detected. The resulting wire is considered to be promising for medical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena O. Nasakina
- A.A. Baikov Institute of Metallurgy and Material Science RAS (IMET RAS), Institution of Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect, 49, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (S.V.K.); (M.A.S.); (K.V.S.); (A.S.B.); (A.M.T.); (M.A.K.); (A.G.K.); (M.A.S.)
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23
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Chaudhari R, Vora JJ, Patel V, López de Lacalle LN, Parikh DM. Surface Analysis of Wire-Electrical-Discharge-Machining-Processed Shape-Memory Alloys. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13030530. [PMID: 31979023 PMCID: PMC7040585 DOI: 10.3390/ma13030530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Shape-memory alloys such as nitinol are gaining popularity as advanced materials in the aerospace, medical, and automobile sectors. However, nitinol is a difficult-to-cut material because of its versatile specific properties such as the shape-memory effect, superelasticity, high specific strength, high wear and corrosion resistance, and severe strain hardening. Anunconventional machining process like wire-electrical-discharge-machining (WEDM) can be effectively and efficiently used for the machining of such alloys, although the WEDM-induced surface integrity of nitinol hassignificant impact on material performance. Therefore, this work investigated the surface integrity of WEDM-processed nitinol samples using digital microscopy imaging, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. Three-dimensional analysis of the surfaces was carried out in two different patterns (along the periphery and the vertical plane of the machined surface) andrevealed that surface roughness was maximalat the point where the surface was largely exposed to the WEDM dielectric fluid. To attain the desired surface roughness, appropriate discharge energy is required that, in turn, requires the appropriate parameter settings of the WEDM process. Different SEM image analyses showed a reduction in microcracks and pores, and in globule-density size at optimized parameters. EDX analysis revealed the absence of wire material on the machined surface
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Chaudhari
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University, Raisan, Gandhinagar 382007, India; (R.C.); (V.P.)
| | - Jay J. Vora
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University, Raisan, Gandhinagar 382007, India; (R.C.); (V.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Vivek Patel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University, Raisan, Gandhinagar 382007, India; (R.C.); (V.P.)
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710129, China
| | - L. N. López de Lacalle
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of the Basque Country, Escuela Superior de Ingenieros Alameda de Urquijo s/n., 48013 Bilbao, Spain;
| | - D. M. Parikh
- Department of Industrial Engineering, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University, Raisan, Gandhinagar 382007, India;
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