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Zulkepli N, Yunas J, Mohammad Haniff MAS, Dedi, Sirat MS, Johari MH, Mohd Maidin NN, Mohd Raub AA, Hamzah AA. Synthesis and Characterization of SiO 2-Based Graphene Nanoballs Using Copper-Vapor-Assisted APCVD for Thermoelectric Application. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:618. [PMID: 38607152 PMCID: PMC11013761 DOI: 10.3390/nano14070618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
This study describes a method by which to synthesize SiO2-based graphene nanoballs (SGB) using atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition (APCVD) with copper vapor assistance. This method should solve the contamination, damage, and high costs associated with silica-based indirect graphene synthesis. The SGB was synthesized using APCVD, which was optimized using the Taguchi method. Multiple synthesis factors were optimized and investigated to find the ideal synthesis condition to grow SGB for thermoelectric (TE) applications. Raman spectra and FESEM-EDX reveal that the graphene formed on the silicon nanoparticles (SNP) is free from copper. The prepared SGB has excellent electrical conductivity (75.0 S/cm), which shows better results than the previous report. Furthermore, the SGB nanofillers in bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3) nanocomposites as TE materials exhibit a significant increment in Seebeck coefficients (S) compared to the pure Bi2Te3 sample from 109 to 170 μV/K at 400 K, as well as electrical resistivity decrement. This approach would offer a simple strategy to improve the TE performance of commercially available TE materials, which is critical for large-scale industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurkhaizan Zulkepli
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronic (IMEN), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 46300, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.Z.); (M.A.S.M.H.); (M.S.S.); (M.H.J.); (N.N.M.M.); (A.A.M.R.)
- Centre of Foundation Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Dengkil, Dengkil 43800, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jumril Yunas
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronic (IMEN), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 46300, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.Z.); (M.A.S.M.H.); (M.S.S.); (M.H.J.); (N.N.M.M.); (A.A.M.R.)
| | - Muhammad Aniq Shazni Mohammad Haniff
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronic (IMEN), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 46300, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.Z.); (M.A.S.M.H.); (M.S.S.); (M.H.J.); (N.N.M.M.); (A.A.M.R.)
| | - Dedi
- Research Center for Advanced Materials, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), South Tangerang 15314, Banten, Indonesia;
| | - Mohamad Shukri Sirat
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronic (IMEN), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 46300, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.Z.); (M.A.S.M.H.); (M.S.S.); (M.H.J.); (N.N.M.M.); (A.A.M.R.)
| | - Muhammad Hilmi Johari
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronic (IMEN), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 46300, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.Z.); (M.A.S.M.H.); (M.S.S.); (M.H.J.); (N.N.M.M.); (A.A.M.R.)
| | - Nur Nasyifa Mohd Maidin
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronic (IMEN), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 46300, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.Z.); (M.A.S.M.H.); (M.S.S.); (M.H.J.); (N.N.M.M.); (A.A.M.R.)
| | - Aini Ayunni Mohd Raub
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronic (IMEN), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 46300, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.Z.); (M.A.S.M.H.); (M.S.S.); (M.H.J.); (N.N.M.M.); (A.A.M.R.)
| | - Azrul Azlan Hamzah
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronic (IMEN), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 46300, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.Z.); (M.A.S.M.H.); (M.S.S.); (M.H.J.); (N.N.M.M.); (A.A.M.R.)
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Bhatnagar P, Vashaee D. Development of MEMS Process Compatible (Bi,Sb) 2(Se,Te) 3-Based Thin Films for Scalable Fabrication of Planar Micro-Thermoelectric Generators. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:1459. [PMID: 36144082 PMCID: PMC9501491 DOI: 10.3390/mi13091459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Bismuth telluride-based thin films have been investigated as the active material in flexible and micro thermoelectric generators (TEGs) for near room-temperature energy harvesting applications. The latter is a class of compact printed circuit board compatible devices conceptualized for operation at low-temperature gradients to generate power for wireless sensor nodes (WSNs), the fundamental units of the Internet-of-Things (IoT). CMOS and MEMS compatible micro-TEGs require thin films that can be integrated into the fabrication flow without compromising their thermoelectric properties. We present results on the thermoelectric properties of (Bi,Sb)2(Se,Te)3 thin films deposited via thermal evaporation of ternary compound pellets on four-inch SiO2 substrates at room temperature. Thin-film compositions and post-deposition annealing parameters are optimized to achieve power factors of 2.75 mW m-1 K-2 and 0.59 mW m-1 K-2 for p-type and n-type thin films. The measurement setup is optimized to characterize the thin-film properties accurately. Thin-film adhesion is further tested and optimized on several substrates. Successful lift-off of p-type and n-type thin films is completed on the same wafer to create thermocouple patterns as per the target device design proving compatibility with the standard MEMS fabrication process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prithu Bhatnagar
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Daryoosh Vashaee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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Sun M, Zhang P, Li Q, Tang G, Zhang T, Chen D, Qian Q. Enhanced N-Type Bismuth-Telluride-Based Thermoelectric Fibers via Thermal Drawing and Bridgman Annealing. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15155331. [PMID: 35955267 PMCID: PMC9369927 DOI: 10.3390/ma15155331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
N-type bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3) based thermoelectric (TE) fibers were fabricated by thermal drawing and Bridgman annealing, and the influence of Bridgman annealing on the TE properties of n-type Bi2Te3-based TE fibers was studied. The Bridgman annealing enhanced the electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficient because of increasing crystalline orientation and decreasing detrimental elemental enrichment. The TE performance of n-type Bi2Te3-based TE fibers was improved significantly by enhancing the power factor. Hence the power factor increased from 0.14 to 0.93 mW/mK2, and the figure-of-merit value is from 0.11 to 0.43 at ~300 K, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research and Development Center of Special Optical Fiber Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fiber Laser Materials and Applied Techniques, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; (M.S.); (P.Z.); (Q.L.); (G.T.)
| | - Pengyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research and Development Center of Special Optical Fiber Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fiber Laser Materials and Applied Techniques, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; (M.S.); (P.Z.); (Q.L.); (G.T.)
- Nanjing Institute of Future Energy System, Nanjing 211135, China;
| | - Qingmin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research and Development Center of Special Optical Fiber Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fiber Laser Materials and Applied Techniques, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; (M.S.); (P.Z.); (Q.L.); (G.T.)
- China Electronics Technology Group Corporation, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Guowu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research and Development Center of Special Optical Fiber Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fiber Laser Materials and Applied Techniques, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; (M.S.); (P.Z.); (Q.L.); (G.T.)
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Nanjing Institute of Future Energy System, Nanjing 211135, China;
- Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, Innovation Academy for Light-Duty Gas Turbine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Dongdan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research and Development Center of Special Optical Fiber Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fiber Laser Materials and Applied Techniques, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; (M.S.); (P.Z.); (Q.L.); (G.T.)
- Correspondence: (D.C.); (Q.Q.)
| | - Qi Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research and Development Center of Special Optical Fiber Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fiber Laser Materials and Applied Techniques, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; (M.S.); (P.Z.); (Q.L.); (G.T.)
- Correspondence: (D.C.); (Q.Q.)
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Zulkepli N, Yunas J, Mohamed MA, Hamzah AA. Review of Thermoelectric Generators at Low Operating Temperatures: Working Principles and Materials. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:734. [PMID: 34206662 PMCID: PMC8303398 DOI: 10.3390/mi12070734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Thermoelectric generators (TEGs) are a form of energy harvester and eco-friendly power generation system that directly transform thermal energy into electrical energy. The thermoelectric (TE) method of energy harvesting takes advantage of the Seebeck effect, which offers a simple solution for fulfilling the power-supply demand in almost every electronics system. A high-temperature condition is commonly essential in the working mechanism of the TE device, which unfortunately limits the potential implementation of the device. This paper presents an in-depth analysis of TEGs at low operating temperature. The review starts with an extensive description of their fundamental working principles, structure, physical properties, and the figure of merit (ZT). An overview of the associated key challenges in optimising ZT value according to the physical properties is discussed, including the state of the art of the advanced approaches in ZT optimisation. Finally, this manuscript summarises the research status of Bi2Te3-based semiconductors and other compound materials as potential materials for TE generators working at low operating temperatures. The improved TE materials suggest that TE power-generation technology is essential for sustainable power generation at near-room temperature to satisfy the requirement for reliable energy supplies in low-power electrical/electronics systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurkhaizan Zulkepli
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronic (IMEN), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 46300, Malaysia; (N.Z.); (M.A.M.)
- Centre of Foundation Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Dengkil, Dengkil 43800, Malaysia
| | - Jumril Yunas
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronic (IMEN), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 46300, Malaysia; (N.Z.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Mohd Ambri Mohamed
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronic (IMEN), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 46300, Malaysia; (N.Z.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Azrul Azlan Hamzah
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronic (IMEN), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 46300, Malaysia; (N.Z.); (M.A.M.)
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Malhotra A, Hosseini M, Hooshmand Zaferani S, Hall M, Vashaee D. Enhancement of Diffusion, Densification and Solid-State Reactions in Dielectric Materials Due to Interfacial Interaction of Microwave Radiation: Theory and Experiment. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:50941-50952. [PMID: 33090756 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c09719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A detailed theoretical model and experimental study are presented that formulate and prove the existence of a robust ponderomotive force (PMF) near the interfaces in a granular dielectric material under microwave radiation. The model calculations show that the net direction of the PMF is pore angle-dependent. For most of the pore angles, the net force is towards the interface creating a mass transport that fills the interfacial pores and facilitates densification. For small ranges of angles, near 180o and 360o, PMF drives the ions in the reverse direction and depletes the pores. However, the net force for such ranges of angles is small. The PMF also enhances the diffusion of the mobile ionic species and, consequently, accelerates the solid-state reaction by increasing the collision probability. The proof-of-concept experiments show that a mixture of elemental powders can diffuse, react, and form dense materials when radiated by the microwave in just a few minutes. Such characteristics, together with field-induced decrystallization, offer a novel and simple approach for the synthesis of nanostructured compounds, which can have practical implications in ceramic technologies and thermoelectric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Malhotra
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Mahshid Hosseini
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering,North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
- Physics Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Sadeq Hooshmand Zaferani
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Michael Hall
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering,North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Daryoosh Vashaee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering,North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
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Effect of Microwave Processing and Glass Inclusions on Thermoelectric Properties of P-Type Bismuth Antimony Telluride Alloys for Wearable Applications. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13174524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Depending on the application of bismuth telluride thermoelectric materials in cooling, waste heat recovery, or wearable electronics, their material properties, and geometrical dimensions should be designed to optimize their performance. Recently, thermoelectric materials have gained a lot of interest in wearable electronic devices for body heat harvesting and cooling purposes. For efficient wearable electronic devices, thermoelectric materials with optimum properties, i.e., low thermal conductivity, high Seebeck coefficient, and high thermoelectric figure-of-merit (zT) at room temperature, are demanded. In this paper, we investigate the effect of glass inclusion, microwave processing, and annealing on the synthesis of high-performance p-type (BixSb1−x)2Te3 nanocomposites, optimized specially for body heat harvesting and body cooling applications. Our results show that glass inclusion could enhance the room temperature Seebeck coefficient by more than 10% while maintaining zT the same. Moreover, the combination of microwave radiation and post-annealing enables a 25% enhancement of zT at room temperature. A thermoelectric generator wristband, made of the developed materials, generates 300 μW power and 323 mV voltage when connected to the human body. Consequently, MW processing provides a new and effective way of synthesizing p-type (BixSb1−x)2Te3 alloys with optimum transport properties.
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Nozariasbmarz A, Poudel B, Li W, Kang HB, Zhu H, Priya S. Bismuth Telluride Thermoelectrics with 8% Module Efficiency for Waste Heat Recovery Application. iScience 2020; 23:101340. [PMID: 32688286 PMCID: PMC7369584 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermoelectric generators (TEGs) offer cost-effective and sustainable solid-state energy conversion mechanism from wasted heat into useful electrical power. Thermoelectric (TE) materials based upon bismuth telluride (BiTe) systems are widely utilized in applications ranging from energy generation to sensing to cooling. There is demand for BiTe materials with high figure of merit (zT) and TEG modules with high conversion efficiency over intermediate temperatures (25°C–250°C). Here we provide fundamental breakthrough in design of BiTe-based TE materials and utilize them to demonstrate modules with outstanding conversion efficiency of 8%, which is 40% higher compared with state-of-the-art commercial modules. The average zT of 1.08 for p-type and 0.84 for n-type bismuth telluride alloys is obtained between 25 and 250°C. The significant enhancement in zT is achieved through compositional and defect engineering in both p- and n-type materials. The high conversion efficiency accelerates the transition of TEGs for waste heat recovery. Significant improvement in design of bismuth telluride alloys is demonstrated High peak and average zT are obtained in both p- and n-type bismuth telluride alloys Thermoelectric generator with conversion efficiency of 8% is fabricated High efficiency accelerates the transition of TEGs for waste heat recovery
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Nozariasbmarz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Bed Poudel
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Wenjie Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Han Byul Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Hangtian Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Shashank Priya
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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Jia K, Yang CL, Wang MS, Ma XG. High thermoelectric figure of merit and thermopower of HfTe 5at room temperature. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2020; 32:345501. [PMID: 32252030 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ab86ef] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We predict a high thermoelectric efficiency of HfTe5, based on the first-principles calculations of the electronic structure and thermal conductivity, and the transport coefficients obtained by using the semi-classical Boltzmann transport theory in a wide temperature and carrier concentration range. The lattice thermal conductivity is calculated based on the Slack model and the result is in good agreement with the experimental value. The results of all the thermoelectric transport coefficients demonstrate anisotropic characteristics with the obvious small values along with thebdirection. The figure of meritZTcomputed with a temperature-dependent relaxation time can reach 2.68 along with thecdirection of the n-type HfTe5at 300 K and an optimal carrier concentration of 5.80 × 1019cm-3. The Seebeck thermopower coefficients are between 100 and 300μV K-1at the optimal carrier concentration, but can reach nearly 1000μV K-1at low concentration. Therefore, HfTe5could achieve high thermoelectric performance at room temperature by controlling the transport direction and carrier concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Jia
- School of Physics and Optoelectronics Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuan-Lu Yang
- School of Physics and Optoelectronics Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei-Shan Wang
- School of Physics and Optoelectronics Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Guang Ma
- School of Physics and Optoelectronics Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, People's Republic of China
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Nozariasbmarz A, Kishore RA, Poudel B, Saparamadu U, Li W, Cruz R, Priya S. High Power Density Body Heat Energy Harvesting. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:40107-40113. [PMID: 31577411 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b14823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Thermoelectric generators (TEGs) can convert body heat into electricity, thereby providing a continuous power source for wearable and implantable devices. For wearables, the low fill factor (area occupied by legs over the TEG base area) TEG modules are relevant as they provide large thermal gradient across the legs and require less material, which reduces the cost and weight. However, TEGs with a fill factor below 15% suffer from reduced mechanical robustness; consequently, commercial modules are usually fabricated with a fill factor in the range of 25-50%. In this study, TEG modules with a low and high fill factor are demonstrated and their performance is compared in harvesting body heat. Fabricated modules demonstrate ∼80% output power enhancement as compared to commercially available designs, resulting in high power density of up to 35 μW/cm2 in a steady state. This enhanced power is achieved by using two-third less thermoelectric materials in comparison to commercial modules. These results will advance the ongoing development of wearable devices by providing a consistent high specific power density source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Nozariasbmarz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - Ravi Anant Kishore
- Center for Energy Harvesting Materials and Systems , Virginia Tech , Blacksburg , Virginia 24061 , United States
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory , Golden , Colorado 80401 , United States
| | - Bed Poudel
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - Udara Saparamadu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - Wenjie Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - Ricardo Cruz
- Center for Energy Harvesting Materials and Systems , Virginia Tech , Blacksburg , Virginia 24061 , United States
| | - Shashank Priya
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
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