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Gou H, Rupasinghe M, Sofi M, Sharma R, Ranzi G, Mendis P, Zhang Z. A Review on Cementitious and Geopolymer Composites with Lithium Slag Incorporation. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 17:142. [PMID: 38203995 PMCID: PMC10779632 DOI: 10.3390/ma17010142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
This study critically reviews lithium slag (LS) as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM), thereby examining its physiochemical characteristics, mechanical properties, and durability within cementitious and geopolymer composites. The review reveals that LS's particle size distribution is comparable to fly ash (FA) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), which suggests it can enhance densification and nucleation in concrete. The mechanical treatment of LS promotes early hydration by increasing the solubility of aluminum, lithium, and silicon. LS's compositional similarity to FA endows it with low-calcium, high-reactivity properties that are suitable for cementitious and geopolymeric applications. Increasing the LS content reduces setting times and flowability while initially enhancing mechanical properties, albeit with diminishing returns beyond a 30% threshold. LS significantly improves chloride ion resistance and impacts drying shrinkage variably. This study categorizes LS's role in concrete as a filler, pozzolan, and nucleation agent, thereby contributing to the material's overall reduced porosity and increased durability. Economically, LS's cost is substantially lower than FA's; meanwhile, its environmental footprint is comparable to GGBS, thereby making it a sustainable and cost-effective alternative. Notwithstanding, there is a necessity for further research on LS's fine-tuning through grinding, its tensile properties, its performance under environmental duress, and its pozzolanic reactivity to maximize its utility in concrete technologies. This study comprehensively discusses the current strengths and weaknesses of LS in the field of building materials, thereby offering fresh perspectives and methodologies to enhance its performance, improve its application efficiency, and broaden its scope. These efforts are driving the sustainable and green development of LS in waste utilization and advanced concrete technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxiang Gou
- Department of Infrastructure Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3053, Australia; (H.G.); (M.R.); (M.S.); (P.M.)
| | - Madhuwanthi Rupasinghe
- Department of Infrastructure Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3053, Australia; (H.G.); (M.R.); (M.S.); (P.M.)
| | - Massoud Sofi
- Department of Infrastructure Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3053, Australia; (H.G.); (M.R.); (M.S.); (P.M.)
| | - Rajesh Sharma
- Tianqi Lithium Energy Australia, Kwinana 6167, Australia;
| | - Gianluca Ranzi
- Centre for Advanced Structural Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia;
| | - Priyan Mendis
- Department of Infrastructure Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3053, Australia; (H.G.); (M.R.); (M.S.); (P.M.)
| | - Zipeng Zhang
- Department of Infrastructure Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3053, Australia; (H.G.); (M.R.); (M.S.); (P.M.)
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Lubas M, Zawada A, Jasinski JJ, Nowak A. Experimental Study of Amphibolite-Basalt (SiO 2-AlO 3-CaO-Fe 2O 3) Glasses for Glass-Ceramic Materials Production. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6887. [PMID: 37959484 PMCID: PMC10650529 DOI: 10.3390/ma16216887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The paper presents research on multicomponent glasses obtained from natural and secondary raw materials, i.e., basalt, amphibolite, and cullet. The raw materials were used as potential sets to produce mineral fibres or glass-ceramic materials. FTIR spectroscopy and XRD studies were carried out to identify the composition of the phase type in the glass sets. The results were supported by SEM-EDS microstructural studies of the obtained materials. The ability of the melts to crystallize and their basic properties required in producing mineral fibres, i.e., the hardness and the acidity modulus, were also determined. In the glass samples after the crystallization process, the spectroscopic studies revealed an increase in the half-width of the band at 1200-800 cm-1 and splitting at the values of about 870 cm-1 and 970 cm-1. These changes probably indicate the formation of pyroxene-type crystalline phases. Moreover, based on the XRD results, it was confirmed that the obtained materials were fully amorphous. After annealing at 800 °C for 2 h, the materials show a small proportion of crystalline phases. For the materials annealed at higher temperatures, clear peaks from the crystalline phases were represented mainly by pyroxenes. The proportion of crystalline phases in the samples was also found to rise with increasing temperature, and the hardness values for the basalt glasses and glasses after crystallization rose from 753 to 946 HV0.05. Such an effect positively affects the properties of the obtained glass-ceramic materials based on the proposed sets. However, in the case of mineral fibres, crystallization at early 2 h at 800 °C can be a disadvantageous feature from the point of view of their application because crystalline phases can lead to fibre damage after a short period of operation; this will be confirmed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Lubas
- The Czestochowa University of Technology, Department of Materials Engineering, Armii Krajowej 19, 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland;
| | - Anna Zawada
- The Czestochowa University of Technology, Department of Materials Engineering, Armii Krajowej 19, 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland;
| | - Jaroslaw Jan Jasinski
- National Centre for Nuclear Research, Centre of Excellence NOMATEN, A. Soltana 7 St., 05-400 Otwock, Poland;
| | - Adrian Nowak
- The Czestochowa University of Technology, Doctoral School of CUT, Dabrowskiego 69, 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland;
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Wang J, Han F, Yang B, Xing Z, Liu T. A study of the solidification and stability mechanisms of heavy metals in electrolytic manganese slag-based glass-ceramics. Front Chem 2022; 10:989087. [PMID: 36212073 PMCID: PMC9532544 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.989087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To better solve the waste pollution problem generated by the electrolytic manganese industry, electrolytic manganese slag as the main raw material, chromium iron slag, and pure chemical reagents containing heavy metal elements mixed with electrolytic manganese slag doping. A parent glass was formed by melting the slag mixture at 1,250°C, which was, thereafter, heat-treated at 900°C to obtain the glass-ceramic. The results from characterizations showed that the heavy metal elements in the glass-ceramic system were well solidified and isolated, with a leakage concentration at a relatively low level. After crystallization, the curing rates of harmful heavy metals all exceed 99.9%. The mechanisms of heavy metal migration, transformation, and solidification/isolation in glass-ceramic curing bodies were investigated by using characterization methods such as chemical elemental morphological analysis, transmission electron microscopy, and electron microprobe. The most toxic Cr and Mn elements were found to be mainly kept in their residual state in the glass-ceramic system. It was concluded that the curing mechanism of the heavy metals in a glass-ceramic can either be explained by the chemical curing induced by bonding (or interaction) during phase formation, or by physical encapsulation. Characterization by using both Transmission electron microscopy and EPMA confirmed that Cr and Mn were mainly present in the newly formed spinel phase, while the diopside phase contained a small amount of Mn. Zn, Cd, and Pb are not found to be concentrated and uniformly dispersed in the system, which is speculated to be physical coating and curing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Wang
- School of Material Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Fenglan Han
- School of Material Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, China
- International Scientific & Technological Cooperation Base of Industrial Waste Recycling and Advanced Materials, Yinchuan, China
- *Correspondence: Fenglan Han,
| | - Baoguo Yang
- Ningxia Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Survey, Yinchuan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Basin Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhibing Xing
- School of Material Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Tengteng Liu
- School of Material Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, China
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Chen D, Zhang Y, Xu Y, Nie Q, Yang Z, Sheng W, Qian G. Municipal solid waste incineration residues recycled for typical construction materials-a review. RSC Adv 2022; 12:6279-6291. [PMID: 35424531 PMCID: PMC8981596 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra08050d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Focusing on the great potential of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) residues in the construction sector, the applications of recycling MSWI residues in construction materials are discussed in this review. Incineration is a promising method for managing the great quantity of municipal solid waste (MSW). Careful handling of incineration residues including fly ash, air pollution control (APC) residues, and bottom ash is required for this approach. The yield of these residues is large, and they contain many toxic and harmful substances. On the other hand, these residues contain valuable components such as SiO2, CaO, Al2O3, MgO, which are important components of building materials. Therefore, MSWI residues present huge opportunities for potential recycling and reuse in the construction and building industry. This paper summarized and discussed the application of MSWI residues in four typical building materials including cast stone, glass-ceramic, cement, and concrete. Before utilization, three types of pretreatment methods can be used to reduce the toxicity of the residues and improve the performance of the products. In addition, the current issues and the prospects of this field, and the environmental impacts of this application were discussed. It was concluded that MSWI residues can be used to prepare building materials after proper treatment which can improve the mechanical and chemical properties of the residues. The recycling can gain significant economic and environmental benefits at the same time. However, further researches on treatment methods for fine particles are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Chen
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University No. 99 Shangda Road Shanghai 200444 China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University No. 99 Shangda Road Shanghai 200444 China
| | - Yao Xu
- Huahui Engineering Design Group Co., Ltd No. 177 Jiefang Avenue Shaoxing Zhejiang Province 312000 China
| | - Qing Nie
- China Building Materials Academy Co., Ltd No. 1 Guanzhuang Dongli Beijing 100024 China
| | - Zhanbin Yang
- China Building Materials Academy Co., Ltd No. 1 Guanzhuang Dongli Beijing 100024 China
| | - Wenyu Sheng
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University No. 99 Shangda Road Shanghai 200444 China
| | - Guangren Qian
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University No. 99 Shangda Road Shanghai 200444 China
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Waste Glass-Derived Tobermorite Carriers for Ag+ and Zn2+ Ions. JOURNAL OF COMPOSITES SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jcs6020052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the layer-lattice calcium silicate hydrate mineral, tobermorite, was synthesized from waste green or amber container glass and separately ion-exchanged with Ag+ or Zn2+ ions under batch conditions. Hydrothermal treatment of stoichiometrically adjusted mixtures of waste glass and calcium oxide in 4 M NaOH(aq) at 125 °C yielded tobermorite products of ~75% crystallinity with mean silicate chain lengths of 17 units after one week. Maximum uptake of Zn2+ ions, ~0.55 mmol g−1, occurred after 72 h, and maximum uptake of Ag+ ions, ~0.59 mmol g−1, was established within 6 h. No significant differences in structure or ion-exchange behavior were observed between the tobermorites derived from either green or amber glass. Composite membranes of the biopolymer, chitosan, incorporating the original or ion-exchanged tobermorite phases were prepared by solvent casting, and their antimicrobial activities against S. aureus and E. coli were evaluated using the Kirby–Bauer assay. S. aureus and E. coli formed biofilms on pure chitosan and chitosan surfaces blended with the original tobermorites, whereas the composites containing Zn2+-substituted tobermorites defended against bacterial colonization. Distinct, clear zones were observed around the composites containing Ag+-substituted tobermorites which arose from the migration of the labile Ag+ ions from the lattices. This research has indicated that waste glass-derived tobermorites are functional carriers for antimicrobial ions with potential applications as fillers in polymeric composites to defend against the proliferation and transmission of pathogenic bacteria.
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Elmes VK, Hurt AP, Coleman NJ. Mixed-Phase Ion-Exchangers from Waste Amber Container Glass. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14174887. [PMID: 34500976 PMCID: PMC8432655 DOI: 10.3390/ma14174887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the one-pot hydrothermal synthesis of mixed-phase ion-exchangers from waste amber container glass and three different aluminium sources (Si/Al = 2) in 4.5 M NaOH(aq) at 100 °C. Reaction products were characterised by X-ray diffraction analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 27Al and 29Si magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy at 24, 48 and 150 h. Nitrated forms of cancrinite and sodalite were the predominant products obtained with reagent grade aluminium nitrate (Al(NO3)3∙9H2O). Waste aluminium foil gave rise to sodalite, tobermorite and zeolite Na-P1 as major phases; and the principal products arising from amorphous aluminium hydroxide waste were sodalite, tobermorite and zeolite A. Minor proportions of the hydrogarnet, katoite, and calcite were also present in each sample. In each case, crystallisation was incomplete and products of 52, 65 and 49% crystallinity were obtained at 150 h for the samples prepared with aluminium nitrate (AN-150), aluminium foil (AF-150) and amorphous aluminium hydroxide waste (AH-150), respectively. Batch Pb2+-uptake (~100 mg g-1) was similar for all 150-h samples irrespective of the nature of the aluminium reagent and composition of the product. Batch Cd2+-uptakes of AF-150 (54 mg g-1) and AH-150 (48 mg g-1) were greater than that of AN-150 (36 mg g-1) indicating that the sodalite- and tobermorite-rich products exhibited a superior affinity for Cd2+ ions. The observed Pb2+- and Cd2+-uptake capacities of the mixed-product ion-exchangers compared favourably with those of other inorganic waste-derived sorbents reported in the literature.
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Kanari N, Menad NE, Filippov LO, Shallari S, Allain E, Patisson F, Yvon J. Some Aspects of the Thermochemical Route for the Valorization of Plastic Wastes, Part I: Reduction of Iron Oxides by Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC). MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14154129. [PMID: 34361321 PMCID: PMC8348790 DOI: 10.3390/ma14154129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The mass production of synthetic plastics began in the last century and today they have become one of the most abundant man-made materials. The disposal or the beneficiation of end-of-life plastics represent a great challenge for society especially in the case of polyvinyl chloride (PVC). This study is focused on the use of PVC waste as a useful agent for the direct reduction of hematite (Fe2O3) after a thermal treatment at 300 °C for removing the chlorine contained in PVC. Thermal reduction tests were conducted from 600 °C to 1100 °C with (Fe2O3 + PVC + clay) pellet mixtures in which clay was used as plasticizing and binder agent of the pellets. The starting samples and treatment residues were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy through energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to monitor the chemical behavior and reactivity of the pellet constituents during their thermal treatment. The stepwise reduction of hematite up to metallic iron was achieved at temperatures approaching 1000 °C, confirming the capability of using PVC waste for the direct reduction of iron oxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ndue Kanari
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, GeoRessources, F-54000 Nancy, France; (L.O.F.); (E.A.); (J.Y.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-372-744-530
| | - Nour-Eddine Menad
- Waste and Raw Materials and Recycling Unit, Water, Environment Process and Analysis Department, BRGM, 3 Avenue Claude Guillemin, BP 36009, CEDEX, F-45060 Orléans, France;
| | - Lev O. Filippov
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, GeoRessources, F-54000 Nancy, France; (L.O.F.); (E.A.); (J.Y.)
| | - Seit Shallari
- Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, Agricultural University of Tirana, 1029 Tirana, Albania;
| | - Eric Allain
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, GeoRessources, F-54000 Nancy, France; (L.O.F.); (E.A.); (J.Y.)
| | - Fabrice Patisson
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, Labex DAMAS, IJL, F-54000 Nancy, France;
| | - Jacques Yvon
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, GeoRessources, F-54000 Nancy, France; (L.O.F.); (E.A.); (J.Y.)
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Rzepa K, Wons W, Sitarz M, Reben M. Structure and microstructure of sintered ceramic obtained by crystallization of fly ash mixtures and glass cullet. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.128402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Yang S, Liu W. The Effect of Changing Fly Ash Content on the Modulus of Compression of Stabilized Soil. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E2925. [PMID: 31510034 PMCID: PMC6766202 DOI: 10.3390/ma12182925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Adding a curing agent can enhance the mechanical properties of soil including its compressive strength. However, few studies have quantitatively analyzed the compressive strength and microstructure of soils to explore the impact of changes in the microstructure on compressive strength. In addition, the cost of curing agents is too high to be widely used. In this study, curing agents with different proportions of fly ash were added to dredger fill to reduce the amount of curing agents needed. The quantitative analysis of the relationships between the modulus of compression Es and microstructures of stabilized soil samples is presented. The modulus of compression Es was gauged from compression tests. Microscopic images acquired using a scanning electron microscope were processed using the Image-Pro Plus (IPP) image processing software. The microscopic parameters, obtained using IPP, included the average equivalent particle size Dp, the average equivalent aperture size Db, and the plane pore ratio e. This research demonstrated that the fly ash added to the curing agent achieved the same effect as the curing agent, and the amount of curing agent required was reduced. Therefore, the modulus of compression for stabilized soil can be improved. This is due to the hydration products (i.e., calcium silicate hydrate, calcium hydroxide, and ettringite), produced by the hydration reaction, and which adhere to the surface of the particles and fill the spaces among them. Thus, the change in the pore structure and the compactness of the particles helps to increase the modulus of compression. In addition, there was a good linear relationship between the modulus of compression and the microscopic parameters. Using the mathematical relationships between the macroscopic and microscopic parameters, correlations can be built for macro-microscopic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Yang
- School of Ocean Science and Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Wenbai Liu
- School of Ocean Science and Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China.
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