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Matei S, Pop MA, Zaharia SM, Coșniță M, Croitoru C, Spîrchez C, Cazan C. Investigation into the Acoustic Properties of Polylactic Acid Sound-Absorbing Panels Manufactured by 3D Printing Technology: The Influence of Nozzle Diameters and Internal Configurations. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:580. [PMID: 38591429 PMCID: PMC10856160 DOI: 10.3390/ma17030580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Sound-absorbing panels are widely used in the acoustic design of aircraft parts, buildings and vehicles as well as in sound insulation and absorption in areas with heavy traffic. This paper studied the acoustic properties of sound-absorbing panels manufactured with three nozzle diameters (0.4 mm, 0.6 mm and 0.8 mm) by 3D printing from three types of polylactic acid filaments (Grey Tough PLA; Black PLA Pro; Natural PLA) and with six internal configurations with labyrinthine zigzag channels (Z1 and Z2). The absorption coefficient of the sample with the Z2 pattern, a 5.33 mm height, a 0.6 mm nozzle diameter and with Black PLA Pro showed the maximum value (α = 0.93) for the nozzle diameter of 0.6 mm. Next in position were the three samples with the Z1 pattern (4 mm height) made from all three materials used and printed with a nozzle diameter of 0.4 mm with a sound absorption coefficient value (α = 0.91) at 500 Hz. The highest value of the sound transmission loss (56 dB) was found for the sample printed with a nozzle size of 0.8 mm with the Z2 pattern (8 mm height) and with Black PLA Pro. The extruded material, the nozzle diameter and the internal configuration had a significant impact on the acoustic performance of the 3D-printed samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Matei
- Department of Materials Science, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036 Brasov, Romania;
| | - Mihai Alin Pop
- Department of Materials Science, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036 Brasov, Romania;
| | - Sebastian-Marian Zaharia
- Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036 Brasov, Romania;
| | - Mihaela Coșniță
- Department of Product Design, Mechatronics and Environment, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036 Brasov, Romania; (M.C.); (C.C.)
| | - Cătălin Croitoru
- Materials Engineering and Welding Department, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036 Brasov, Romania;
| | - Cosmin Spîrchez
- Wood Processing and Design Wooden Product Department, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036 Brasov, Romania;
| | - Cristina Cazan
- Department of Product Design, Mechatronics and Environment, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036 Brasov, Romania; (M.C.); (C.C.)
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Herold SE, Kyser AJ, Orr MG, Mahmoud MY, Lewis WG, Lewis AL, Steinbach-Rankins JM, Frieboes HB. Release Kinetics of Metronidazole from 3D Printed Silicone Scaffolds for Sustained Application to the Female Reproductive Tract. BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING ADVANCES 2023; 5:100078. [PMID: 37123989 PMCID: PMC10136949 DOI: 10.1016/j.bea.2023.100078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Sustained vaginal administration of antibiotics or probiotics has been proposed to improve treatment efficacy for bacterial vaginosis. 3D printing has shown promise for development of systems for local agent delivery. In contrast to oral ingestion, agent release kinetics can be fine-tuned by the 3D printing of specialized scaffold designs tailored for particular treatments while enhancing dosage effectiveness via localized sustained release. It has been challenging to establish scaffold properties as a function of fabrication parameters to obtain sustained release. In particular, the relationships between scaffold curing conditions, compressive strength, and drug release kinetics remain poorly understood. This study evaluates 3D printed scaffold formulation and feasibility to sustain the release of metronidazole, a commonly used antibiotic for BV. Cylindrical silicone scaffolds were printed and cured using three different conditions relevant to potential future incorporation of temperature-sensitive labile biologics. Compressive strength and drug release were monitored for 14d in simulated vaginal fluid to assess long-term effects of fabrication conditions on mechanical integrity and release kinetics. Scaffolds were mechanically evaluated to determine compressive and tensile strength, and elastic modulus. Release profiles were fitted to previous kinetic models to differentiate potential release mechanisms. The Higuchi, Korsmeyer-Peppas, and Peppas-Sahlin models best described the release, indicating similarity to release from insoluble or polymeric matrices. This study shows the feasibility of 3D printed silicone scaffolds to provide sustained metronidazole release over 14d, with compressive strength and drug release kinetics tuned by the fabrication parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney E. Herold
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Anthony J. Kyser
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Margaret G. Orr
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA, USA
| | - Mohamed Y. Mahmoud
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Department of Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Warren G. Lewis
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California USA
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California USA
| | - Amanda L. Lewis
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California USA
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California USA
| | - Jill M. Steinbach-Rankins
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Hermann B. Frieboes
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Center for Predictive Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- UofL Health – Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, KY, USA
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Charpy Impact Behavior of a Novel Stainless Steel Powder Wire Mesh Composite Porous Plate. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14112924. [PMID: 34071617 PMCID: PMC8198794 DOI: 10.3390/ma14112924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A novel powder wire mesh composite porous plate (PWMCPP) was fabricated with 304 stainless steel powders and wire mesh as raw materials by vacuum solid-state sintering process using self-developed composite rolling mill of powder and wire mesh. The effects of different mesh volume fractions, mesh diameters, and sintering temperatures on the pore structure and Charpy impact properties of PWMCPPs were studied. The results show that PWMCPPs have different shapes and sizes of micropores. Impact toughness of PWMCPPs decreases with increasing wire mesh volume fraction, and increases first and then decreases with increasing wire mesh diameter, and increases with increasing sintering temperature. Among them, the sintering temperature has the most obvious effect on the impact toughness of PWMCPPs, when the sintering temperature increased from 1160 °C to 1360 °C, the impact toughness increased from 39.54 J/cm2 to 72.95 J/cm2, with an increased ratio of 84.5%. The tearing between layers, the fracture of the metallurgical junction, and the fracture of wire mesh are the main mechanisms of impact fractures of the novel PWMCPPs.
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Kuschmitz S, Ring TP, Watschke H, Langer SC, Vietor T. Design and Additive Manufacturing of Porous Sound Absorbers-A Machine-Learning Approach. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14071747. [PMID: 33916316 PMCID: PMC8036658 DOI: 10.3390/ma14071747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM), widely known as 3D-printing, builds parts by adding material in a layer-by-layer process. This tool-less procedure enables the manufacturing of porous sound absorbers with defined geometric features, however, the connection of the acoustic behavior and the material's micro-scale structure is only known for special cases. To bridge this gap, the work presented here employs machine-learning techniques that compute acoustic material parameters (Biot parameters) from the material's micro-scale geometry. For this purpose, a set of test specimens is used that have been developed in earlier studies. The test specimens resemble generic absorbers by a regular lattice structure based on a bar design and allow a variety of parameter variations, such as bar width, or bar height. A set of 50 test specimens is manufactured by material extrusion (MEX) with a nozzle diameter of 0.2 mm and a targeted under extrusion to represent finer structures. For the training of the machine learning models, the Biot parameters are inversely identified from the manufactured specimen. Therefore, laboratory measurements of the flow resistivity and absorption coefficient are used. The resulting data is used for training two different machine learning models, an artificial neural network and a k-nearest neighbor approach. It can be shown that both models are able to predict the Biot parameters from the specimen's micro-scale with reasonable accuracy. Moreover, the detour via the Biot parameters allows the application of the process for application cases that lie beyond the scope of the initial database, for example, the material behavior for other sound fields or frequency ranges can be predicted. This makes the process particularly useful for material design and takes a step forward in the direction of tailoring materials specific to their application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Kuschmitz
- TU Braunschweig, Institute for Engineering Design, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (H.W.); (T.V.)
- Correspondence: (S.K.); (T.P.R.); Tel.: +49-531-391-3346 (S.K.); +49-531-391-8773 (T.P.R.)
| | - Tobias P. Ring
- TU Braunschweig, Institute for Acoustics, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany;
- Correspondence: (S.K.); (T.P.R.); Tel.: +49-531-391-3346 (S.K.); +49-531-391-8773 (T.P.R.)
| | - Hagen Watschke
- TU Braunschweig, Institute for Engineering Design, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (H.W.); (T.V.)
| | - Sabine C. Langer
- TU Braunschweig, Institute for Acoustics, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany;
| | - Thomas Vietor
- TU Braunschweig, Institute for Engineering Design, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (H.W.); (T.V.)
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Rothe S, Blech C, Watschke H, Vietor T, Langer SC. Material Parameter Identification for Acoustic Simulation of Additively Manufactured Structures. MATERIALS 2020; 14:ma14010168. [PMID: 33396508 PMCID: PMC7795163 DOI: 10.3390/ma14010168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
One possibility in order to manufacture products with very few restrictions in design freedom is additive manufacturing. For advanced acoustic design measures like Acoustic Black Holes (ABH), the layer-wise material deposition allows the continuous alignment of the mechanical impedance by different filling patterns and degrees of filling. In order to explore the full design potential, mechanical models are indispensable. In dependency on process parameters, the resulting homogenized material parameters vary. In previous investigations, especially for ABH structures, a dependency of the material parameters on the structure’s thickness can be observed. In this contribution, beams of different thicknesses are investigated experimentally and numerically in order to identify the material parameters in dependency on the frequency and the thickness. The focused material is polyactic acid (PLA). A parameter fitting is conducted by use of a 3D finite element model and it’s reduced version in a Krylov subspace. The results yield homogenized material parameters for the PLA stack as a function of frequency and thickness. An increasing Young’s modulus with increasing frequency and increasing thickness is observed. This observed effect has considerable influence and has not been considered so far. With the received parameters, more reliable results can be obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Rothe
- Institute for Acoustics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Langer Kamp 19, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (C.B.); (S.C.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-531-391-8774
| | - Christopher Blech
- Institute for Acoustics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Langer Kamp 19, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (C.B.); (S.C.L.)
| | - Hagen Watschke
- Institute for Engineering Design, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hermann-Blenk-Straße 42, 38108 Braunschweig, Germany; (H.W.); (T.V.)
| | - Thomas Vietor
- Institute for Engineering Design, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hermann-Blenk-Straße 42, 38108 Braunschweig, Germany; (H.W.); (T.V.)
| | - Sabine C. Langer
- Institute for Acoustics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Langer Kamp 19, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (C.B.); (S.C.L.)
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