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Shcherban’ EM, Stel’makh SA, Beskopylny AN, Mailyan LR, Meskhi B, Elshaeva D, Chernil’nik A, Mailyan AL, Ananova O. Eco-Friendly Sustainable Concrete and Mortar Using Coal Dust Waste. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6604. [PMID: 37834742 PMCID: PMC10574357 DOI: 10.3390/ma16196604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Finding the solution to the problem of the accumulating waste from the mining and processing industries, as well as reducing their carbon footprint, is among the most important tasks today. Within the construction industry, in the field of the production of building materials such as concrete, these problems may be solved through the use of waste and by saving the binder component. The purpose of this study is to substantiate the feasibility of using waste coal dust (CD) in concrete and cement-sand mortars as a partial replacement for cement. Test samples were made by partially replacing cement with CD in an amount from 0% to 10% in increments of 2% by weight. The following main characteristics were studied: mobility and density of mixtures, as well as density, compressive strength, bending strength and water absorption of concrete and mortars. X-ray diffraction and microscopic analysis methods were used in this work. The introduction of CD to replace part of the cement, up to 10%, did not have a significant effect on the density of concrete and mortar mixtures but reduced their workability. The best values of physical and mechanical characteristics were recorded for concrete and mortar with 4% CD. The increases in the compressive strength of concrete and mortars were 6.6% and 5.7%, and in flexural strength 6.1% and 5.6%, respectively. Water absorption decreased by 9.7% for concrete and by 9.3% for mortar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenii M. Shcherban’
- Department of Engineering Geology, Bases and Foundations, Don State Technical University, 344003 Rostov-on-Don, Russia;
| | - Sergey A. Stel’makh
- Department of Unique Buildings and Constructions Engineering, Don State Technical University, 344003 Rostov-on-Don, Russia; (S.A.S.); (L.R.M.); (D.E.); (A.C.)
| | - Alexey N. Beskopylny
- Department of Transport Systems, Faculty of Roads and Transport Systems, Don State Technical University, 344003 Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Levon R. Mailyan
- Department of Unique Buildings and Constructions Engineering, Don State Technical University, 344003 Rostov-on-Don, Russia; (S.A.S.); (L.R.M.); (D.E.); (A.C.)
| | - Besarion Meskhi
- Department of Life Safety and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Life Safety and Environmental Engineering, Don State Technical University, 344003 Rostov-on-Don, Russia;
| | - Diana Elshaeva
- Department of Unique Buildings and Constructions Engineering, Don State Technical University, 344003 Rostov-on-Don, Russia; (S.A.S.); (L.R.M.); (D.E.); (A.C.)
| | - Andrei Chernil’nik
- Department of Unique Buildings and Constructions Engineering, Don State Technical University, 344003 Rostov-on-Don, Russia; (S.A.S.); (L.R.M.); (D.E.); (A.C.)
| | - Alexander L. Mailyan
- Department of Urban Construction and Economy, Don State Technical University, 344003 Rostov-on-Don, Russia;
| | - Oxana Ananova
- Department of Marketing and Engineering Economics, Faculty of Innovative Business and Management, Don State Technical University, 344003 Rostov-on-Don, Russia;
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Liu W, Liu X, Pan C, Li C, Lau W, Lyu Y. Potential application of a novel building-integrated solar facade water heating system in a subtropical climate: A case study for school canteen. BUILDING SIMULATION 2023; 16:1987-2004. [DOI: 10.1007/s12273-023-1009-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
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Van Gelder K, Oliveira-Filho ER, Messina CD, Venado RE, Wilker J, Rajasekar S, Ané JM, Amthor JS, Hanson AD. Running the numbers on plant synthetic biology solutions to global problems. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 335:111815. [PMID: 37543223 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic biology and metabolic engineering promise to deliver sustainable solutions to global problems such as phasing out fossil fuels and replacing industrial nitrogen fixation. While this promise is real, scale matters, and so do knock-on effects of implementing solutions. Both scale and knock-on effects can be estimated by 'Fermi calculations' (aka 'back-of-envelope calculations') that use uncontroversial input data plus simple arithmetic to reach rough but reliable conclusions. Here, we illustrate how this is done and how informative it can be using two cases: oilcane (sugarcane engineered to accumulate triglycerides instead of sugar) as a source of bio-jet fuel, and nitrogen fixation by bacteria in mucilage secreted by maize aerial roots. We estimate that oilcane could meet no more than about 1% of today's U.S. jet fuel demand if grown on all current U.S. sugarcane land and that, if cane land were expanded to meet two-thirds of this demand, the fertilizer and refinery requirements would create a large carbon footprint. Conversely, we estimate that nitrogen fixation in aerial-root mucilage could replace up to 10% of the fertilizer nitrogen applied to U.S. maize, that 2% of plant carbon income used for growth would suffice to fuel the fixation, and that this extra carbon consumption would likely reduce grain yield only slightly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Van Gelder
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | | | - Carlos D Messina
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Rafael E Venado
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jennifer Wilker
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Shanmugam Rajasekar
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jean-Michel Ané
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Amthor
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Andrew D Hanson
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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Dacić A, Kopecskó K, Fenyvesi O, Merta I. The Obstacles to a Broader Application of Alkali-Activated Binders as a Sustainable Alternative-A Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:3121. [PMID: 37109960 PMCID: PMC10142986 DOI: 10.3390/ma16083121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
This paper aims to raise awareness regarding the obstacles limiting alkali-activated binders' (AABs) application as a sustainable solution in the construction industry. Such an evaluation is essential in this industry, which has been introducing a wide range of alternatives to cement binders yet achieved limited utilisation. It has been recognised that technical, environmental, and economic performance should be investigated for the broader adoption of alternative construction materials. Based on this approach, a state-of-the-art review was conducted to identify the key factors to consider when developing AABs. It was identified that AABs' adverse performance compared to conventional cement-based materials mainly depends on the choice of which precursors and alkali activators to employ and the regionalised practices adopted (i.e., transportation, energy sources, and data on raw materials). In light of the available literature, increasing attention to incorporating alternative alkali activators and precursors by utilising agricultural and industrial by-products and/or waste seems to be a viable option for optimising the balance between AABs' technical, environmental, and economic performance. With regard to improving the circularity practices in this sector, employing construction and demolition waste as raw materials has been acknowledged as a feasible strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Dacić
- Department of Construction Materials and Technologies, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, 1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Kopecskó
- Department of Engineering Geology and Geotechnics, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, 1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Olivér Fenyvesi
- Department of Construction Materials and Technologies, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, 1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ildiko Merta
- Institute of Material Technology, Building Physics, and Building Ecology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, TU Wien, Karlsplatz 13, E207-2, 1040 Vienna, Austria
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Mohammed AA, Nahazanan H, Nasir NAM, Huseien GF, Saad AH. Calcium-Based Binders in Concrete or Soil Stabilization: Challenges, Problems, and Calcined Clay as Partial Replacement to Produce Low-Carbon Cement. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2020. [PMID: 36903132 PMCID: PMC10004329 DOI: 10.3390/ma16052020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Calcium-based binders, such as ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and lime (CaO), are the most common artificial cementitious materials used worldwide for concrete and soil improvement. However, using cement and lime has become one of the main concerns for engineers because they negatively affect the environment and economy, prompting research into alternative materials. The energy consumption involved in producing cementitious materials is high, and the subsequent CO2 emissions account for 8% of the total CO2 emissions. In recent years, an investigation into cement concrete's sustainable and low-carbon characteristics has become the industry's focus, achieved by using supplementary cementitious materials. This paper aims to review the problems and challenges encountered when using cement and lime. Calcined clay (natural pozzolana) has been used as a possible supplement or partial substitute to produce low-carbon cement or lime from 2012-2022. These materials can improve the concrete mixture's performance, durability, and sustainability. Calcined clay has been utilized widely in concrete mixtures because it produces a low-carbon cement-based material. Owing to the large amount of calcined clay used, the clinker content of cement can be lowered by as much as 50% compared with traditional OPC. It helps conserve the limestone resources used in cement manufacture and helps reduce the carbon footprint associated with the cement industry. Its application is gradually growing in places such as Latin America and South Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angham Ali Mohammed
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Haslinda Nahazanan
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Noor Azline Mohd Nasir
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ghasan Fahim Huseien
- Department of the Build Environment, School of Design and Environment, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117566, Singapore
| | - Ahmed Hassan Saad
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
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Tian Y, Themelis NJ, Zhao D, Thanos Bourtsalas AC, Kawashima S. Stabilization of Waste-to-Energy (WTE) fly ash for disposal in landfills or use as cement substitute. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 150:227-243. [PMID: 35863171 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated two approaches for managing Waste-to-Energy (WTE) fly ash (FA): (i) phosphoric acid stabilization of FA and disposal in non-hazardous landfills, so that it can pass the U.S. TCLP procedure and meet the U.S. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) standards; (ii) use of FA or phosphoric acid stabilized fly ash (PFA) as cement substitute in construction for avoiding disposal in landfills and reducing the consumption of Portland cement. The effect of stabilization was identified by TCLP tests and XRD quantification (QXRD), which showed that the economically optimal concentration for PFA to pass the RCRA was 1 mol/L H3PO4 (equivalent to 0.4 mol of H3PO4/kg of FA). Zn/Pb-phosphates were formed in treated ash by using high concentration H3PO4 (e.g., 3 mol/L). Thus, the hazardous FA was chemically stabilized to PFA, that were both discussed as cement substitute. QXRD and SEM results showed that both FA and PFA (1 mol/L H3PO4) chemically reacted with cement and water. Up to 25 vol% of the cement can be replaced by FA or PFA, with similar mechanical performance of cement mortars than that of reference. Testing by LEAF Method 1313-pH dependence showed that the FA and PFA cement mortars exhibited the same leachability of heavy metals; therefore, this study demonstrated the technical feasibility of utilizing either raw FA or stabilized PFA as supplementary cementitious material. The leachability of heavy metals in optimal FA or PFA 25 vol% cement mortar was under the U.K. WAC non-hazardous limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixi Tian
- Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
| | - Nickolas J Themelis
- Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Diandian Zhao
- Department of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - A C Thanos Bourtsalas
- Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Shiho Kawashima
- Department of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
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Zvirgzds K, Kirilovs E, Kukle S, Gross U. Production of Particleboard Using Various Particle Size Hemp Shives as Filler. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15030886. [PMID: 35160835 PMCID: PMC8839387 DOI: 10.3390/ma15030886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Research was performed into the use of hemp shive as a fast-growing and carbon-storing agricultural waste material in the production of particleboard for the construction industry. Hemp shives were acquired and prepared for board production with the use of milling and sieving to reach two target groups with 0.5 mm to 2 mm and 2 mm to 5.6 mm particle size ranges. The cold pressing method was used to produce hemp boards with Kleiberit urea formaldehyde resin as a binder. The boards were made as 19 mm thick single-layer parts with a density range of 300 ± 30 kg/m3, which qualifies them as low-density boards. Exploratory samples were made using milled hemp fibers with higher density. Additional components such as color pigments and wood finishes were added to test improved features over raw board samples. Tests were performed to determine moisture contents, density range, structural properties, and water absorption amounts. Produced board bending strength reached 2.4 MPa for the coarser particle group and thermal conductivity of 0.057 ± 0.002 W/(mK). The results were compared with existing materials used in the industry or in the development stage to indicate options of developed board applications as indoor insulation material in the construction industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristaps Zvirgzds
- Institute of Design Technologies, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, LV-1658 Riga, Latvia; (E.K.); (S.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +371-2642-9050
| | - Edgars Kirilovs
- Institute of Design Technologies, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, LV-1658 Riga, Latvia; (E.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Silvija Kukle
- Institute of Design Technologies, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, LV-1658 Riga, Latvia; (E.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Uldis Gross
- Department of Information Technologies, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, LV-3001 Jelgava, Latvia;
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Rinne R, Ilgın HE, Karjalainen M. Comparative Study on Life-Cycle Assessment and Carbon Footprint of Hybrid, Concrete and Timber Apartment Buildings in Finland. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19020774. [PMID: 35055595 PMCID: PMC8775952 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19020774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
To date, in the literature, there has been no study on the comparison of hybrid (timber and concrete) buildings with counterparts made of timber and concrete as the most common construction materials, in terms of the life cycle assessment (LCA) and the carbon footprint. This paper examines the environmental impacts of a five-story hybrid apartment building compared to timber and reinforced concrete counterparts in whole-building life-cycle assessment using the software tool, One Click LCA, for the estimation of environmental impacts from building materials of assemblies, construction, and building end-of-life treatment of 50 years in Finland. Following EN 15978, stages of product and construction (A1–A5), use (B1–B6), end-of-life (C1–C4), and beyond the building life cycle (D) were assessed. The main findings highlighted are as following: (1) for A1–A3, the timber apartment had the smallest carbon footprint (28% less than the hybrid apartment); (2) in A4, the timber apartment had a much smaller carbon footprint (55% less than the hybrid apartment), and the hybrid apartment had a smaller carbon footprint (19%) than the concrete apartment; (3) for B1–B5, the carbon footprint of the timber apartment was larger (>20%); (4) in C1–C4, the carbon footprint of the concrete apartment had the lowest emissions (35,061 kg CO2-e), and the timber apartment had the highest (44,627 kg CO2-e), but in D, timber became the most advantageous material; (5) the share of life-cycle emissions from building services was very significant. Considering the environmental performance of hybrid construction as well as its other advantages over timber, wood-based hybrid solutions can lead to more rational use of wood, encouraging the development of more efficient buildings. In the long run, this will result in a higher proportion of wood in buildings, which will be beneficial for living conditions, the environment, and the society in general.
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