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Lu Q, Liu W, Chen D, Yu D, Song Z, Wang H, Li G, Liu X, Ge S. Hydrophobic association-improved multi-functional hydrogels with liquid metal droplets stabilized by xanthan gum and PEDOT:PSS for strain sensors. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 271:132494. [PMID: 38788874 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
The synthesis of liquid metal-infused hydrogels, typically constituted by polyacrylamide networks crosslinked through covalent bonds, often encounters a conundrum: they exhibit restricted extensibility and a diminished capacity for self-repair, owing to the inherently irreversible nature of the covalent linkages. This study introduces a hydrophobically associated hydrogel embedding gallium (Ga)-droplets, realized through the in situ free radical copolymerization of hydrophobic hexadecyl methacrylate (HMA) and hydrophilic acrylamide (AM) in a milieu containing xanthan gum (XG) and PEDOT:PSS, which co-stabilizes the Ga-droplets. The Ga-droplets, synergistically functioning as conductive agents alongside PEDOT:PSS, also expedite the hydrogel's formation. The resultant XG/PEDOT:PSS-Ga-P(AM-HMA) hydrogel is distinguished by its remarkable extensibility (2950 %), exceptional toughness (3.28 MJ/m3), superior adherence to hydrophobic, smooth substrates, and an innate ability for hydrophobic-driven self-healing. As a strain sensing medium, this hydrogel-based sensor exhibits heightened sensitivity (gauge factor = 12.66), low detection threshold (0.1 %), and robust durability (>500 cycles). Furthermore, the inclusion of glycerol endows the XG/PEDOT:PSS-Ga-P(AM-HMA) hydrogel with anti-freezing properties without compromising its mechanical integrity and sensing acumen. This sensor adeptly captures a spectrum of human movements, from the nuanced radial pulse to extensive joint articulations. This research heralds a novel approach for fabricating multifaceted PAM-based hydrogels with toughness and superior sensing capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qishu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Wenxia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan 250353, China.
| | - Duo Chen
- Department of Optoelectronic Science and Technology, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Dehai Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan 250353, China.
| | - Zhaoping Song
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Huili Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Guodong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Xiaona Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Shaohua Ge
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
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Recent Advances in Electronic Skins with Multiple-Stimuli-Responsive and Self-Healing Abilities. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15051661. [PMID: 35268894 PMCID: PMC8911295 DOI: 10.3390/ma15051661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Wearable electronic skin (e-skin) has provided a revolutionized way to intelligently sense environmental stimuli, which shows prospective applications in health monitoring, artificial intelligence and prosthetics fields. Drawn inspiration from biological skins, developing e-skin with multiple stimuli perception and self-healing abilities not only enrich their bionic multifunctionality, but also greatly improve their sensory performance and functional stability. In this review, we highlight recent important developments in the material structure design strategy to imitate the fascinating functionalities of biological skins, including molecular synthesis, physical structure design, and special biomimicry engineering. Moreover, their specific structure-property relationships, multifunctional application, and existing challenges are also critically analyzed with representative examples. Furthermore, a summary and perspective on future directions and challenges of biomimetic electronic skins regarding function construction will be briefly discussed. We believe that this review will provide valuable guidance for readers to fabricate superior e-skin materials or devices with skin-like multifunctionalities and disparate characteristics.
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