1
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Oh JY, Lee Y, Lee TW. Skin-Mountable Functional Electronic Materials for Bio-Integrated Devices. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2303797. [PMID: 38368254 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202303797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Skin-mountable electronic materials are being intensively evaluated for use in bio-integrated devices that can mutually interact with the human body. Over the past decade, functional electronic materials inspired by the skin are developed with new functionalities to address the limitations of traditional electronic materials for bio-integrated devices. Herein, the recent progress in skin-mountable functional electronic materials for skin-like electronics is introduced with a focus on five perspectives that entail essential functionalities: stretchability, self-healing ability, biocompatibility, breathability, and biodegradability. All functionalities are advanced with each strategy through rational material designs. The skin-mountable functional materials enable the fabrication of bio-integrated electronic devices, which can lead to new paradigms of electronics combining with the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Young Oh
- Department of Chemical Engineering (Integrated Engineering Program), Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeongjun Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Science, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Woo Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Engineering Research, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Molecular Foundry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
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2
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Zhang S, Deng Y, Libanori A, Zhou Y, Yang J, Tat T, Yang L, Sun W, Zheng P, Zhu YL, Chen J, Tan SC. In Situ Grown Silver-Polymer Framework with Coordination Complexes for Functional Artificial Tissues. Adv Mater 2023; 35:e2207916. [PMID: 37119438 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202207916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Self-sensing actuators are critical to artificial robots with biomimetic proprio-/exteroception properties of biological neuromuscular systems. Existing add-on approaches, which physically blend heterogeneous sensor/actuator components, fall short of yielding satisfactory solutions, considering their suboptimal interfaces, poor adhesion, and electronic/mechanical property mismatches. Here, a single homogeneous material platform is reported by creating a silver-polymer framework (SPF), thus realizing the seamless sensing-actuation unification. The SPF-enabled elastomer is highly stretchable (1200%), conductive (0.076 S m-1 ), and strong (0.76 MPa in-strength), where the stretchable polymer matrix synthesis and in situ silver nanoparticles reduction are accomplished simultaneously. Benefiting from the multimodal sensing capability from its architecture itself (mechanical and thermal cues), self-sensing actuation (proprio-deformations and external stimuli perceptions) is achieved for the SPF-based pneumatic actuator, alongside an excellent load-lifting attribute (up to 3700 times its own weight), substantiating its advantage of the unified sensing-actuation feature in a single homogenous material. In view of its human somatosensitive muscular systems imitative functionality, the reported SPF bodes well for use with next-generation functional tissues, including artificial skins, human-machine interfaces, self-sensing robots, and otherwise dynamic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songlin Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117574, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yibing Deng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Alberto Libanori
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Yihao Zhou
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jiachen Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117574, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Trinny Tat
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117574, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wanxin Sun
- Bruker Nano Surface and Metrology, 138671, 30 Biopolis Street #09-01, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Peng Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, P. R. China
| | - You-Liang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Swee Ching Tan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117574, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, Singapore
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3
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Ying S, Li J, Huang J, Zhang JH, Zhang J, Jiang Y, Sun X, Pan L, Shi Y. A Flexible Piezocapacitive Pressure Sensor with Microsphere-Array Electrodes. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:nano13111702. [PMID: 37299605 DOI: 10.3390/nano13111702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Flexible pressure sensors that emulate the sensation and characteristics of natural skins are of great importance in wearable medical devices, intelligent robots, and human-machine interfaces. The microstructure of the pressure-sensitive layer plays a significant role in the sensor's overall performance. However, microstructures usually require complex and costly processes such as photolithography or chemical etching for fabrication. This paper proposes a novel approach that combines self-assembled technology to prepare a high-performance flexible capacitive pressure sensor with a microsphere-array gold electrode and a nanofiber nonwoven dielectric material. When subjected to pressure, the microsphere structures of the gold electrode deform via compressing the medium layer, leading to a significant increase in the relative area between the electrodes and a corresponding change in the thickness of the medium layer, as simulated in COMSOL simulations and experiments, which presents high sensitivity (1.807 kPa-1). The developed sensor demonstrates excellent performance in detecting signals such as slight object deformations and human finger bending.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Ying
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jiean Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jinrong Huang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jia-Han Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yongchang Jiang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xidi Sun
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Lijia Pan
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yi Shi
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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4
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Wang Z, Zhou Z, Li CL, Liu XH, Zhang Y, Pei MM, Zhou Z, Cui DX, Hu D, Chen F, Cao WT. A Single Electronic Tattoo for Multisensory Integration. Small Methods 2023; 7:e2201566. [PMID: 36811239 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202201566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Wearable electronics are garnering growing interest in various emerging fields including intelligent sensors, artificial limbs, and human-machine interfaces. A remaining challenge is to develop multisensory devices that can conformally adhere to the skin even during dynamic-moving environments. Here, a single electronic tattoo (E-tattoo) based on a mixed-dimensional matrix network, which integrates two-dimensional MXene nanosheets and one-dimensional cellulose nanofibers/Ag nanowires, is presented for multisensory integration. The multidimensional configurations endow the E-tattoo with excellent multifunctional sensing capabilities including temperature, humidity, in-plane strain, proximity, and material identification. In addition, benefiting from the satisfactory rheology of hybrid inks, the E-tattoos are able to be fabricated through multiple facile strategies including direct writing, stamping, screen printing, and three-dimensional printing on various hard/soft substrates. Especially, the E-tattoo with excellent triboelectric properties also can serve as a power source for activating small electronic devices. It is believed that these skin-conformal E-tattoo systems can provide a promising platform for next-generation wearable and epidermal electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wang
- Center for Orthopaedic Science and Translational Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 301 Yanchang Road, Shanghai, 200072, P.R. China
- School of Medicine, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, 232001, P. R. China
| | - Zhi Zhou
- Center for Orthopaedic Science and Translational Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 301 Yanchang Road, Shanghai, 200072, P.R. China
| | - Chen-Long Li
- School of Medicine, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, 232001, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Hao Liu
- Center for Orthopaedic Science and Translational Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 301 Yanchang Road, Shanghai, 200072, P.R. China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Center for Orthopaedic Science and Translational Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 301 Yanchang Road, Shanghai, 200072, P.R. China
- School of Medicine, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, 232001, P. R. China
| | - Man-Man Pei
- Center for Orthopaedic Science and Translational Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 301 Yanchang Road, Shanghai, 200072, P.R. China
- School of Medicine, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, 232001, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Zhou
- School of Medicine, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, 232001, P. R. China
| | - Da-Xiang Cui
- Center for Orthopaedic Science and Translational Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 301 Yanchang Road, Shanghai, 200072, P.R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
| | - Dong Hu
- School of Medicine, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, 232001, P. R. China
| | - Feng Chen
- Center for Orthopaedic Science and Translational Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 301 Yanchang Road, Shanghai, 200072, P.R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Tao Cao
- Center for Orthopaedic Science and Translational Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 301 Yanchang Road, Shanghai, 200072, P.R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
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5
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Zarei M, Lee G, Lee SG, Cho K. Advances in Biodegradable Electronic Skin: Material Progress and Recent Applications in Sensing, Robotics, and Human-Machine Interfaces. Adv Mater 2023; 35:e2203193. [PMID: 35737931 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202203193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The rapid growth of the electronics industry and proliferation of electronic materials and telecommunications technologies has led to the release of a massive amount of untreated electronic waste (e-waste) into the environment. Consequently, catastrophic environmental damage at the microbiome level and serious human health diseases threaten the natural fate of the planet. Currently, the demand for wearable electronics for applications in personalized medicine, electronic skins (e-skins), and health monitoring is substantial and growing. Therefore, "green" characteristics such as biodegradability, self-healing, and biocompatibility ensure the future application of wearable electronics and e-skins in biomedical engineering and bioanalytical sciences. Leveraging the biodegradability, sustainability, and biocompatibility of natural materials will dramatically influence the fabrication of environmentally friendly e-skins and wearable electronics. Here, the molecular and structural characteristics of biological skins and artificial e-skins are discussed. The focus then turns to the biodegradable materials, including natural and synthetic-polymer-based materials, and their recent applications in the development of biodegradable e-skin in wearable sensors, robotics, and human-machine interfaces (HMIs). Finally, the main challenges and outlook regarding the preparation and application of biodegradable e-skins are critically discussed in a near-future scenario, which is expected to lead to the next generation of biodegradable e-skins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Zarei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, Korea
| | - Giwon Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Seung Goo Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, Korea
| | - Kilwon Cho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
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6
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Cao HL, Cai SQ. Recent advances in electronic skins: material progress and applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1083579. [PMID: 36588929 PMCID: PMC9795216 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1083579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Electronic skins are currently in huge demand for health monitoring platforms and personalized medicine applications. To ensure safe monitoring for long-term periods, high-performance electronic skins that are softly interfaced with biological tissues are required. Stretchability, self-healing behavior, and biocompatibility of the materials will ensure the future application of electronic skins in biomedical engineering. This mini-review highlights recent advances in mechanically active materials and structural designs for electronic skins, which have been used successfully in these contexts. Firstly, the structural and biomechanical characteristics of biological skins are described and compared with those of artificial electronic skins. Thereafter, a wide variety of processing techniques for stretchable materials are reviewed, including geometric engineering and acquiring intrinsic stretchability. Then, different types of self-healing materials and their applications in electronic skins are critically assessed and compared. Finally, the mini-review is concluded with a discussion on remaining challenges and future opportunities for materials and biomedical research.
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7
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Zhang Q, Yun G, Jin S, Chen Z, Tang SY, Lu H, Du H, Li W. Silver Nanoflakes-Enhanced Anisotropic Hybrid Composites for Integratable Pressure Sensors. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2022; 12:4018. [PMID: 36432309 PMCID: PMC9698126 DOI: 10.3390/nano12224018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Flexible pressure sensors based on polymer elastomers filled with conductive fillers show great advantages in their applications in flexible electronic devices. However, integratable high-sensitivity pressure sensors remain understudied. This work improves the conductivity and sensitivity of PDMS-Fe/Ni piezoresistive composites by introducing silver flakes and magnetic-assisted alignment techniques. As secondary fillers, silver flakes with high aspect ratios enhance the conductive percolation network in composites. Meanwhile, a magnetic field aligns ferromagnetic particles to further improve the conductivity and sensitivity of composites. The resistivity of the composite decreases sharply by 1000 times within a tiny compression strain of 1%, indicating excellent sensing performance. On the basis of this, we demonstrate an integratable miniature pressure sensor with a small size (2 × 2 × 1 mm), high sensitivity (0.966 kPa-1), and wide sensing range (200 kPa). Finally, we develop a flexible E-skin system with 5 × 5 integratable sensor units to detect pressure distribution, which shows rapid real-time response, high resolution, and high sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingtian Zhang
- School of Mechanical, Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522, Australia
| | - Guolin Yun
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Shida Jin
- School of Mechanical, Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522, Australia
| | - Zexin Chen
- School of Mechanical, Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522, Australia
| | - Shi-Yang Tang
- Department of Electronic, Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Hongda Lu
- School of Mechanical, Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522, Australia
| | - Haiping Du
- School of Electronic, Computer and Telecommunications Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522, Australia
| | - Weihua Li
- School of Mechanical, Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522, Australia
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Neto J, Chirila R, Dahiya AS, Christou A, Shakthivel D, Dahiya R. Skin-Inspired Thermoreceptors-Based Electronic Skin for Biomimicking Thermal Pain Reflexes. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2022; 9:e2201525. [PMID: 35876394 PMCID: PMC9507360 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202201525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Electronic systems possessing skin-like morphology and functionalities (electronic skins [e-skins]) have attracted considerable attention in recent years to provide sensory or haptic feedback in growing areas such as robotics, prosthetics, and interactive systems. However, the main focus thus far has been on the distributed pressure or force sensors. Herein a thermoreceptive e-skin with biological systems like functionality is presented. The soft, distributed, and highly sensitive miniaturized (≈700 µm2 ) artificial thermoreceptors (ATRs) in the e-skin are developed using an innovative fabrication route that involves dielectrophoretic assembly of oriented vanadium pentoxide nanowires at defined locations and high-resolution electrohydrodynamic printing. Inspired from the skin morphology, the ATRs are embedded in a thermally insulating soft nanosilica/epoxy polymeric layer and yet they exhibit excellent thermal sensitivity (-1.1 ± 0.3% °C-1 ), fast response (≈1s), exceptional stability (negligible hysteresis for >5 h operation), and mechanical durability (up to 10 000 bending and twisting loading cycles). Finally, the developed e-skin is integrated on the fingertip of a robotic hand and a biological system like reflex is demonstrated in response to temperature stimuli via localized learning at the hardware level.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Neto
- Bendable Electronics and Sensing Technologies (BEST) GroupUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowG12 8QQUK
| | - Radu Chirila
- Bendable Electronics and Sensing Technologies (BEST) GroupUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowG12 8QQUK
| | - Abhishek Singh Dahiya
- Bendable Electronics and Sensing Technologies (BEST) GroupUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowG12 8QQUK
| | - Adamos Christou
- Bendable Electronics and Sensing Technologies (BEST) GroupUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowG12 8QQUK
| | - Dhayalan Shakthivel
- Bendable Electronics and Sensing Technologies (BEST) GroupUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowG12 8QQUK
| | - Ravinder Dahiya
- Bendable Electronics and Sensing Technologies (BEST) GroupUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowG12 8QQUK
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Guo X, Zhou D, Hong W, Wang D, Liu T, Wang D, Liu L, Yu S, Song Y, Bai S, Li Y, Hong Q, Zhao Y, Xiang L, Mai Z, Xing G. Biologically Emulated Flexible Sensors With High Sensitivity and Low Hysteresis: Toward Electronic Skin to a Sense of Touch. Small 2022; 18:e2203044. [PMID: 35836346 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202203044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Recently, flexible pressure sensors (FPSs) have attracted intensive attention owing to their ability to mimic and function as electronic skin. Some sensors are exploited with a biological structure dielectric layer for high sensitivity and detection. However, traditional sensors with bionic structures usually suffer from a limited range for high-pressure scenes due to their high sensitivity and high hysteresis in the medium pressure range. Here, a reconfigurable flea bionic structure FPS based on 3D printing technology, which can meet the needs of different scenes via tailoring of the dedicated structural parameters, is proposed. FPS exhibits high sensitivity (1.005 kPa-1 in 0-1 kPa), wide detection range (200 kPa), high repeatability (6000 cycles in 10 kPa), low hysteresis (1.3%), fast response time (40 ms), and very low detection limit (0.5 Pa). Aiming at practical application implementation, FPS has been correspondingly placed on a finger, elbow, arm, neck, cheek, and manipulators to detect the actions of various body parts, suggestive of excellent applicability. It is also integrated to make a flexible 3 × 3 sensor array for detecting spatial pressure distribution. The results indicate that FPS exhibits a significant application potential in advanced biological wearable technologies, such as human motion monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Guo
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, P. R. China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Target Recognition and Feature Extraction, Lu'an, 237010, P. R. China
| | - Deyi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, P. R. China
| | - Weiqiang Hong
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, P. R. China
| | - Dandan Wang
- Hubei JiuFengShan Laboratory, Future Science and Technology City, Wuhan, Hubei, 420000, P. R. China
| | - Tianqi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, P. R. China
| | - Di Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microelectronic Devices & Integrated Technology, Institute of Microelectronics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Long Liu
- Key Laboratory of Microelectronic Devices & Integrated Technology, Institute of Microelectronics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shencheng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, P. R. China
| | - Yanjun Song
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, P. R. China
| | - Su Bai
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, P. R. China
| | - Yewei Li
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, P. R. China
| | - Qi Hong
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, P. R. China
| | - Yunong Zhao
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Lei Xiang
- Hubei JiuFengShan Laboratory, Future Science and Technology City, Wuhan, Hubei, 420000, P. R. China
| | - Zhihong Mai
- Hubei JiuFengShan Laboratory, Future Science and Technology City, Wuhan, Hubei, 420000, P. R. China
| | - Guozhong Xing
- Key Laboratory of Microelectronic Devices & Integrated Technology, Institute of Microelectronics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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10
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Li G, Liu S, Mao Q, Zhu R. Multifunctional Electronic Skins Enable Robots to Safely and Dexterously Interact with Human. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2022; 9:e2104969. [PMID: 35170258 PMCID: PMC9008439 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202104969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Human-robot collaboration is playing more and more important roles in current deployments of robotic systems in our lives. Haptic perception and intelligent control are essential to ensure safety and efficiency of human-robot interaction. However, existing robotic sensory and control systems are deficient in terms of performance issues, complexity, and cost. Here, the authors report a multifunctional electronic skin (e-skin) incorporating multiple perceptions with intelligent robotic control, by which robots can safely and dexterously interact with humans. The e-skin with a simple and cost-effective sensory structure has multimodal perceptions of proximity, temperature, contact force, and contact position with broad measuring range, high sensitivity, and fast response. The e-skin is applied onto robots to accomplish obstacle avoidance, safe and dexterous human-robot interaction, smart teaching, and playing Tai-Chi, which demonstrate a broad range of applications for intelligent robots equipped with e-skins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and InstrumentsDepartment of Precision InstrumentTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Shiqiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and InstrumentsDepartment of Precision InstrumentTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Qian Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and InstrumentsDepartment of Precision InstrumentTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Rong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and InstrumentsDepartment of Precision InstrumentTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
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11
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Guo Q, Qiu X, Zhang X. Recent Advances in Electronic Skins with Multiple-Stimuli-Responsive and Self-Healing Abilities. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:1661. [PMID: 35268894 DOI: 10.3390/ma15051661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Wearable electronic skin (e-skin) has provided a revolutionized way to intelligently sense environmental stimuli, which shows prospective applications in health monitoring, artificial intelligence and prosthetics fields. Drawn inspiration from biological skins, developing e-skin with multiple stimuli perception and self-healing abilities not only enrich their bionic multifunctionality, but also greatly improve their sensory performance and functional stability. In this review, we highlight recent important developments in the material structure design strategy to imitate the fascinating functionalities of biological skins, including molecular synthesis, physical structure design, and special biomimicry engineering. Moreover, their specific structure-property relationships, multifunctional application, and existing challenges are also critically analyzed with representative examples. Furthermore, a summary and perspective on future directions and challenges of biomimetic electronic skins regarding function construction will be briefly discussed. We believe that this review will provide valuable guidance for readers to fabricate superior e-skin materials or devices with skin-like multifunctionalities and disparate characteristics.
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12
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Yang L, Wang H, Yuan W, Li Y, Gao P, Tiwari N, Chen X, Wang Z, Niu G, Cheng H. Wearable Pressure Sensors Based on MXene/Tissue Papers for Wireless Human Health Monitoring. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:60531-60543. [PMID: 34894673 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c22001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Though the widely available, low-cost, and disposable papers have been explored in flexible paper-based pressure sensors, it is still difficult for them to simultaneously achieve ultrahigh sensitivity, low limit and broad range of detection, and high-pressure resolution. Herein, we demonstrate a novel flexible paper-based pressure sensing platform that features the MXene-coated tissue paper (MTP) sandwiched between a polyimide encapsulation layer and a printing paper with interdigital electrodes. After replacing the polyimide with weighing paper in the MTP pressure sensor, the silver interdigital electrodes can be recycled through incineration. The resulting pressure sensor with polyimide or paper encapsulation exhibits a high sensitivity of 509.5 or 344.0 kPa-1, a low limit (∼1 Pa) and a broad range (100 kPa) of detection, and outstanding stability over 10 000 loading/unloading cycles. With ultrahigh sensitivity over a wide pressure range, the flexible pressure sensor can monitor various physiological signals and human movements. Configuring the pressure sensors into an array layout results in a smart artificial electronic skin to recognize the spatial pressure distribution. The flexible pressure sensor can also be integrated with signal processing and wireless communication modules on a face mask as a remote respiration monitoring system to wirelessly detect various respiration conditions and respiratory abnormalities for early self-identification of opioid overdose, pulmonary fibrosis, and other cardiopulmonary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Department of Electrical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Hongli Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Wenjing Yuan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Materials Laminating Fabrication and Interface Control Technology, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Yuhang Li
- Institute of Solid Mechanics, Beihang University (BUAA), Beijing 100191, China
| | - Peng Gao
- Department of Electronic Information, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Naveen Tiwari
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Xue Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Zihan Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Guangyu Niu
- Department of Architecture and Art, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Huanyu Cheng
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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13
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Son J, Bae GY, Lee S, Lee G, Kim SW, Kim D, Chung S, Cho K. Cactus-Spine-Inspired Sweat-Collecting Patch for Fast and Continuous Monitoring of Sweat. Adv Mater 2021; 33:e2102740. [PMID: 34396596 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202102740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A sweat sensor is expected to be the most appropriate wearable device for noninvasive healthcare monitoring. However, the practical use of sweat sensors is impeded by irregular and low sweat secretion rates. Here, a sweat-collecting patch that can collect sweat efficiently for fast and continuous healthcare monitoring is demonstrated. The patch uses cactus-spine-inspired wedge-shaped wettability-patterned channels on a hierarchical microstructured/nanostructured surface. The channel shape, in combination with the superhydrophobic/superhydrophilic surface materials, induces a unidirectional Laplace pressure that transports the sweat to the sensing area spontaneously even when the patch is aligned vertically. The patch demonstrates superior sweat-collecting efficiency and reduces the time required to fill the sensing area by transporting sweat almost without leaving it inside the channel. Therefore, a sensor based on the patch responds quickly to biochemicals in sweat, and the patch enables the continuous monitoring of changes in sweat biochemicals according to their changes in the wearer's blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonghyun Son
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Geun Yeol Bae
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Siyoung Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Giwon Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Seong Won Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Daegun Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Sein Chung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Kilwon Cho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
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14
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Hartmann F, Baumgartner M, Kaltenbrunner M. Becoming Sustainable, The New Frontier in Soft Robotics. Adv Mater 2021; 33:e2004413. [PMID: 33336520 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202004413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The advancement of technology has a profound and far-reaching impact on the society, now penetrating all areas of life. From cradle to grave, one is supported by and depends on a wide range of electronic and robotic appliances, with an ever more intimate integration of the digital and biological spheres. These advances, however, often come at the price of negatively impacting our ecosystem, with growing demands on energy, contributions to greenhouse gas emissions and environmental pollution-from production to improper disposal. Mitigating these adverse effects is among the grand challenges of the society and at the forefront of materials research. The currently emerging forms of soft, biologically inspired electronics and robotics have the unique potential of becoming not only like their natural antitypes in performance and capabilities, but also in terms of their ecological footprint. This review outlines the rise of sustainable materials in soft and bioinspired robotics, targeting all robotic components from actuators to energy storage and electronics. The state-of-the-art in biobased robotics spans flourishing fields and applications ranging from microbots operating in vivo to biohybrid machines and fully biodegradable yet resilient actuators. These first steps initiate the evolution of robotics and guide them into a sustainable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Hartmann
- Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, Linz, 4040, Austria
- Soft Materials Lab, Linz Institute of Technology LIT, Johannes Kepler University, Altenberger Strasse 69, Linz, 4040, Austria
| | - Melanie Baumgartner
- Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, Linz, 4040, Austria
- Soft Materials Lab, Linz Institute of Technology LIT, Johannes Kepler University, Altenberger Strasse 69, Linz, 4040, Austria
- Institute of Polymer Science, Johannes Kepler University, Altenberger Strasse 69, Linz, 4040, Austria
| | - Martin Kaltenbrunner
- Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, Linz, 4040, Austria
- Soft Materials Lab, Linz Institute of Technology LIT, Johannes Kepler University, Altenberger Strasse 69, Linz, 4040, Austria
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15
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Khatib M, Zohar O, Haick H. Self-Healing Soft Sensors: From Material Design to Implementation. Adv Mater 2021; 33:e2004190. [PMID: 33533124 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202004190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The demand for interfacing electronics in everyday life is rapidly accelerating, with an ever-growing number of applications in wearable electronics and electronic skins for robotics, prosthetics, and other purposes. Soft sensors that efficiently detect environmental or biological/physiological stimuli have been extensively studied due to their essential role in creating the necessary interfaces for these applications. Unfortunately, due to their natural softness, these sensors are highly sensitive to structural and mechanical damage. The integration of natural properties, such as self-healing, into these systems should improve their reliability, stability, and long-term performance. Recent studies on self-healing soft sensors for varying chemical and physical parameters are herein reviewed. In addition, contemporary studies on material design, device structure, and fabrication methods for sensing platforms are also discussed. Finally, the main challenges and future perspectives in this field are introduced, while focusing on the most promising examples and directions already reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Khatib
- The Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Orr Zohar
- The Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Hossam Haick
- The Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
- The Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
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16
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Kim SO, Han CJ, Lee CR, Lee HJ, Kim Y, Kim JW. Ultrafast Photoinduced Interconnection of Metal-Polymer Composites for Fabrication of Transparent and Stretchable Electronic Skins. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:39695-39704. [PMID: 32805839 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c12362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The high interest sparked by the foldable smartphones recently released on the market is gradually shifting to the next generation of flexible electronic devices, such as electronic skins in the form of stretchable thin films. To develop such devices, good mechanical flexibility of all components (including the substrate, electrode, and encapsulant) is critical. Various technologies have been developed to enhance the flexibility of these components; however, progress in developing interconnection methods for flexible and stretchable devices has been limited. Here, we developed an ultrafast photoinduced interconnection method that does not require any adhesive or surface treatment. This method is based on heating metal nanostructures using intense pulsed light (IPL) and the reversible cross-linking of polymers. First, we synthesized a stretchable, transparent, and free-standing polymer substrate that can be reversibly cross-linked, and then Ag nanowire (AgNW) networks were formed on its surface. This electrode was irradiated with IPL, which locally heated the AgNWs, followed by decomposition of the polymer via the retro-Diels-Alder reaction and recross-linking. Independently fabricated AgNW/polymer films were layered and irradiated three times with IPL to form a bonded sample with excellent joint quality and no increase in electrical resistance compared to a single electrode. Furthermore, the interconnected electrodes were stretchable and optically transparent. Even when more than 200% strain was applied in a peel test, no breakage at the joint was observed. This allowed us to successfully produce a stretchable, transparent, and bending-insensitive pressure sensor for various applications such as motion detectors or pressure sensor arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Ok Kim
- School of Advanced Materials Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Jong Han
- Display Research Center, Korea Electronics Technology Institute, 25 Saenariro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 13509, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheul-Ro Lee
- School of Advanced Materials Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jin Lee
- Display Research Center, Korea Electronics Technology Institute, 25 Saenariro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 13509, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngmin Kim
- Display Research Center, Korea Electronics Technology Institute, 25 Saenariro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 13509, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Woong Kim
- School of Advanced Materials Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
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17
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Lee G, Bae GY, Son JH, Lee S, Kim SW, Kim D, Lee SG, Cho K. User-Interactive Thermotherapeutic Electronic Skin Based on Stretchable Thermochromic Strain Sensor. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2020; 7:2001184. [PMID: 32999818 PMCID: PMC7507701 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202001184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
User-interactive electronic skin (e-skin) with a distinguishable output has enormous potential for human-machine interfaces and healthcare applications. Despite advances in user-interactive e-skins, advances in visual user-interactive therapeutic e-skins remain rare. Here, a user-interactive thermotherapeutic device is reported that is fabricated by combining thermochromic composites and stretchable strain sensors consisting of strain-responsive silver nanowire networks on surface energy-patterned microwrinkles. Both the color and heat of the device are easily controlled through electrical resistance variation induced by applied mechanical strain. The resulting monolithic device exhibits substantial changes in optical reflectance and temperature with durability, rapid response, high stretchability, and linear sensitivity. The approach enables a low-expertise route to fabricating dynamic interactive thermotherapeutic e-skins that can be used to effectively rehabilitate injured connective tissues as well as to prevent skin burns by simultaneously accommodating stretching, providing heat, and exhibiting a color change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giwon Lee
- Department of Chemical EngineeringPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohang37673Korea
| | - Geun Yeol Bae
- Department of Chemical EngineeringPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohang37673Korea
| | - Jong Hyun Son
- Department of Chemical EngineeringPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohang37673Korea
| | - Siyoung Lee
- Department of Chemical EngineeringPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohang37673Korea
| | - Seong Won Kim
- Department of Chemical EngineeringPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohang37673Korea
| | - Daegun Kim
- Department of Chemical EngineeringPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohang37673Korea
| | - Seung Goo Lee
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of UlsanUlsan44610Korea
| | - Kilwon Cho
- Department of Chemical EngineeringPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohang37673Korea
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18
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Guan X, Wang Z, Zhao W, Huang H, Wang S, Zhang Q, Zhong D, Lin W, Ding N, Peng Z. Flexible Piezoresistive Sensors with Wide-Range Pressure Measurements Based on a Graded Nest-like Architecture. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:26137-26144. [PMID: 32423195 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c03326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Flexible pressure sensors present great potential in the application of human health monitoring, tactile function of prosthesis, and electronic skin for robotics. These applications require different trade-off between the sensitivity and sensing range, therefore, it is imperative to develop range-specific sensitivities in a single sensor. In this paper, a bioinspired strategy for a resistive pressure sensor using a graded porous material is proposed to measure pressures from several pascals to megapascals. Its fabrication is based on an easily accessible template method. The nest-architecture-based wide-range pressure sensor exhibits adequate sensitivity under an extensive pressure regime (20 Pa to 1.2 MPa). In addition, with rational structural design and subtle engineering of the material properties, the sensor achieves remarkable mechanical stability. To prove the concept, sensors were attached on a bicycle wheel to monitor the tire-pavement pressure and on human skin to detect biosignals such as venous and arterial blood pressure pulses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Guan
- Center for Stretchable Electronics and Nano Sensors (SENS), Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Ziya Wang
- Shenzhen Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics for Society (AIRS), Shenzhen 518129, P. R. China
| | - Wenyu Zhao
- Shenzhen Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics for Society (AIRS), Shenzhen 518129, P. R. China
| | - Huayi Huang
- Center for Stretchable Electronics and Nano Sensors (SENS), Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Shaoping Wang
- Center for Stretchable Electronics and Nano Sensors (SENS), Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Center for Stretchable Electronics and Nano Sensors (SENS), Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Dongxia Zhong
- Center for Stretchable Electronics and Nano Sensors (SENS), Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Waner Lin
- Center for Stretchable Electronics and Nano Sensors (SENS), Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Ning Ding
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing (IRIM), The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, P. R. China
| | - Zhengchun Peng
- Center for Stretchable Electronics and Nano Sensors (SENS), Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
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19
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Yu F, Cai JC, Zhu LQ, Sheikhi M, Zeng YH, Guo W, Ren ZY, Xiao H, Ye JC, Lin CH, Wong AB, Wu T. Artificial Tactile Perceptual Neuron with Nociceptive and Pressure Decoding Abilities. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:26258-26266. [PMID: 32432467 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c04718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The neural system is a multifunctional perceptual learning system. Our brain can perceive different kinds of information to form senses, including touch, sight, hearing, and so on. Mimicking such perceptual learning systems is critical for neuromorphic platform applications. Here, an artificial tactile perceptual neuron is realized by utilizing electronic skins (E-skin) with oxide neuromorphic transistors, and this artificial tactile perceptual neuron successfully simulates biological tactile afferent nerves. First, the E-skin device is constructed using microstructured polydimethylsiloxane membranes coated with Ag/indium tin oxide (ITO) layers, exhibiting good sensitivities of ∼2.1 kPa-1 and fast response time of tens of milliseconds. Then, the chitosan-based electrolyte-gated ITO neuromorphic transistor is fabricated and exhibits high performance and synaptic responses. Finally, the integrated artificial tactile perceptual neuron demonstrates pressure excitatory postsynaptic current and paired-pulse facilitation. The artificial tactile perceptual neuron is featured with low energy consumption as low as ∼0.7 nJ. Moreover, it can mimic acute and chronic pain and nociceptive characteristics of allodynia and hyperalgesia in biological nociceptors. Interestingly, the artificial tactile perceptual neuron can employ "Morse code" pressure-interpreting scheme. This simple and low-cost approach has excellent potential for applications including but not limited to intelligent humanoid robots and replacement neuroprosthetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore
| | - Jia Cheng Cai
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Li Qiang Zhu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Moheb Sheikhi
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yu Heng Zeng
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Wei Guo
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Yu Ren
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Hui Xiao
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Ji Chun Ye
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Chun-Ho Lin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Andrew Barnabas Wong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore
| | - Tom Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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20
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Yao S, Ren P, Song R, Liu Y, Huang Q, Dong J, O'Connor BT, Zhu Y. Nanomaterial-Enabled Flexible and Stretchable Sensing Systems: Processing, Integration, and Applications. Adv Mater 2020; 32:e1902343. [PMID: 31464046 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201902343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterial-enabled flexible and stretchable electronics have seen tremendous progress in recent years, evolving from single sensors to integrated sensing systems. Compared with nanomaterial-enabled sensors with a single function, integration of multiple sensors is conducive to comprehensive monitoring of personal health and environment, intelligent human-machine interfaces, and realistic imitation of human skin in robotics and prosthetics. Integration of sensors with other functional components promotes real-world applications of the sensing systems. Here, an overview of the design and integration strategies and manufacturing techniques for such sensing systems is given. Then, representative nanomaterial-enabled flexible and stretchable sensing systems are presented. Following that, representative applications in personal health, fitness tracking, electronic skins, artificial nervous systems, and human-machine interactions are provided. To conclude, perspectives on the challenges and opportunities in this burgeoning field are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Yao
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Ping Ren
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Runqiao Song
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Yuxuan Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Qijin Huang
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23219, USA
| | - Jingyan Dong
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Brendan T O'Connor
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Yong Zhu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
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21
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Khatib M, Zohar O, Saliba W, Haick H. A Multifunctional Electronic Skin Empowered with Damage Mapping and Autonomic Acceleration of Self-Healing in Designated Locations. Adv Mater 2020; 32:e2000246. [PMID: 32173928 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202000246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Integrating self-healing capabilities into soft electronic devices and sensors is important for increasing their reliability, longevity, and sustainability. Although some advances in self-healing soft electronics have been made, many challenges have been hindering their integration in digital electronics and their use in real-world conditions. Herein, an electronic skin (e-skin) with high sensing performance toward temperature, pressure, and pH levels-both at ambient and/or in underwater conditions is reported. The e-skin is empowered with a novel self-repair capability that consists of an intrinsic mechanism for efficient self-healing of small-scale damages as well as an extrinsic mechanism for damage mapping and on-demand self-healing of big-scale damages in designated locations. The overall design is based on a multilayered structure that integrates a neuron-like nanostructured network for self-monitoring and damage detection and an array of electrical heaters for selective self-repair. This system has significantly enhanced self-healing capabilities; for example, it can decrease the healing time of microscratches from 24 h to 30 s. The electronic platform lays down the foundation for the development of a new subcategory of self-healing devices in which electronic circuit design is used for self-monitoring, healing, and restoring proper device function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Khatib
- The Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Orr Zohar
- The Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Walaa Saliba
- The Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Hossam Haick
- The Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
- The Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
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22
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Yang JC, Mun J, Kwon SY, Park S, Bao Z, Park S. Electronic Skin: Recent Progress and Future Prospects for Skin-Attachable Devices for Health Monitoring, Robotics, and Prosthetics. Adv Mater 2019; 31:e1904765. [PMID: 31538370 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201904765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 444] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress in electronic skin or e-skin research is broadly reviewed, focusing on technologies needed in three main applications: skin-attachable electronics, robotics, and prosthetics. First, since e-skin will be exposed to prolonged stresses of various kinds and needs to be conformally adhered to irregularly shaped surfaces, materials with intrinsic stretchability and self-healing properties are of great importance. Second, tactile sensing capability such as the detection of pressure, strain, slip, force vector, and temperature are important for health monitoring in skin attachable devices, and to enable object manipulation and detection of surrounding environment for robotics and prosthetics. For skin attachable devices, chemical and electrophysiological sensing and wireless signal communication are of high significance to fully gauge the state of health of users and to ensure user comfort. For robotics and prosthetics, large-area integration on 3D surfaces in a facile and scalable manner is critical. Furthermore, new signal processing strategies using neuromorphic devices are needed to efficiently process tactile information in a parallel and low power manner. For prosthetics, neural interfacing electrodes are of high importance. These topics are discussed, focusing on progress, current challenges, and future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chang Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewan Mun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-5025, USA
| | - Se Young Kwon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongjun Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhenan Bao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-5025, USA
| | - Steve Park
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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23
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Park YG, Lee S, Park JU. Recent Progress in Wireless Sensors for Wearable Electronics. Sensors (Basel) 2019; 19:E4353. [PMID: 31600870 DOI: 10.3390/s19204353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The development of wearable electronics has emphasized user-comfort, convenience, security, and improved medical functionality. Several previous research studies transformed various types of sensors into a wearable form to more closely monitor body signals and enable real-time, continuous sensing. In order to realize these wearable sensing platforms, it is essential to integrate wireless power supplies and data communication systems with the wearable sensors. This review article discusses recent progress in wireless technologies and various types of wearable sensors. Also, state-of-the-art research related to the application of wearable sensor systems with wireless functionality is discussed, including electronic skin, smart contact lenses, neural interfaces, and retinal prostheses. Current challenges and prospects of wireless sensor systems are discussed.
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24
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Ling Y, Gong S, Zhai Q, Wang Y, Zhao Y, Yang M, Cheng W. Embedding Pinhole Vertical Gold Nanowire Electronic Skins for Braille Recognition. Small 2019; 15:e1804853. [PMID: 30821088 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201804853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Electronic skins (e-skins) have the potential to be conformally integrated with human body to revolutionize wearable electronics for a myriad of technical applications including healthcare, soft robotics, and the internet of things, to name a few. One of the challenges preventing the current proof of concept translating to real-world applications is the device durability, in which the strong adhesion between active materials and elastomeric substrate or human skin is required. Here, a new strategy is reported to embed vertically aligned standing gold nanowires (v-AuNWs) into polydimethylsiloxane, leading to a robust e-skin sensor. It is found that v-AuNWs with pinholes can have an adhesion energy 18-fold greater than that for pinhole-free v-AuNWs. Finite element modeling results show that this is due to friction force from interfacial embedment. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the robust e-skin sensor can be used for braille recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunzhi Ling
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
- The Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Shu Gong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
- The Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Qingfeng Zhai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
- The Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Yunmeng Zhao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
- The Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Mingjie Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Wenlong Cheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
- The Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
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25
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Guo Y, Zhong M, Fang Z, Wan P, Yu G. A Wearable Transient Pressure Sensor Made with MXene Nanosheets for Sensitive Broad-Range Human-Machine Interfacing. Nano Lett 2019; 19:1143-1150. [PMID: 30657695 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b04514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Flexible and degradable pressure sensors have received tremendous attention for potential use in transient electronic skins, flexible displays, and intelligent robotics due to their portability, real-time sensing performance, flexibility, and decreased electronic waste and environmental impact. However, it remains a critical challenge to simultaneously achieve a high sensitivity, broad sensing range (up to 30 kPa), fast response, long-term durability, and robust environmental degradability to achieve full-scale biomonitoring and decreased electronic waste. MXenes, which are two-dimensional layered structures with a large specific surface area and high conductivity, are widely employed in electrochemical energy devices. Here, we present a highly sensitive, flexible, and degradable pressure sensor fabricated by sandwiching porous MXene-impregnated tissue paper between a biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA) thin sheet and an interdigitated electrode-coated PLA thin sheet. The flexible pressure sensor exhibits high sensitivity with a low detection limit (10.2 Pa), broad range (up to 30 kPa), fast response (11 ms), low power consumption (10-8 W), great reproducibility over 10 000 cycles, and excellent degradability. It can also be used to predict the potential health status of patients and act as an electronic skin (E-skin) for mapping tactile stimuli, suggesting potential in personal healthcare monitoring, clinical diagnosis, and next-generation artificial skins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , PR China
| | - Mengjuan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , China
| | - Zhiwei Fang
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Department of Mechanical Engineering , The University of Texas , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Pengbo Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , China
| | - Guihua Yu
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Department of Mechanical Engineering , The University of Texas , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
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26
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Sun K, Ko H, Park HH, Seong M, Lee SH, Yi H, Park HW, Kim TI, Pang C, Jeong HE. Hybrid Architectures of Heterogeneous Carbon Nanotube Composite Microstructures Enable Multiaxial Strain Perception with High Sensitivity and Ultrabroad Sensing Range. Small 2018; 14:e1803411. [PMID: 30417603 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201803411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Low-dimensional nanomaterials are widely adopted as active sensing elements for electronic skins. When the nanomaterials are integrated with microscale architectures, the performance of the electronic skin is significantly altered. Here, it is shown that a high-performance flexible and stretchable electronic skin can be produced by incorporating a piezoresistive carbon nanotube composite into a hierarchical topography of micropillar-wrinkle hybrid architectures that mimic wrinkles and folds in human skin. Owing to the unique hierarchical topography of the hybrid architectures, the hybrid electronic skin exhibits versatile and superior sensing performance, which includes multiaxial force detection (normal, bending, and tensile stresses), remarkable sensitivity (20.9 kPa-1 , 17.7 mm-1 , and gauge factor of 707 each for normal, bending, and tensile stresses), ultrabroad sensing range (normal stress = 0-270 kPa, bending radius of curvature = 1-6.5 mm, and tensile strain = 0-50%), sensing tunability, fast response time (24 ms), and high durability (>10 000 cycles). Measurements of spatial distributions of diverse mechanical stimuli are also demonstrated with the multipixel electronic skin. The stress-strain behavior of the hybrid structure is investigated by finite element analysis to elucidate the underlying principle of the superior sensing performance of the electronic skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kahyun Sun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hangil Ko
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Ha Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Minho Seong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hyeon Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoon Yi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Wook Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Il Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhyun Pang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoon Eui Jeong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
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27
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Guo Y, Guo Z, Zhong M, Wan P, Zhang W, Zhang L. A Flexible Wearable Pressure Sensor with Bioinspired Microcrack and Interlocking for Full-Range Human-Machine Interfacing. Small 2018; 14:e1803018. [PMID: 30247809 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201803018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Flexible wearable pressure sensors have drawn tremendous interest for various applications in wearable healthcare monitoring, disease diagnostics, and human-machine interaction. However, the limited sensing range (<10%), low sensing sensitivity at small strains, limited mechanical stability at high strains, and complicated fabrication process restrict the extensive applications of these sensors for ultrasensitive full-range healthcare monitoring. Herein, a flexible wearable pressure sensor is presented with a hierarchically microstructured framework combining microcrack and interlocking, bioinspired by the crack-shaped mechanosensory systems of spiders and the wing-locking sensing systems of beetles. The sensor exhibits wide full-range healthcare monitoring under strain deformations of 0.2-80%, fast response/recovery time (22 ms/20 ms), high sensitivity, the ultrasensitive loading sensing of a feather (25 mg), the potential to predict the health of patients with early-stage Parkinson's disease with the imitated static tremor, and excellent reproducibility over 10 000 cycles. Meanwhile, the sensor can be assembled as smart artificial electronic skins (E-skins) for simultaneously mapping the pressure distribution and shape of touching sensing. Furthermore, it can be attached onto the legs of a smart robot and coupled to a wireless transmitter for wirelessly monitoring human-motion interactivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Guo
- Center of Advanced Elastomer Materials & Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zhiyuan Guo
- Center of Advanced Elastomer Materials & Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Mengjuan Zhong
- Center of Advanced Elastomer Materials & Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Pengbo Wan
- Center of Advanced Elastomer Materials & Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Weixia Zhang
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Liqun Zhang
- Center of Advanced Elastomer Materials & Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
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28
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Wang Y, Gong S, Wang SJ, Yang X, Ling Y, Yap LW, Dong D, Simon GP, Cheng W. Standing Enokitake-like Nanowire Films for Highly Stretchable Elastronics. ACS Nano 2018; 12:9742-9749. [PMID: 30226045 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b05019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable electronics may enable electronic components to be part of our organs-ideal for future wearable/implantable biodiagnostic systems. One of key challenges is failure of the soft/rigid material interface due to mismatching Young's moduli, which limits stretchability and durability of current systems. Here, we show that standing enokitake-like gold-nanowire-based films chemically bonded to an elastomer can be stretched up to 900% and are highly durable, with >93% conductivity recovery even after 2000 stretching/releasing cycles to 800% strain. Both experimental and modeling reveal that this superior elastic property originates from standing enokitake-like nanowire film structures. The closely packed nanoparticle layer sticks to the top of the nanowires, which easily cracks under strain, whereas the bottom part of the nanowires is compliant with substrate deformation. This leads to tiny V-shaped cracks with a maintained electron transport pathway rather than large U-shaped cracks that are frequently observed for conventional metal films. We further show that our standing nanowire films can serve as current collectors in supercapacitors and second skin-like smart masks for facial expression detection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stephen J Wang
- Department of Innovation Design Engineering, School of Design , Royal College of Art , London SW7 2EU , United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Wenlong Cheng
- The Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication , Clayton , Victoria 3800 , Australia
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29
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Ravi SK, Wu T, Udayagiri VS, Vu XM, Wang Y, Jones MR, Tan SC. Photosynthetic Bioelectronic Sensors for Touch Perception, UV-Detection, and Nanopower Generation: Toward Self-Powered E-Skins. Adv Mater 2018; 30:e1802290. [PMID: 30101422 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201802290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Energy self-sufficiency is an inspirational design feature of biological systems that fulfills sensory functions. Plants such as the "touch-me-not" and "Venus flytrap" not only sustain life by photosynthesis, but also execute specialized sensory responses to touch. Photosynthesis enables these organisms to sustainably harvest and expend energy, powering their sensory abilities. Photosynthesis therefore provides a promising model for self-powered sensory devices like electronic skins (e-skins). While the natural sensory abilities of human skin have been emulated in man-made materials for advanced prosthetics and soft-robotics, no previous e-skin has incorporated phototransduction and photosensory functions that could extend the sensory abilities of human skin. A proof-of-concept bioelectronic device integrated with natural photosynthetic pigment-proteins is presented that shows the ability to sense not only touch stimuli (down to 3000 Pa), but also low-intensity ultraviolet radiation (down to 0.01 mW cm-2 ) and generate an electrical power of ≈260 nW cm-2 . The scalability of this device is demonstrated through the fabrication of flexible, multipixel, bioelectronic sensors capable of touch registration and tracking. The polysensory abilities, energy self-sufficiency, and additional nanopower generation exhibited by this bioelectronic system make it particularly promising for applications like smart e-skins and wearable sensors, where the photogenerated power can enable remote data transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Kishore Ravi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - Tingfeng Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - Vishnu Saran Udayagiri
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - Xuan Minh Vu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - Yanan Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - Michael R Jones
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Swee Ching Tan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
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30
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Wan Y, Qiu Z, Huang J, Yang J, Wang Q, Lu P, Yang J, Zhang J, Huang S, Wu Z, Guo CF. Natural Plant Materials as Dielectric Layer for Highly Sensitive Flexible Electronic Skin. Small 2018; 14:e1801657. [PMID: 30058286 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201801657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Nature has long offered human beings with useful materials. Herein, plant materials including flowers and leaves have been directly used as the dielectric material in flexible capacitive electronic skin (e-skin), which simply consists of a dried flower petal or leaf sandwiched by two flexible electrodes. The plant material is a 3D cell wall network which plays like a compressible metamaterial that elastically collapses upon pressing plus some specific surface structures, and thus the device can sensitively respond to pressure. The device works over a broad-pressure range from 0.6 Pa to 115 kPa with a maximum sensitivity of 1.54 kPa-1 , and shows high stability over 5000 cyclic pressings or bends. The natural-material-based e-skin has been applied in touch sensing, motion monitoring, gas flow detection, and the spatial distribution of pressure. As the foam-like structure is ubiquitous in plants, a general strategy for a green, cost-effective, and scalable approach to make flexible e-skins is offered here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbiao Wan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Zhiguang Qiu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jun Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Jingyi Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Peng Lu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Junlong Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jianming Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Siya Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhigang Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Chuan Fei Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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31
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Lai YC, Deng J, Liu R, Hsiao YC, Zhang SL, Peng W, Wu HM, Wang X, Wang ZL. Actively Perceiving and Responsive Soft Robots Enabled by Self-Powered, Highly Extensible, and Highly Sensitive Triboelectric Proximity- and Pressure-Sensing Skins. Adv Mater 2018; 30:e1801114. [PMID: 29869431 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201801114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Robots that can move, feel, and respond like organisms will bring revolutionary impact to today's technologies. Soft robots with organism-like adaptive bodies have shown great potential in vast robot-human and robot-environment applications. Developing skin-like sensory devices allows them to naturally sense and interact with environment. Also, it would be better if the capabilities to feel can be active, like real skin. However, challenges in the complicated structures, incompatible moduli, poor stretchability and sensitivity, large driving voltage, and power dissipation hinder applicability of conventional technologies. Here, various actively perceivable and responsive soft robots are enabled by self-powered active triboelectric robotic skins (tribo-skins) that simultaneously possess excellent stretchability and excellent sensitivity in the low-pressure regime. The tribo-skins can actively sense proximity, contact, and pressure to external stimuli via self-generating electricity. The driving energy comes from a natural triboelectrification effect involving the cooperation of contact electrification and electrostatic induction. The perfect integration of the tribo-skins and soft actuators enables soft robots to perform various actively sensing and interactive tasks including actively perceiving their muscle motions, working states, textile's dampness, and even subtle human physiological signals. Moreover, the self-generating signals can drive optoelectronic devices for visual communication and be processed for diverse sophisticated uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Chih Lai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Jianan Deng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Ruiyuan Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Yung-Chi Hsiao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Steven L Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Wenbo Peng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Hsing-Mei Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Xingfu Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Zhong Lin Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
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32
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An J, Le TSD, Huang Y, Zhan Z, Li Y, Zheng L, Huang W, Sun G, Kim YJ. All-Graphene-Based Highly Flexible Noncontact Electronic Skin. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:44593-44601. [PMID: 29202577 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b13701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Noncontact electronic skin (e-skin), which possesses superior long-range and high-spatial-resolution sensory properties, is becoming indispensable in fulfilling the emulation of human sensation via prosthetics. Here, we present an advanced design and fabrication of all-graphene-based highly flexible noncontact e-skins by virtue of femtosecond laser direct writing (FsLDW). The photoreduced graphene oxide patterns function as the conductive electrodes, whereas the pristine graphene oxide thin film serves as the sensing layer. The as-fabricated e-skins exhibit high sensitivity, fast response-recovery behavior, good long-term stability, and excellent mechanical robustness. In-depth analysis reveals that the sensing mechanism is attributed to proton and ionic conductivity in the low and high humidity conditions, respectively. By taking the merits of the FsLDW, a 4 × 4 sensing matrix is facilely integrated in a single-step, eco-friendly, and green process. The light-weight and in-plane matrix shows high-spatial-resolution sensing capabilities over a long detection range in a noncontact mode. This study will open up an avenue to innovations in the noncontact e-skins and hold a promise for applications in wearable human-machine interfaces, robotics, and bioelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Lianxi Zheng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science, Technology and Research , Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech) , 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Gengzhi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech) , 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
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33
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Wang C, Xia K, Zhang M, Jian M, Zhang Y. An All-Silk-Derived Dual-Mode E-skin for Simultaneous Temperature-Pressure Detection. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:39484-39492. [PMID: 29065259 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b13356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Flexible skin-mimicking electronics are highly desired for development of smart human-machine interfaces and wearable human-health monitors. Human skins are able to simultaneously detect different information, such as touch, friction, temperature, and humidity. However, due to the mutual interferences of sensors with different functions, it is still a big challenge to fabricate multifunctional electronic skins (E-skins). Herein, a combo temperature-pressure E-skin is reported through assembling a temperature sensor and a strain sensor in both of which flexible and transparent silk-nanofiber-derived carbon fiber membranes (SilkCFM) are used as the active material. The temperature sensor presents high temperature sensitivity of 0.81% per centigrade. The strain sensor shows an extremely high sensitivity with a gauge factor of ∼8350 at 50% strain, enabling the detection of subtle pressure stimuli that induce local strain. Importantly, the structure of the SilkCFM in each sensor is designed to be passive to other stimuli, enabling the integrated E-skin to precisely detect temperature and pressure at the same time. It is demonstrated that the E-skin can detect and distinguish exhaling, finger pressing, and spatial distribution of temperature and pressure, which cannot be realized using single mode sensors. The remarkable performance of the silk-based combo temperature-pressure sensor, together with its green and large-scalable fabrication process, promising its applications in human-machine interfaces and soft electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunya Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, PR China
- Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics (CNMM), Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Kailun Xia
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, PR China
- Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics (CNMM), Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Mingchao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, PR China
- Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics (CNMM), Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Muqiang Jian
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, PR China
- Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics (CNMM), Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, PR China
- Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics (CNMM), Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, PR China
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Khan U, Kim TH, Ryu H, Seung W, Kim SW. Graphene Tribotronics for Electronic Skin and Touch Screen Applications. Adv Mater 2017; 29. [PMID: 27786382 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201603544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Graphene tribotronics is introduced for touch-sensing applications such as electronic skins and touch screens. The devices are based on a coplanar coupling of triboelectrification and current transport in graphene transistors. The touch sensors are ultrasensitive, fast, and stable. Furthermore, they are transparent and flexible, and can spatially map touch stimuli such as movement of a ball, multi-touch, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman Khan
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Ho Kim
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanjun Ryu
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Wanchul Seung
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Woo Kim
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea
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35
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Lai YC, Deng J, Niu S, Peng W, Wu C, Liu R, Wen Z, Wang ZL. Electric Eel-Skin-Inspired Mechanically Durable and Super-Stretchable Nanogenerator for Deformable Power Source and Fully Autonomous Conformable Electronic-Skin Applications. Adv Mater 2016; 28:10024-10032. [PMID: 27678014 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201603527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Electric eel-skin-inspired mechanically durable and super-stretchable nanogenerator is demonstrated for the first time by using triboelectric effect. This newly designed nanogenerator can produce electricity by touch or tapping despite under various extreme mechanical deformations or even after experiencing damage. This device can be used not only as deformable and wearable power source but also as fully autonomous and self-sufficient adaptive electronic skin system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Chih Lai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Jianan Deng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Simiao Niu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Wenbo Peng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Changsheng Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Ruiyuan Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Zhen Wen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Zhong Lin Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
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36
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Abstract
The ability to three-dimensionally interweave biological and functional materials could enable the creation of bionic devices possessing unique and compelling geometries, properties, and functionalities. Indeed, interfacing high performance active devices with biology could impact a variety of fields, including regenerative bioelectronic medicines, smart prosthetics, medical robotics, and human-machine interfaces. Biology, from the molecular scale of DNA and proteins, to the macroscopic scale of tissues and organs, is three-dimensional, often soft and stretchable, and temperature sensitive. This renders most biological platforms incompatible with the fabrication and materials processing methods that have been developed and optimized for functional electronics, which are typically planar, rigid and brittle. A number of strategies have been developed to overcome these dichotomies. One particularly novel approach is the use of extrusion-based multi-material 3D printing, which is an additive manufacturing technology that offers a freeform fabrication strategy. This approach addresses the dichotomies presented above by (1) using 3D printing and imaging for customized, hierarchical, and interwoven device architectures; (2) employing nanotechnology as an enabling route for introducing high performance materials, with the potential for exhibiting properties not found in the bulk; and (3) 3D printing a range of soft and nanoscale materials to enable the integration of a diverse palette of high quality functional nanomaterials with biology. Further, 3D printing is a multi-scale platform, allowing for the incorporation of functional nanoscale inks, the printing of microscale features, and ultimately the creation of macroscale devices. This blending of 3D printing, novel nanomaterial properties, and 'living' platforms may enable next-generation bionic systems. In this review, we highlight this synergistic integration of the unique properties of nanomaterials with the versatility of extrusion-based 3D printing technologies to interweave nanomaterials and fabricate novel bionic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Lin Kong
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Maneesh K. Gupta
- Air Force Research Laboratories, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, USA
| | - Blake N. Johnson
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
| | - Michael C. McAlpine
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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Hong SY, Lee YH, Park H, Jin SW, Jeong YR, Yun J, You I, Zi G, Ha JS. Stretchable Active Matrix Temperature Sensor Array of Polyaniline Nanofibers for Electronic Skin. Adv Mater 2016; 28:930-5. [PMID: 26630502 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201504659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A stretchable polyaniline nanofiber temperature sensor array with an active matrix consisting of single-walled carbon nanotube thin-film transistors is demonstrated. The integrated temperature sensor array gives mechanical stability under biaxial stretching of 30%, and the resultant spatial temperature mapping does not show any mechanical or electrical degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Yeong Hong
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 136-701, Korea
| | - Yong Hui Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 136-701, Korea
| | - Heun Park
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 136-701, Korea
| | - Sang Woo Jin
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 136-701, Korea
| | - Yu Ra Jeong
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 136-701, Korea
| | - Junyeong Yun
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 136-701, Korea
| | - Ilhwan You
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 136-701, Korea
| | - Goangseup Zi
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 136-701, Korea
| | - Jeong Sook Ha
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 136-701, Korea
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 136-701, Korea
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38
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Fu X, Dong H, Zhen Y, Hu W. Solution-Processed Large-Area Nanocrystal Arrays of Metal-Organic Frameworks as Wearable, Ultrasensitive, Electronic Skin for Health Monitoring. Small 2015; 11:3351-3356. [PMID: 25760306 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201402890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Pressure sensors based on solution-processed metal-organic frameworks nanowire arrays are fabricated with very low cost, flexibility, high sensitivity, and ease of integration into sensor arrays. Furthermore, the pressure sensors are suitable for monitoring and diagnosing biomedical signals such as radial artery pressure waveforms in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Fu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Huanli Dong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yonggang Zhen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Wenping Hu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
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Guo R, Yu Y, Zeng J, Liu X, Zhou X, Niu L, Gao T, Li K, Yang Y, Zhou F, Zheng Z. Biomimicking Topographic Elastomeric Petals (E-Petals) for Omnidirectional Stretchable and Printable Electronics. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2015; 2:1400021. [PMID: 27980925 PMCID: PMC5115289 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201400021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Elastomeric petals directly replicated from natural rose petal are new versatile substrates for stretchable and printable electronics. Compared with conventional flat polydimethylsiloxane substrates, elastomeric petals have biomimicking topographic surfaces that can effectively inhibit the propagation of microcracks formed in the conducting layer, which is deposited on top, regardless of the type of conductive materials and the deposition methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruisheng Guo
- Nanotechnology Center Institute of Textiles and Clothing The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong China; State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou 730000 China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - You Yu
- Nanotechnology Center Institute of Textiles and Clothing The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong China; Advanced Research Centre for Fashion and Textiles The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute Shenzhen 518000 China
| | - Jifang Zeng
- Centre for Advanced Structural Materials Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering City University of Hong Kong Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong Kowloon Hong Kong China
| | - Xuqing Liu
- Nanotechnology Center Institute of Textiles and Clothing The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong China; Advanced Research Centre for Fashion and Textiles The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute Shenzhen 518000 China
| | - Xuechang Zhou
- Nanotechnology Center Institute of Textiles and Clothing The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong China; Advanced Research Centre for Fashion and Textiles The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute Shenzhen 518000 China
| | - Liyong Niu
- Nanotechnology Center Institute of Textiles and Clothing The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong China; Advanced Research Centre for Fashion and Textiles The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute Shenzhen 518000 China
| | - Tingting Gao
- Nanotechnology Center Institute of Textiles and Clothing The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong China; State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou 730000 China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Kan Li
- Nanotechnology Center Institute of Textiles and Clothing The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong China
| | - Yong Yang
- Centre for Advanced Structural Materials Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering City University of Hong Kong Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong Kowloon Hong Kong China
| | - Feng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Zijian Zheng
- Nanotechnology Center Institute of Textiles and Clothing The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong China; Advanced Research Centre for Fashion and Textiles The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute Shenzhen 518000 China
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40
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Choong CL, Shim MB, Lee BS, Jeon S, Ko DS, Kang TH, Bae J, Lee SH, Byun KE, Im J, Jeong YJ, Park CE, Park JJ, Chung UI. Highly stretchable resistive pressure sensors using a conductive elastomeric composite on a micropyramid array. Adv Mater 2014; 26:3451-8. [PMID: 24536023 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201305182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 468] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
A stretchable resistive pressure sensor is achieved by coating a compressible substrate with a highly stretchable electrode. The substrate contains an array of microscale pyramidal features, and the electrode comprises a polymer composite. When the pressure-induced geometrical change experienced by the electrode is maximized at 40% elongation, a sensitivity of 10.3 kPa(-1) is achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chwee-Lin Choong
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Samsung Electronics Company, San 14, Nongseo-dong, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
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