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Shin BH, Kim S, Park J, Ok JW, Kim D, Yoon JH. Effect of Secondary Phase on Passivation Layer of Super Duplex Stainless Steel UNS S 32750: Advanced Safety of Li-Ion Battery Case Materials. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:2760. [PMID: 38894024 PMCID: PMC11173509 DOI: 10.3390/ma17112760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Aluminum, traditionally the primary material for battery casings, is increasingly being replaced by UNS S 30400 for enhanced safety. UNS S 30400 offers superior strength and corrosion resistance compared to aluminum; however, it undergoes a phase transformation owing to stress during processing and a lower high-temperature strength. Duplex stainless steel UNS S 32750, consisting of both austenite and ferrite phases, exhibits excellent strength and corrosion resistance. However, it also precipitates secondary phases at high temperatures, which are known to form through the segregation of Cr and Mo. Various studies have investigated the corrosion resistance of UNS S 32750; however, discrepancies exist regarding the formation and thickness of the passivation layer. This study analyzed the oxygen layer on the surface of UNS S 32750 after secondary-phase precipitation. The microstructure, volume fraction, chemical composition, and depth of O after the precipitation of the secondary phases in UNS S 32750 was examined using FE-SEM, EDS, EPMA and XRD, and the surface chemical composition and passivation layer thickness were analyzed using electron probe microanalysis and glow-discharge spectroscopy. This study demonstrated the segregation of alloy elements and a reduction in the passivation-layer thickness after precipitation from 25 μm to 20 μm. The findings of the analysis aid in elucidating the impact of secondary-phase precipitation on the passivation layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Hyun Shin
- Busan Centre, Korea Basic Science Institute, Busan 46742, Republic of Korea; (B.-H.S.); (S.K.); (J.P.); (J.-W.O.)
| | - Seongjun Kim
- Busan Centre, Korea Basic Science Institute, Busan 46742, Republic of Korea; (B.-H.S.); (S.K.); (J.P.); (J.-W.O.)
| | - Jinyong Park
- Busan Centre, Korea Basic Science Institute, Busan 46742, Republic of Korea; (B.-H.S.); (S.K.); (J.P.); (J.-W.O.)
| | - Jung-Woo Ok
- Busan Centre, Korea Basic Science Institute, Busan 46742, Republic of Korea; (B.-H.S.); (S.K.); (J.P.); (J.-W.O.)
| | - Dohyung Kim
- Innovative Graduate Education Program for Global High-Tech Materials and Parts, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang-Hee Yoon
- Busan Centre, Korea Basic Science Institute, Busan 46742, Republic of Korea; (B.-H.S.); (S.K.); (J.P.); (J.-W.O.)
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Zhang H, Liu W, Zhao X, Zhang X, Chen C. Improvement in Microstructure and Properties of 304 Steel Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing by the Micro-Control Deposition Trajectory. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:1170. [PMID: 38473641 DOI: 10.3390/ma17051170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
In this study, the GMAW welding torch was controlled by a stepping motor to achieve a periodic swing. By controlling the swing speed, a micro-variable deposition path was obtained, which was called the micro-control deposition trajectory. The influence of the micro-control deposition trajectory on the arc characteristics, microstructure, and mechanical properties of 304 steel wire arc additive manufacturing was studied. The results showed that the micro-control deposition process was affected by the swing arc and the deposition trajectory and that the arc force was dispersed over the whole deposition layer, which effectively reduced the welding heat input. However, the arc centrifugal force increased with the increase in the swing speed, which easily caused instability of the arc and large spatter. Compared with common thin-walled deposition, the deposition width of micro-control thin-walled deposition components was increased. In addition, the swinging arc had a certain stirring effect on the molten pool, which was conducive to the escape of the molten pool gas and refinement of the microstructure. Below, the interface of the deposition layer, the microstructure of the common thin-walled deposition components, and the micro-control thin-walled deposition components were composed of lathy ferrite and austenite. Compared with the common deposition, when the swing speed increased to 800 °/s, the microstructure consisted of vermicular ferrite and austenite. The tensile strength and elongation of the micro-control thin-walled deposition components are higher than those of the common thin-walled deposition components. The tensile fracture mechanism of the common thin-walled deposition components and the micro-control thin-walled deposition components was the ductile fracture mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Processing and Application for Rail Transit, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China
| | - Weihang Liu
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China
| | - Xinlong Zhang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China
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Gel’atko M, Hatala M, Botko F, Vandžura R, Hajnyš J, Šajgalík M, Török J. Stress Relieving Heat Treatment of 316L Stainless Steel Made by Additive Manufacturing Process. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6461. [PMID: 37834599 PMCID: PMC10573550 DOI: 10.3390/ma16196461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Residual stress occurs in the materials after different methods of processing due to the application of pressure and/or thermal gradient. The occurrence of residual stresses can be observed in both subtractive and additive-manufactured (AM) materials and objects. However, pressure residual stresses are considered, in some cases, to have a positive effect; there are applications where the neutral stress state is required. As there is a lack of standards describing the heat treatment of AM materials, there is a need for experimental research in this field. The objective of this article is to determine the heat treatment thermal regime to achieve close to zero stress state in the subsurface layer of additively manufactured AM316L stainless steel. The presented objective leads to the long-term goal of neutral etalons for eddy current residual stress testing preparation. A semi-product intended for the experiment was prepared using the Selective Laser Melting (SLM) process and subsequently cut, using Abrasive Water Jet (AWJ) technology, into experimental specimens, which were consequently heat-treated in combination with four temperatures and three holding times. Residual stresses were measured using X-ray diffraction (XRD), and microstructure variations were observed and examined. A combination of higher temperature and longer duration of heat treatment caused more significant stress relaxation, and the original stress state of the material influenced a degree of this relaxation. The microstructure formed of cellular grains changed slightly in the form of grain growth with randomly occurring unmolten powder particles, porosity, and inclusion precipitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matúš Gel’atko
- Faculty of Manufacturing Technologies, Technical University of Košice, 080 01 Prešov, Slovakia; (M.G.)
| | - Michal Hatala
- Faculty of Manufacturing Technologies, Technical University of Košice, 080 01 Prešov, Slovakia; (M.G.)
| | - František Botko
- Faculty of Manufacturing Technologies, Technical University of Košice, 080 01 Prešov, Slovakia; (M.G.)
| | - Radoslav Vandžura
- Faculty of Manufacturing Technologies, Technical University of Košice, 080 01 Prešov, Slovakia; (M.G.)
| | - Jiří Hajnyš
- Center of 3D Printing Protolab, Department of Machining, Assembly and Engineering Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, VSB-TU Ostrava, 17. Listopadu 2172/15, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Šajgalík
- Department of Machining and Manufacturing Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Žilina, Univerzitná 1, 010 26 Žilina, Slovakia
| | - Jozef Török
- Faculty of Manufacturing Technologies, Technical University of Košice, 080 01 Prešov, Slovakia; (M.G.)
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Chen S, Ma J, Gao H, Wang Y, Chen X. Research on Residual Stresses and Microstructures of Selective Laser Melted Ti6Al4V Treated by Thermal Vibration Stress Relief. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:354. [PMID: 36838054 PMCID: PMC9965575 DOI: 10.3390/mi14020354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The efficient and cost-effective residual stress control method is of great significance for the application of additive manufacturing (AM) technology. In this work, thermal-vibration stress relief (TVSR) with different temperatures and dynamic stresses was performed on Ti6Al4V samples prepared by selective laser melting (SLM), the stress relief effects of TVSR and its influence on phase and microstructure were investigated and compared with thermal stress relief (TSR) and vibration stress relief (VSR), and the stress relief mechanisms of these methods are discussed. It was found that the residual stress relief rate can reach 86.76% after TVSR treatment at a temperature of 380 °C and a dynamic stress of 400 MPa, which increased by 63.63% compared with VSR under the same dynamic stress. The efficiency is increased by 76% compared with TSR at 580 °C and the residual stress relief rate is almost the same. After TVSR, VSR and TSR treatments, the grain morphology, size and phase content of samples were basically unchanged, and low-angle grain boundaries (LAGBs) were increased after TVSR and VSR treatments and decreased after TSR treatment. The results confirm that the TVSR method has the ability to control the residual stress of selective laser melted Ti6Al4V with low time and cost consumption, and are helpful for engineering applications of TVSR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuguang Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Jinlong Ma
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Hanjun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Jingdezhen Research Institute, Beihang University, Jingdezhen 333000, China
| | - Yesong Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Xun Chen
- School of Automation, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212000, China
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Methodology for the Path Definition in Multi-Layer Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW). Symmetry (Basel) 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/sym15020268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The reconstruction of the geometry of weld-deposited materials plays an important role in the control of the torch path in GMAW. This technique, which is classified as a direct energy deposition technology, is experiencing a new emergence due to its use in welding and additive manufacturing. Usually, the torch path is determined by computerised fabrication tools, but these software tools do not consider the geometrical changes along the case during the process. The aim of this work is to adaptively define the trajectories between layers by analysing the geometry and symmetry of previously deposited layers. The novelty of this work is the integration of a profiling laser coupled to the production system, which scans the deposited layers. Once the layer is scanned, the geometry of the deposited bead can be reconstructed and the symmetry in the geometry and a continuous trajectory can be determined. A wall was fabricated under demanding deposition conditions, and a surface quality of around 100 microns and mechanical properties in line with those previously reported in the literature are observed.
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