1
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Fock E, Parnova R. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the brain and visual system: Focus on invertebrates. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2024; 275:111023. [PMID: 39154851 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2024.111023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
A critical role of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), mainly docosahexaenoic acid 22:6ω3 (DHA), in the development and function of the brain and visual system is well established. DHA, the most abundant omega-3 PUFA in the vertebrate brain, contributes to neuro- and synaptogenesis, neuronal differentiation, synaptic transmission and plasticity, neuronal network formation, memory and behaviour formation. Based on these data, the unique importance of DHA and its irreplaceability in neural and retinal tissues has been postulated. In this review, we consider omega-3 PUFA composition in the brain and retina of various invertebrates, and show that DHA has only been found in marine mollusks and crustaceans. A gradual decrease in the DHA content until its disappearance can be observed in the brain lipids of the series marine-freshwater-terrestrial crustaceans and marine-terrestrial mollusks, suggesting that the transition to the land lifestyle in the evolution of invertebrates, but not vertebrates, was accompanied by a loss of DHA. As with terrestrial crustaceans and mollusks, DHA was not found in insects, either terrestrial or aquatic, or in nematodes. We show that the nervous and visual systems of various DHA-free invertebrates can be highly enriched in alpha-linolenic acid 18:3ω3 or eicosapentaenoic acid 20:5ω3, which affect neurological and visual function, stimulating synaptogenesis, synaptic transmission, visual processing, learning and even cognition. The review data show that, in animals at different levels of organization, omega-3 PUFA are required for the functioning of the nervous and visual systems and that their specific needs can be met by various omega-3 PUFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Fock
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 194223, Torez Av., 44, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Rimma Parnova
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 194223, Torez Av., 44, Saint-Petersburg, Russia.
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2
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Ramos-Llorens M, Bainour K, Adelmann L, Hontoria F, Navarro JC, Raible F, Monroig Ó. Elongation capacity of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the annelid Platynereis dumerilii. Open Biol 2024; 14:240069. [PMID: 38864244 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.240069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Elongation of very long-chain fatty acid (Elovl) proteins plays pivotal functions in the biosynthesis of the physiologically essential long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA). Polychaetes have important roles in marine ecosystems, contributing not only to nutrient recycling but also exhibiting a distinctive capacity for biosynthesizing LC-PUFA. To expand our understanding of the LC-PUFA biosynthesis in polychaetes, this study conducted a thorough molecular and functional characterization of Elovl occurring in the model organism Platynereis dumerilii. We identify six Elovl in the genome of P. dumerilii. The sequence and phylogenetic analyses established that four Elovl, identified as Elovl2/5, Elovl4 (two genes) and Elovl1/7, have putative functions in LC-PUFA biosynthesis. Functional characterization confirmed the roles of these elongases in LC-PUFA biosynthesis, demonstrating that P. dumerilii possesses a varied and functionally diverse complement of Elovl that, along with the enzymatic specificities of previously characterized desaturases, enables P. dumerilii to perform all the reactions required for the biosynthesis of the LC-PUFA. Importantly, we uncovered that one of the two Elovl4-encoding genes is remarkably long in comparison with any other animals' Elovl, which contains a C terminal KH domain unique among Elovl. The distinctive expression pattern of this protein in photoreceptors strongly suggests a central role in vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Ramos-Llorens
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS), CSIC , Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón 12595, Spain
| | - Khalida Bainour
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS), CSIC , Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón 12595, Spain
| | - Leonie Adelmann
- Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna , Vienna 1030, Austria
- Research Platform "Rhythms of Life", University of Vienna, Vienna BioCenter, Dr. Bohr Gasse 9/4, A-1030 , Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Francisco Hontoria
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS), CSIC , Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón 12595, Spain
| | - Juan C Navarro
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS), CSIC , Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón 12595, Spain
| | - Florian Raible
- Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna , Vienna 1030, Austria
- Research Platform "Rhythms of Life", University of Vienna, Vienna BioCenter, Dr. Bohr Gasse 9/4, A-1030 , Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Óscar Monroig
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS), CSIC , Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón 12595, Spain
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3
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Jiang S, Zhang G, Miao J, Wu D, Li X, Li J, Lu J, Gun S. Transcriptome and Metabolome Analyses Provide Insight into the Glucose-Induced Adipogenesis in Porcine Adipocytes. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:2027-2042. [PMID: 38534747 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46030131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Glucose is a major energy substrate for porcine adipocytes and also serves as a regulatory signal for adipogenesis and lipid metabolism. In this study, we combined transcriptome and metabolome analyses to reveal the underlying regulatory mechanisms of high glucose (HG) on adipogenesis by comparing differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) identified in porcine adipocytes. Results showed that HG (20 mmol/L) significantly increased fat accumulation in porcine adipocytes compared to low glucose (LG, 5 mmol/L). A total of 843 DEGs and 365 DAMs were identified. Functional enrichment analyses of DEGs found that multiple pathways were related to adipogenesis, lipid metabolism, and immune-inflammatory responses. PPARγ, C/EBPα, ChREBP, and FOS were identified as the key hub genes through module 3 analysis, and PPARγ acted as a central regulator by linking genes involved in lipid metabolism and immune-inflammatory responses. Gene-metabolite networks found that PPARγ-13-HODE was the most important interaction relationship. These results revealed that PPARγ could mediate the cross-talk between adipogenesis and the immune-inflammatory response during adipocyte maturation. This work provides a comprehensive view of the regulatory mechanisms of glucose on adipogenesis in porcine adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susu Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Guohua Zhang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Jian Miao
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Dianhu Wu
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Ximei Li
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Jiawei Li
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Jianxiong Lu
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Shuangbao Gun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
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4
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Ribes-Navarro A, Kabeya N, Castro LFC, Gomes-dos-Santos A, Fonseca MM, Alberts-Hubatsch H, Hontoria F, Navarro JC, Monroig Ó. Examination of gammarid transcriptomes reveals a widespread occurrence of key metabolic genes from epibiont bdelloid rotifers in freshwater species. Open Biol 2023; 13:230196. [PMID: 37875161 PMCID: PMC10597677 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.230196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous data revealed the unexpected presence of genes encoding for long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) biosynthetic enzymes in transcriptomes from freshwater gammarids but not in marine species, even though closely related species were compared. This study aimed to clarify the origin and occurrence of selected LC-PUFA biosynthesis gene markers across all published gammarid transcriptomes. Through systematic searches, we confirmed the widespread occurrence of sequences from seven elongases and desaturases involved in LC-PUFA biosynthesis, in transcriptomes from freshwater gammarids but not marine species, and clarified that such occurrence is independent from the gammarid species and geographical origin. The phylogenetic analysis established that the retrieved elongase and desaturase sequences were closely related to bdelloid rotifers, confirming that multiple transcriptomes from freshwater gammarids contain contaminating rotifers' genetic material. Using the Adineta steineri genome, we investigated the genomic location and exon-intron organization of the elongase and desaturase genes, establishing they are all genome-anchored and, importantly, identifying instances of horizontal gene transfer. Finally, we provide compelling evidence demonstrating Bdelloidea desaturases and elongases enable these organisms to perform all the reactions for de novo biosynthesis of PUFA and, from them, LC-PUFA, an advantageous trait when considering the low abundance of these essential nutrients in freshwater environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Ribes-Navarro
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS), CSIC, 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
| | - Naoki Kabeya
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Konan 4-5-7, Minato, Tokyo, Japan
| | - L. Filipe C. Castro
- CIMAR/CIIMAR—Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto (U. Porto), Rua do Campo Alegre S/N, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - André Gomes-dos-Santos
- CIMAR/CIIMAR—Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Miguel M. Fonseca
- CIMAR/CIIMAR—Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Hilke Alberts-Hubatsch
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Francisco Hontoria
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS), CSIC, 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
| | - Juan C. Navarro
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS), CSIC, 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
| | - Óscar Monroig
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS), CSIC, 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
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5
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Ramos-Llorens M, Hontoria F, Navarro JC, Ferrier DEK, Monroig Ó. Functionally diverse front-end desaturases are widespread in the phylum Annelida. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2023; 1868:159377. [PMID: 37517549 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2023.159377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic single-cell organisms have long been believed to be unique primary producers of omega-3 long-chain (≥C20) polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω3 LC-PUFA). Multiple invertebrates including annelids have been discovered to possess methyl-end desaturases enabling key steps in the de novo synthesis of ω3 LC-PUFA, and thus potentially contributing to their production in the ocean. Along methyl-end desaturases, the repertoire and function of further LC-PUFA biosynthesising enzymes is largely missing in Annelida. In this study we examined the front-end desaturase gene repertoire across the phylum Annelida, from Polychaeta and Clitellata, major classes of annelids comprising most annelid diversity. We further characterised the functions of the encoded enzymes in selected representative species by using a heterologous expression system based in yeast, demonstrating that functions of Annelida front-end desaturases have highly diversified during their expansion in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. We concluded that annelids possess at least two front-end desaturases with Δ5 and Δ6Δ8 desaturase regioselectivities, enabling all the desaturation reactions required to convert the C18 precursors into the physiologically relevant LC-PUFA such as eicosapentaenoic and arachidonic acids, but not docosahexaenoic acid. Such a gene complement is conserved across the different taxonomic groups within Annelida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Ramos-Llorens
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS), CSIC, 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
| | - Francisco Hontoria
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS), CSIC, 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
| | - Juan C Navarro
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS), CSIC, 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
| | - David E K Ferrier
- The Scottish Oceans Institute, School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 8LB, UK
| | - Óscar Monroig
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS), CSIC, 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain.
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6
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Kabeya N, Kimura K, Matsushita Y, Suzuki S, Nagakura Y, Kinami R, Noda H, Takagi K, Okamoto K, Miwa M, Haga Y, Satoh S, Yoshizaki G. Determination of dietary essential fatty acids in a deep-sea fish, the splendid alfonsino Beryx splendens: functional characterization of enzymes involved in long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2023; 49:425-439. [PMID: 37074473 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-023-01192-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The splendid alfonsino Beryx splendens is a commercially important deep-sea fish in East Asian countries. Because the wild stock of this species has been declining, there is an urgent need to develop aquaculture systems. In the present study, we investigated the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) requirements of B. splendens, which are known as essential dietary components in many carnivorous marine fish species. The fatty acid profiles of the muscles, liver, and stomach contents of B. splendens suggested that it acquires substantial levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) from its natural diet. The functional characterization of a fatty acid desaturase (Fads2) and three elongases (Elovl5, Elovl4a, and Elovl4b) from B. splendens confirmed their enzymatic capabilities in LC-PUFA biosynthesis. Fads2 showed Δ6 and Δ8 bifunctional desaturase activities. Elovl5 showed preferential elongase activities toward C18 and C20 PUFA substrates, whereas Elovl4a and Elovl4b showed activities toward various C18-22 substrates. Given that Fads2 showed no Δ5 desaturase activity and no other fads-like sequence was found in the B. splendens genome, EPA and arachidonic acid cannot be synthesized from C18 precursors; hence, they can be categorized as dietary essential fatty acids in B. splendens. EPA can be converted into DHA in B. splendens via the so-called Sprecher pathway. However, given that fads2 is only expressed in the brain, it is unlikely that the capacity of B. splendens to biosynthesize DHA from EPA can fulfill its physiological requirements. These results will be useful to researchers developing B. splendens aquaculture methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Kabeya
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan
| | - Kazunori Kimura
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Matsushita
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan
| | - Satoshi Suzuki
- Shizuoka Prefectural Research Institute of Fishery and Ocean, 136-24 Iwashigashima, Yaizu, Shizuoka, 425-0032, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Nagakura
- Shizuoka Prefectural Research Institute of Fishery and Ocean, 136-24 Iwashigashima, Yaizu, Shizuoka, 425-0032, Japan
| | - Ryuhei Kinami
- Shizuoka Prefectural Research Institute of Fishery and Ocean, 136-24 Iwashigashima, Yaizu, Shizuoka, 425-0032, Japan
- Aquaculture Research Institute, Kindai University, 1330 Takata, Shingu, Wakayama, 647-1101, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Noda
- Shizuoka Prefectural Research Institute of Fishery and Ocean, 136-24 Iwashigashima, Yaizu, Shizuoka, 425-0032, Japan
| | - Koji Takagi
- Shizuoka Prefectural Research Institute of Fishery and Ocean, 136-24 Iwashigashima, Yaizu, Shizuoka, 425-0032, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Okamoto
- Shizuoka Prefectural Research Institute of Fishery and Ocean, 136-24 Iwashigashima, Yaizu, Shizuoka, 425-0032, Japan
- Marine Open Innovation Institute, 2F Shimizu-Marine Bldg., 9-25 Hinodecho, Shimizu, Shizuoka, 424-0922, Japan
| | - Misako Miwa
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan
| | - Yutaka Haga
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan
| | - Shuichi Satoh
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan
- Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, Fukui Prefectural University, 1-1 Gakuencho, Obama, Fukui, 917-0003, Japan
| | - Goro Yoshizaki
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan.
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Boyen J, Ribes-Navarro A, Kabeya N, Monroig Ó, Rigaux A, Fink P, Hablützel PI, Navarro JC, De Troch M. Functional characterization reveals a diverse array of metazoan fatty acid biosynthesis genes. Mol Ecol 2023; 32:970-982. [PMID: 36461663 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Long-chain (≥C20 ) polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) are physiologically important fatty acids for most animals, including humans. Although most LC-PUFA production occurs in aquatic primary producers such as microalgae, recent research indicates the ability of certain groups of (mainly marine) invertebrates for endogenous LC-PUFA biosynthesis and/or bioconversion from dietary precursors. The genetic pathways for and mechanisms behind LC-PUFA biosynthesis remain unknown in many invertebrates to date, especially in non-model species. However, the numerous genomic and transcriptomic resources currently available can contribute to our knowledge of the LC-PUFA biosynthetic capabilities of metazoans. Within our previously generated transcriptome of the benthic harpacticoid copepod Platychelipus littoralis, we detected expression of one methyl-end desaturase, one front-end desaturase, and seven elongases, key enzymes responsible for LC-PUFA biosynthesis. To demonstrate their functionality, we characterized eight of them using heterologous expression in yeast. The P. littoralis methyl-end desaturase has Δ15/17/19 desaturation activity, enabling biosynthesis of α-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) from 18:2 n-6, 20:4 n-6 and 22:5 n-6, respectively. Its front-end desaturase has Δ4 desaturation activity from 22:5 n-3 to DHA, implying that P. littoralis has multiple pathways to produce this physiologically important fatty acid. All studied P. littoralis elongases possess varying degrees of elongation activity for saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, producing aliphatic hydrocarbon chains with lengths of up to 30 carbons. Our investigation revealed a functionally diverse range of fatty acid biosynthesis genes in copepods, which highlights the need to scrutinize the role that primary consumers could perform in providing essential nutrients to upper trophic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Boyen
- Marine Biology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Naoki Kabeya
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Óscar Monroig
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS), CSIC, Ribera de Cabanes, Spain
| | - Annelien Rigaux
- Marine Biology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Patrick Fink
- Department of River Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Magdeburg, Germany.,Department of Aquatic Ecosystem Analysis and Management, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Magdeburg, Germany.,Aquatic Chemical Ecology, Institute for Zoology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Juan Carlos Navarro
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS), CSIC, Ribera de Cabanes, Spain
| | - Marleen De Troch
- Marine Biology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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8
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Marrero M, Monroig Ó, Navarro JC, Ribes-Navarro A, Pérez JA, Galindo A, Rodríguez C. Metabolic and molecular evidence for long-chain PUFA biosynthesis capacity in the grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2022; 270:111232. [PMID: 35580802 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.111232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing interest to understand the capacity of farmed fish species to biosynthesise the physiologically important long-chain (≥C20) n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (ARA), from their C18 PUFA precursors available in the diet. In fish, the LC-PUFA biosynthesis pathways involve sequential desaturation and elongation reactions from α-linolenic acid (ALA) and linoleic acid (LA), catalysed by fatty acyl desaturases (Fads) and elongation of very long-chain fatty acids (Elovl) proteins. Our current understanding of the grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) LC-PUFA biosynthetic capacity is limited despite representing the most farmed finfish produced worldwide. To address this knowledge gap, this study first aimed at characterising molecularly and functionally three genes (fads2, elovl5 and elovl2) with putative roles in LC-PUFA biosynthesis. Using an in vitro yeast-based system, we found that grass carp Fads2 possesses ∆8 and ∆5 desaturase activities, with ∆6 ability to desaturase not only the C18 PUFA precursors (ALA and LA) but also 24:5n-3 to 24:6n-3, a key intermediate to obtain DHA through the "Sprecher pathway". Additionally, the Elovl5 showed capacity to elongate C18 and C20 PUFA substrates, whereas Elovl2 was more active over C20 and C22. Collectively, the molecular cloning and functional characterisation of fads2, elovl5 and elovl2 demonstrated that the grass carp has all the enzymatic activities required to obtain ARA, EPA and DHA from LA and ALA. Importantly, the hepatocytes incubated with radiolabelled fatty acids confirmed the yeast-based results and demonstrated that these enzymes are functionally active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Marrero
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Edafología y Geología, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna 38206, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.
| | - Óscar Monroig
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS), CSIC, 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Navarro
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS), CSIC, 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
| | - Alberto Ribes-Navarro
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS), CSIC, 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
| | - José Antonio Pérez
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Edafología y Geología, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna 38206, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Ana Galindo
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Edafología y Geología, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna 38206, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Covadonga Rodríguez
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Edafología y Geología, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna 38206, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
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9
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Ting SY, Lau NS, Sam KK, Janaranjani M, Wong SC, Monroig Ó, Quah ESH, Ahmad AB, Him NAIIN, Jaya-Ram A, Shu-Chien AC. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis in a land-crab with advanced terrestrial adaptations: Molecular cloning and functional characterization of two fatty acyl elongases. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 262:110773. [PMID: 35718326 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2022.110773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Depending on the presence and activities of the front-end fatty acyl desaturases and elongation of very long-chain fatty acid (Elovl) enzymes, animals have different capacities for long-chain (≥C20) polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) biosynthesis. Successful land colonisation in brachyuran crabs requires a shift towards terrestrial food chain with limited LC-PUFA availability. We cloned and functionally characterised two elovl genes from the purple land crab Gecarcoidea lalandii. The two Elovl contained all the necessary motifs of a typical polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) Elovl and phylogenetically clustered in the Elovl1 and Elovl6 clades, respectively. The G. lalandii Elovl1 elongated saturated fatty acids, with low activities towards C20 and C22 PUFA substrates. Moreover, the G. lalandii Elovl6 was particularly active in the elongation of C18 PUFA, although it also recognised monounsaturated fatty acids as substrates for elongation. Collectively, the herein characterised G. lalandii elovl paralogues fulfil all the elongation steps involved in the LC-PUFA biosynthetic pathways. Tissue distribution of the G. lalandii elovl genes, along with the FA composition analyses, suggest the hepatopancreas and gill as key metabolic sites for fatty acid elongation. However, current data suggest that G. lalandii is unable to rely solely on biosynthesis to fulfil LC-PUFA requirements, since front-end desaturase appears to be absent in this species and other decapods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seng Yeat Ting
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11900, Malaysia
| | - Nyok-Sean Lau
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11900, Malaysia
| | - Ka-Kei Sam
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11900, Malaysia
| | - M Janaranjani
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11900, Malaysia
| | - Swe Cheng Wong
- Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Óscar Monroig
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Ribera de Cabanes, 12595 Castellón, Spain
| | - Evan S H Quah
- Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Amirrudin B Ahmad
- Institute of Tropical Biodiversity and Sustainable Development, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu 21030, Malaysia
| | | | - Annette Jaya-Ram
- Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Alexander Chong Shu-Chien
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11900, Malaysia; School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
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Monroig Ó, Shu-Chien A, Kabeya N, Tocher D, Castro L. Desaturases and elongases involved in long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis in aquatic animals: From genes to functions. Prog Lipid Res 2022; 86:101157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2022.101157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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