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Chen JJ, Lin C, Lo MT, Lin LY, Chang HC, Liu GC. Autonomic modulation by SGLT2i or DPP4i in patients with diabetes favors cardiovascular outcomes as revealed by skin sympathetic nerve activity. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1424544. [PMID: 39139635 PMCID: PMC11319125 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1424544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP4i) are important second-line treatments for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Patients taking SGLT2i have favorable cardiovascular outcomes via various mechanisms, including autonomic nervous system (ANS) modulation. This study aimed to use neuro-electrocardiography (neuECG) to test the effects of SGLT2i or DPP4i on the ANS. Methods Patients with T2DM, who did not reach target hemoglobin (Hb)A1C levels despite metformin treatment, were enrolled. SGLT2i or DPP4i were prescribed randomly unless a compelling indication was present. NeuECG and heart rate were recorded for 10 min before and after a 3-month treatment. The patients were treated according to standard practice and the obtained data for skin sympathetic nerve activity (SKNA) and ANS entropy were analyzed offline. Results We enrolled 96 patients, of which 49 received SGLT2i and 47 received DPP4i. The baseline parameters were similar between the groups. No adverse event was seen during the study period. In the burst analysis of SKNA at baseline, all parameters were similar. After the 3-month treatment, the firing frequency was higher in SGLT2i group (0.104 ± 0.045 vs 0.083 ± 0.033 burst/min, p < 0.05), with increased long firing duration (7.34 ± 3.66 vs 5.906 ± 2.921, p < 0.05) in 3-s aSKNA scale; the other parameters did not show any significant change. By symbolic entropy, the most complex patterns (Rank 3) were found to be significantly higher in SGLT2i-treated patients than in DDP4i-treated group (0.084 ± 0.028 vs 0.07 ± 0.024, p = 0.01) and the direction of change in Rank 3, after SGLT2i treatment, was opposite to that observed in the DDP4i group (0.012 ± 0.036 vs. -0.005 ± 0.037, p = 0.024). Our findings demonstrated the favorable autonomic modulation by SGLTi and the detrimental effects of DPP4i on ANS. Conclusion We demonstrated the autonomic modulation by SGLTi and DPP4i using SKNA in patients with DM, which might provide insights into the favorable outcomes of SGLT2i. Furthermore, we refined the analytical methods of neuECG, which uses SKNA to evaluate autonomic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jien-Jiun Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Yunlin Branch of National Taiwan University Hospital, Yunlin, Taiwan
| | - Chen Lin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Men-Tzung Lo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Lian-Yu Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Chih Chang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Geng-Chi Liu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Elsayed M, Moustafa YM, Mehanna ET, Elrayess RA, El-Sayed NM, Hazem RM. Empagliflozin protects against isoprenaline-induced fibrosis in rat heart through modulation of TGF-β/SMAD pathway. Life Sci 2024; 337:122354. [PMID: 38110076 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
AIM Cardiac fibrosis is characterized by excessive accumulation of fibrous tissue, particularly collagens, in the myocardium. Accumulated fibrous tissue renders myocardium stiffer and reduces its contractility. Empagliflozin is an oral hypoglycemic agent with extra-diabetic functional profile toward maintaining cardiac functions. The present study aimed to examine protective effect of empagliflozin against an in-vivo model of cardiac fibrosis induced by isoprenaline and targeting TGF-β/SMAD signaling as a possible pathway responsible for such effect. MAIN METHODS Sixty animals were divided into six groups; the first was normal, and the second was treated with isoprenaline only (5 mg/kg/day I.P.) as a control. The third received pirfenidone (500 mg/kg/day P.O.), and the remaining groups received graded doses (5, 10, 20 mg/kg respectively) of empagliflozin for 14 days before fibrosis induction by isoprenaline (5 mg/kg/day) for 30 days. KEY FINDINGS Isoprenaline increased cardiac enzymes, and cardiac tissues revealed elevated concentrations of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β1), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) proteins. Expression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), collagens, suppressor of mothers against decapentaplegic (SMADs), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), and fibronectin was upregulated. Empagliflozin improved the histological picture of heart tissue in comparison to fibrosis developed in controls, and protected against fibrosis through significant modulation of all mentioned parameters' concentrations and expressions. SIGNIFICANCE Empagliflozin demonstrated a promising protective approach against biological model of cardiac fibrosis through an anti-fibrotic effect through targeting TGF-β signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Elsayed
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Yasser M Moustafa
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt; Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Eman T Mehanna
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Galala University, New Galala 43713, Egypt.
| | - Ranwa A Elrayess
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Norhan M El-Sayed
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Reem M Hazem
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
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Stanciu GD, Ababei DC, Solcan C, Bild V, Ciobica A, Beschea Chiriac SI, Ciobanu LM, Tamba BI. Preclinical Studies of Canagliflozin, a Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter 2 Inhibitor, and Donepezil Combined Therapy in Alzheimer's Disease. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1620. [PMID: 38004485 PMCID: PMC10674192 DOI: 10.3390/ph16111620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), is continuously growing worldwide, which leads to a heavy economic and societal burden. The lack of a safe and effective causal therapy in cognitive decline is an aggravating factor and requires investigations into the repurposing of commonly used drugs. Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) are a new and efficient class of hypoglycemic drugs and, due to their pleiotropic effects, have indications that go beyond diabetes. There is emerging data from murine studies that SGLT2i can cross the blood-brain barrier and may have neuroprotective effects, such as increasing the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), reducing the amyloid burden, inhibiting acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and restoring the circadian rhythm in the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activation. The current study investigates the effect of an SGLT2i and donepezil, under a separate or combined 21-day treatment on AD-relevant behaviors and brain pathology in mice. The SGLT2i canagliflozin was found to significantly improve the novelty preference index and the percentage of time spent in the open arms of the maze in the novel object recognition and elevated plus maze test, respectively. In addition, canagliflozin therapy decreased AChE activity, mTOR and glial fibrillary acidic protein expression. The results also recorded the acetylcholine M1 receptor in canagliflozin-treated mice compared to the scopolamine group. In the hippocampus, the SGLT2i canagliflozin reduced the microgliosis and astrogliosis in males, but not in female mice. These findings emphasize the value of SGLT2i in clinical practice. By inhibiting AChE activity, canagliflozin represents a compound that resembles AD-registered therapies in this respect, supporting the need for further evaluation in dementia clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Dumitrita Stanciu
- Advanced Research and Development Center for Experimental Medicine (CEMEX), Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (G.D.S.); (B.-I.T.)
| | - Daniela Carmen Ababei
- Advanced Research and Development Center for Experimental Medicine (CEMEX), Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (G.D.S.); (B.-I.T.)
- Pharmacodynamics and Clinical Pharmacy Department, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Carmen Solcan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, “Ion Ionescu de la Brad” University of Life Sciences, 700490 Iasi, Romania
| | - Veronica Bild
- Advanced Research and Development Center for Experimental Medicine (CEMEX), Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (G.D.S.); (B.-I.T.)
- Pharmacodynamics and Clinical Pharmacy Department, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Andrei Ciobica
- Physiology Department, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Sorin-Ioan Beschea Chiriac
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, “Ion Ionescu de la Brad” University of Life Sciences, 700490 Iasi, Romania
| | - Loredana Maria Ciobanu
- Advanced Research and Development Center for Experimental Medicine (CEMEX), Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (G.D.S.); (B.-I.T.)
- Alexandru Ioan Cuza High School, 37 Ion Creanga Street, 700317 Iasi, Romania
| | - Bogdan-Ionel Tamba
- Advanced Research and Development Center for Experimental Medicine (CEMEX), Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (G.D.S.); (B.-I.T.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Algesiology, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
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Balogh DB, Wagner LJ, Fekete A. An Overview of the Cardioprotective Effects of Novel Antidiabetic Classes: Focus on Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:7789. [PMID: 37175496 PMCID: PMC10177821 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic diseases, particularly diabetes mellitus (DM), are significant global public health concerns. Despite the widespread use of standard-of-care therapies, cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death among diabetic patients. Early and evidence-based interventions to reduce CVD are urgently needed. Large clinical trials have recently shown that sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) ameliorate adverse cardiorenal outcomes in patients with type 2 DM. These quite unexpected positive results represent a paradigm shift in type 2 DM management, from the sole importance of glycemic control to the simultaneous improvement of cardiovascular outcomes. Moreover, SGLT2i is also found to be cardio- and nephroprotective in non-diabetic patients. Several mechanisms, which may be potentially independent or at least separate from the reduction in blood glucose levels, have already been identified behind the beneficial effect of these drugs. However, there is still much to be understood regarding the exact pathomechanisms. This review provides an overview of the current literature and sheds light on the modes of action of novel antidiabetic drugs, focusing on inflammation, oxidative stress, and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Bianka Balogh
- Pediatric Center, MTA Center of Excellence, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-SE Lendület “Momentum” Diabetes Research Group, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Laszlo Jozsef Wagner
- Department of Surgery, Transplantation, and Gastroenterology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andrea Fekete
- Pediatric Center, MTA Center of Excellence, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-SE Lendület “Momentum” Diabetes Research Group, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
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Andreea MM, Surabhi S, Razvan-Ionut P, Lucia C, Camelia N, Emil T, Tiberiu NI. Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors: Harms or Unexpected Benefits? MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:742. [PMID: 37109700 PMCID: PMC10143699 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59040742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
There is a need for innovative pharmaceutical intervention in light of the increasing prevalence of metabolic disease and cardiovascular disease. The kidneys' sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2) receptors are targeted to reduce glucose reabsorption by SGLT2. Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) benefit the most from reduced blood glucose levels, although this is just one of the numerous physiological consequences. To establish existing understanding and possible advantages and risks for SGLT2 inhibitors in clinical practice, this article will explore the influence of SGLT2 inhibitors on six major organ systems. In addition, this literature review will discuss the benefits and potential drawbacks of SGLT2 inhibitors on various organ systems and their potential application in therapeutic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munteanu Madalina Andreea
- Department of Cardiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- “Theodor Burghele” Clinical Hospital, 050653 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Swarnkar Surabhi
- Department of Cardiovascular Science, University Medical Center Gottingen, 37075 Gottingen, Germany
| | - Popescu Razvan-Ionut
- “Theodor Burghele” Clinical Hospital, 050653 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Urology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ciobotaru Lucia
- Department of Nephrology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Nicolae Camelia
- Department of Cardiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- “Theodor Burghele” Clinical Hospital, 050653 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Tufanoiu Emil
- Department of Neurology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Fundeni Clinical Institute, 022328 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Nanea Ioan Tiberiu
- Department of Cardiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- “Theodor Burghele” Clinical Hospital, 050653 Bucharest, Romania
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