1
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Angelini A, Car A, Dinu IA, Leva L, Yave W. Amphiphilic Poly(vinyl alcohol) Membranes Leaving Out Chemical Cross-Linkers: Design, Synthesis, and Function of Tailor-Made Poly(vinyl alcohol)-b-poly(styrene) Copolymers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2200875. [PMID: 36628979 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Tailor-made poly(vinyl alcohol)-b-poly(styrene) copolymers (PVA-b-PS) for separation membranes are synthesized by the combination of reversible-deactivation radical polymerization techniques. The special features of these di-block copolymers are the high molecular weight (>70 kDa), the high PVA content (>80 wt%), and the good film-forming property. They are soluble only in hot dimethyl sulfoxide, but by the "solvent-switch" technique, they self-assemble in aqueous media to form micelles. When the self-assembled micelles are cast on a porous substrate, thin-film membranes with higher water permeance than that of PVA homopolymer are obtained. Thus, by using these tailor-made PVA-b-PS copolymers, it is demonstrated that chemical cross-linkers and acid catalysts can no longer be needed to produce PVA membranes, since the PS nanodomains within the PVA matrix act as cross-linking points. Lastly, subsequent thermal annealing of the thin film enhances the membrane selectivity due to the improved microphase separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Angelini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096, Basel, 4058, Switzerland
| | - Anja Car
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096, Basel, 4058, Switzerland
| | - Ionel Adrian Dinu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096, Basel, 4058, Switzerland
| | - Luigi Leva
- Research and Development Department, DeltaMem AG, Hegenheimermattweg 125, Allschwil, 4123, Switzerland
| | - Wilfredo Yave
- Research and Development Department, DeltaMem AG, Hegenheimermattweg 125, Allschwil, 4123, Switzerland
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2
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Tsaur L, Wiesner UB. Non-Equilibrium Block Copolymer Self-Assembly Based Porous Membrane Formation Processes Employing Multicomponent Systems. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15092020. [PMID: 37177169 PMCID: PMC10180547 DOI: 10.3390/polym15092020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Porous polymer-derived membranes are useful for applications ranging from filtration and separation technologies to energy storage and conversion. Combining block copolymer (BCP) self-assembly with the industrially scalable, non-equilibrium phase inversion technique (SNIPS) yields membranes comprising periodically ordered top surface structures supported by asymmetric, hierarchical substructures that together overcome performance tradeoffs typically faced by materials derived from equilibrium approaches. This review first reports on recent advances in understanding the top surface structural evolution of a model SNIPS-derived system during standard membrane formation. Subsequently, the application of SNIPS to multicomponent systems is described, enabling pore size modulation, chemical modification, and transformation to non-polymeric materials classes without compromising the structural features that define SNIPS membranes. Perspectives on future directions of both single-component and multicomponent membrane materials are provided. This points to a rich and fertile ground for the study of fundamental as well as applied problems using non-equilibrium-derived asymmetric porous materials with tunable chemistry, composition, and structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieihn Tsaur
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Ulrich B Wiesner
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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3
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Plank M, Frieß FV, Bitsch CV, Pieschel J, Reitenbach J, Gallei M. Modular Synthesis of Functional Block Copolymers by Thiol–Maleimide “Click” Chemistry for Porous Membrane Formation. Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Plank
- Ernst-Berl Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Florian Volker Frieß
- Chair in Polymer Chemistry, Universität des Saarlandes, Campus Saarbrücken, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Carina Vera Bitsch
- Ernst-Berl Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jens Pieschel
- Chair in Polymer Chemistry, Universität des Saarlandes, Campus Saarbrücken, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Julija Reitenbach
- Ernst-Berl Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Markus Gallei
- Chair in Polymer Chemistry, Universität des Saarlandes, Campus Saarbrücken, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Saarene, Saarland Center for Energy Materials and Sustainability, Campus C4 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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4
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Grzetic DJ, Cooper AJ, Delaney KT, Fredrickson GH. Modeling Microstructure Formation in Block Copolymer Membranes Using Dynamical Self-Consistent Field Theory. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:8-13. [PMID: 36521059 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Block copolymers have attracted recent interest as candidate materials for ultrafiltration membranes, due to their ability to form isoporous integral-asymmetric membranes by the combined processes of self-assembly and nonsolvent-induced phase separation (SNIPS). However, the dependence of surface layer and substructure morphologies on the processing variables associated with SNIPS is not well understood nor is the interplay between microphase and macrophase separation in block copolymers undergoing such coagulation. Here, we use dynamical self-consistent field theory to simulate the microstructure evolution of block copolymer films during SNIPS and find that such films form the desired sponge-like asymmetric porous substructure only if the solvent and nonsolvent have opposite block selectivities and that otherwise they form a dense nonporous microphase-separated film. Our results could have important implications for the choices of solvent and nonsolvent in the processing of block copolymer membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J Grzetic
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California93106, United States
| | - Anthony J Cooper
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California93106, United States
| | - Kris T Delaney
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California93106, United States
| | - Glenn H Fredrickson
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California93106, United States.,Departments of Chemical Engineering and Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, California93106, United States
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5
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Pula P, Leniart A, Majewski PW. Solvent-assisted self-assembly of block copolymer thin films. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:4042-4066. [PMID: 35608282 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00439a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Solvent-assisted block copolymer self-assembly is a compelling method for processing and advancing practical applications of these materials due to the exceptional level of the control of BCP morphology and significant acceleration of ordering kinetics. Despite substantial experimental and theoretical efforts devoted to understanding of solvent-assisted BCP film ordering, the development of a universal BCP patterning protocol remains elusive; possibly due to a multitude of factors which dictate the self-assembly scenario. The aim of this review is to aggregate both seminal reports and the latest progress in solvent-assisted directed self-assembly and to provide the reader with theoretical background, including the outline of BCP ordering thermodynamics and kinetics phenomena. We also indicate significant BCP research areas and emerging high-tech applications where solvent-assisted processing might play a dominant role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemyslaw Pula
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw 02089, Poland.
| | - Arkadiusz Leniart
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw 02089, Poland.
| | - Pawel W Majewski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw 02089, Poland.
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6
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Lee TH, Shin MG, Jung JG, Suh EH, Oh JG, Kang JH, Ghanem BS, Jang J, Lee JH, Pinnau I, Park HB. Facile suppression of intensified plasticization in glassy polymer thin films towards scalable composite membranes for propylene/propane separation. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.120215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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7
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Müller M, Abetz V. Nonequilibrium Processes in Polymer Membrane Formation: Theory and Experiment. Chem Rev 2021; 121:14189-14231. [PMID: 34032399 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Porous polymer and copolymer membranes are useful for ultrafiltration of functional macromolecules, colloids, and water purification. In particular, block copolymer membranes offer a bottom-up approach to form isoporous membranes. To optimize permeability, selectivity, longevity, and cost, and to rationally design fabrication processes, direct insights into the spatiotemporal structure evolution are necessary. Because of a multitude of nonequilibrium processes in polymer membrane formation, theoretical predictions via continuum models and particle simulations remain a challenge. We compiled experimental observations and theoretical approaches for homo- and block copolymer membranes prepared by nonsolvent-induced phase separation and highlight the interplay of multiple nonequilibrium processes─evaporation, solvent-nonsolvent exchange, diffusion, hydrodynamic flow, viscoelasticity, macro- and microphase separation, and dynamic arrest─that dictates the complex structure of the membrane on different scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Müller
- Georg-August Universität, Institut für Theoretische Physik, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Volker Abetz
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Institut für Membranforschung, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany.,Universität Hamburg, Institut für Physikalische Chemie, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
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8
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Rahman MM. Selective Swelling and Functionalization of Integral Asymmetric Isoporous Block Copolymer Membranes. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2100235. [PMID: 34057263 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
SNIPS stands for a membrane fabrication technique that combines the evaporation induced self-assembly of the block copolymers and the classical nonsolvent induced phase separation. It is a one-step readily scalable technique to fabricate integral asymmetric isoporous membranes. The prominent developments in the last decade have carved out a niche for SNIPS as a potential technique to fabricate next generation isoporous membranes. In the last decade, a rich polymer library and variety of membrane postmodification routes have been successfully implemented to fabricate SNIPS membranes having the desired pore functionality. Some of these membranes form soft nanochannels in hydrated state due to swelling of the pore wall, i.e., the pore forming block of the block copolymer. These membranes having soft nanochannels have demonstrated the potential to perform several challenging separation tasks in ultrafiltration and nanofiltration. This paper highlights the currently accessible pore functionality, the strategies to tune the swelling of the soft nanochannels, the potential applications, and future perspectives of these membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mushfequr Rahman
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Institute of Membrane Research, Max-Planck-Straße 1, Geesthacht, 21502, Germany
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9
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Dong X, Lu D, Harris TAL, Escobar IC. Polymers and Solvents Used in Membrane Fabrication: A Review Focusing on Sustainable Membrane Development. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:309. [PMID: 33922560 PMCID: PMC8146349 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11050309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
(1) Different methods have been applied to fabricate polymeric membranes with non-solvent induced phase separation (NIPS) being one of the mostly widely used. In NIPS, a solvent or solvent blend is required to dissolve a polymer or polymer blend. N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), dimethylacetamide (DMAc), dimethylformamide (DMF) and other petroleum-derived solvents are commonly used to dissolve some petroleum-based polymers. However, these components may have negative impacts on the environment and human health. Therefore, using greener and less toxic components is of great interest for increasing membrane fabrication sustainability. The chemical structure of membranes is not affected by the use of different solvents, polymers, or by the differences in fabrication scale. On the other hand, membrane pore structures and surface roughness can change due to differences in diffusion rates associated with different solvents/co-solvents diffusing into the non-solvent and with differences in evaporation time. (2) Therefore, in this review, solvents and polymers involved in the manufacturing process of membranes are proposed to be replaced by greener/less toxic alternatives. The methods and feasibility of scaling up green polymeric membrane manufacturing are also examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Dong
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA; (X.D.); (D.L.)
| | - David Lu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA; (X.D.); (D.L.)
| | - Tequila A. L. Harris
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA;
| | - Isabel C. Escobar
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA; (X.D.); (D.L.)
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10
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Wan CTC, Jacquemond RR, Chiang YM, Nijmeijer K, Brushett FR, Forner-Cuenca A. Non-Solvent Induced Phase Separation Enables Designer Redox Flow Battery Electrodes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2006716. [PMID: 33650154 PMCID: PMC9290313 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202006716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Porous carbonaceous electrodes are performance-defining components in redox flow batteries (RFBs), where their properties impact the efficiency, cost, and durability of the system. The overarching challenge is to simultaneously fulfill multiple seemingly contradictory requirements-i.e., high surface area, low pressure drop, and facile mass transport-without sacrificing scalability or manufacturability. Here, non-solvent induced phase separation (NIPS) is proposed as a versatile method to synthesize tunable porous structures suitable for use as RFB electrodes. The variation of the relative concentration of scaffold-forming polyacrylonitrile to pore-forming poly(vinylpyrrolidone) is demonstrated to result in electrodes with distinct microstructure and porosity. Tomographic microscopy, porosimetry, and spectroscopy are used to characterize the 3D structure and surface chemistry. Flow cell studies with two common redox species (i.e., all-vanadium and Fe2+/3+ ) reveal that the novel electrodes can outperform traditional carbon fiber electrodes. It is posited that the bimodal porous structure, with interconnected large (>50 µm) macrovoids in the through-plane direction and smaller (<5 µm) pores throughout, provides a favorable balance between offsetting traits. Although nascent, the NIPS synthesis approach has the potential to serve as a technology platform for the development of porous electrodes specifically designed to enable electrochemical flow technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Tai-Chieh Wan
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Rémy Richard Jacquemond
- Membrane Materials and Processes, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
- Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research (DIFFER), P.O. Box 6336, Eindhoven, 5600 HH, The Netherlands
| | - Yet-Ming Chiang
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Kitty Nijmeijer
- Membrane Materials and Processes, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
- Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research (DIFFER), P.O. Box 6336, Eindhoven, 5600 HH, The Netherlands
| | - Fikile R Brushett
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Antoni Forner-Cuenca
- Membrane Materials and Processes, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
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11
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Spray coating of polysulfone/poly(ethylene glycol) block polymer on macroporous substrates followed by selective swelling for composite ultrafiltration membranes. Chin J Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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12
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Hampu N, Werber JR, Chan WY, Feinberg EC, Hillmyer MA. Next-Generation Ultrafiltration Membranes Enabled by Block Polymers. ACS NANO 2020; 14:16446-16471. [PMID: 33315381 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c07883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Reliable and equitable access to safe drinking water is a major and growing challenge worldwide. Membrane separations represent one of the most promising strategies for the energy-efficient purification of potential water sources. In particular, porous membranes are used for the ultrafiltration (UF) of water to remove contaminants with nanometric sizes. However, despite exhibiting excellent water permeability and solution processability, existing UF membranes contain a broad distribution of pore sizes that limit their size selectivity. To maximize the potential utility of UF membranes and allow for precise separations, improvements in the size selectivity of these systems must be achieved. Block polymers represent a potentially transformative solution, as these materials self-assemble into well-defined domains of uniform size. Several different strategies have been reported for integrating block polymers into UF membranes, and each strategy has its own set of materials and processing considerations to ensure that uniform and continuous pores are generated. This Review aims to summarize and critically analyze the chemistries, processing techniques, and properties required for the most common methods for producing porous membranes from block polymers, with a particular focus on the fundamental mechanisms underlying block polymer self-assembly and pore formation. Critical structure-property-performance metrics will be analyzed for block polymer UF membranes to understand how these membranes compare to commercial UF membranes and to identify key research areas for continued improvements. This Review is intended to inform readers of the capabilities and current challenges of block polymer UF membranes, while stimulating critical thought on strategies to advance these technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Hampu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Jay R Werber
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Wui Yarn Chan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Elizabeth C Feinberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Marc A Hillmyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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13
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Bucher T, Clodt JI, Abetz C, Bajer B, Filiz V. Spraying of Ultrathin Isoporous Block Copolymer Membranes-A Story about Challenges and Limitations. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:E404. [PMID: 33297532 PMCID: PMC7762335 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10120404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Isoporous membranes can be prepared by a combination of self-assembly of amphiphilic block copolymers and the non-solvent induced phase separation process. As the general doctor-blade technique suffers from high consumption of expensive block copolymer, other methods to reduce its concentration in the casting solution are sought after. Decreasing the block copolymer concentration during membrane casting and applying the block copolymer solution on a support membrane to obtain ultrathin isoporous membrane layers with e.g., spraying techniques, can be an answer. In this work we focused on the question if upscaling of thin block copolymer membranes produced by spraying techniques is feasible. To upscale the spray coating process, three different approaches were pursued, namely air-brush, 1-fluid nozzles and 2-fluid nozzles as generally used in the coating industry. The different spraying systems were implemented successfully in a membrane casting machine. Thinking about future development of isoporous block copolymer membranes in application it was significant that a continuous preparation process can be realised combining spraying of thin layers and immersion of the thin block copolymer layers in water to ensure phase-separation. The system was tested using a solution of polystyrene-block-poly(4-vinylpyridine) diblock copolymer. A detailed examination of the spray pattern and its homogeneity was carried out. The limitations of this method are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juliana Isabel Clodt
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Institute of Polymer Research, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany; (T.B.); (C.A.); (B.B.); (V.F.)
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14
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Wang J, Rahman MM, Abetz C, Abetz V. Tuning the size selectivity of isoporous membranes for protein fractionation via two scalable post treatment approaches. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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15
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Flux model development and synthesis optimization for an enhanced GO embedded nanocomposite membrane through FFD and RSM approach. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05610. [PMID: 33305039 PMCID: PMC7708821 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A two-level full factorial design was used to analyze several factors involved in PSF–GO–Pebax thin film nanocomposite membranes development. Permeate flux was chosen as a single response for four possible factors: Pebax selective layer concentration, amount of GO load to Pebax selective layer, Pebax–GO selective layer thickness, and amount of GO load to PSF substrate. The study is aimed at factors interaction and contribution towards the highest permeation flux via FFD and RSM approach. R2 obtained from the ANOVA is 0.9937 with Pebax concentration as the highest contributing factor. Pebax concentration–amount of GO load to PSF substrate is the only interaction contributing to the highest flux. A regression analysis concluded the study with model development and an optimized condition for the membrane design.
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16
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Singh A, Banerjee SL, Dhiman V, Bhadada SK, Sarkar P, Khamrai M, Kumari K, Kundu PP. Fabrication of calcium hydroxyapatite incorporated polyurethane-graphene oxide nanocomposite porous scaffolds from poly (ethylene terephthalate) waste: A green route toward bone tissue engineering. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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17
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Sankhala K, Koll J, Abetz V. Facilitated Structure Formation in Isoporous Block Copolymer Membranes upon Controlled Evaporation by Gas Flow. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:E83. [PMID: 32353997 PMCID: PMC7281245 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10050083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The conventional fabrication of isoporous membranes via the evaporation-induced self-assembly of block copolymers in combination with non-solvent induced phase separation (SNIPS) is achieved under certain environmental conditions. In this study, we report a modification in the conventional fabrication process of (isoporous) flat sheet membranes in which the self-assembly of block copolymers is achieved by providing controlled evaporation conditions using gas flow and the process is introduced as gSNIPS. This fabrication approach can not only trigger and control the microphase separation but also provides isoporous structure formation in a much broader range of solution concentrations and casting parameters, as compared to fabrication under ambient, uncontrolled conditions. We systematically investigated the structure formation of the fabrication of integral asymmetric isoporous membranes by gSNIPS. A quantitative correlation between the evaporation conditions (causing solvent evaporation and temperature drop) and the self-assembly of block copolymers beginning from the top layer up to a certain depth, orientation of pores in the top layer and the substructure morphology has been discussed empirically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirti Sankhala
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Institute of Polymer Research, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Joachim Koll
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Institute of Polymer Research, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Volker Abetz
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Institute of Polymer Research, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
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19
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Ma D, Zhou J, Wang Z, Wang Y. Block copolymer ultrafiltration membranes by spray coating coupled with selective swelling. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.117656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Müller M. Process-directed self-assembly of copolymers: Results of and challenges for simulation studies. Prog Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2019.101198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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21
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Saleem S, Rangou S, Abetz C, Filiz V, Abetz V. Isoporous Membranes from Novel Polystyrene- b-poly(4-vinylpyridine)- b-poly(solketal methacrylate) (PS- b-P4VP- b-PSMA) Triblock Terpolymers and Their Post-Modification. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 12:E41. [PMID: 31888039 PMCID: PMC7023574 DOI: 10.3390/polym12010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, the formation of nanostructured triblock terpolymer polystyrene-b-poly(4-vinylpyridine)-b-poly(solketal methacrylate) (PS-b-P4VP-b-PSMA), polystyrene-b-poly(4-vinylpyridine)-b-poly(glyceryl methacrylate) (PS-b-P4VP-b-PGMA) membranes via block copolymer self-assembly followed by non-solvent-induced phase separation (SNIPS) is demonstrated. An increase in the hydrophilicity was observed after treatment of non-charged isoporous membranes from PS-b-P4VP-b-PSMA, through acidic hydrolysis of the hydrophobic poly(solketal methacrylate) PSMA block into a hydrophilic poly(glyceryl methacrylate) PGMA block, which contains two neighbored hydroxyl (-OH) groups per repeating unit. For the first time, PS-b-P4VP-b-PSMA triblock terpolymers with varying compositions were successfully synthesized by sequential living anionic polymerization. Composite membranes of PS-b-P4VP-b-PSMA and PS-b-P4VP-b-PGMA triblock terpolymers with ordered hexagonally packed cylindrical pores were developed. The morphology of the membranes was studied with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). PS-b-P4VP-b-PSMA triblock terpolymer membranes were further treated with acid (1 M HCl) to get polystyrene-b-poly(4-vinylpyridine)-b-poly(glyceryl methacrylate) (PS-b-P4VP-b-PGMA). Notably, the pristine porous membrane structure could be maintained even after acidic hydrolysis. It was found that membranes containing hydroxyl groups (PS-b-P4VP-b-PGMA) show a stable and higher water permeance than membranes without hydroxyl groups (PS-b-P4VP-b-PSMA), what is due to the increase in hydrophilicity. The membrane properties were analyzed further by contact angle, protein retention, and adsorption measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Saleem
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Institute of Polymer Research, Max-Planck-Str.1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany; (S.S.); (S.R.); (C.A.); (V.F.)
| | - Sofia Rangou
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Institute of Polymer Research, Max-Planck-Str.1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany; (S.S.); (S.R.); (C.A.); (V.F.)
| | - Clarissa Abetz
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Institute of Polymer Research, Max-Planck-Str.1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany; (S.S.); (S.R.); (C.A.); (V.F.)
| | - Volkan Filiz
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Institute of Polymer Research, Max-Planck-Str.1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany; (S.S.); (S.R.); (C.A.); (V.F.)
| | - Volker Abetz
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Institute of Polymer Research, Max-Planck-Str.1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany; (S.S.); (S.R.); (C.A.); (V.F.)
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
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22
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Yim SG, Kim YJ, Kang YE, Moon BK, Jung ES, Yang SY. Size Fractionation of Fluorescent Graphene Quantum Dots Using a Cross-Flow Membrane Filtration System. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 8:E959. [PMID: 30469312 PMCID: PMC6267503 DOI: 10.3390/nano8110959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) have received great attention as optical agents because of their low toxicity, stable photoluminescence (PL) in moderate pH solutions, and size-dependent optical properties. Although many synthetic routes have been proposed for producing GQD solutions, the broad size distribution in GQD solutions limits its use as an efficient optical agent. Here, we present a straightforward method for size fractionation of GQDs dispersed in water using a cross-flow filtration system and a track-etched membrane with cylindrical uniform nanopores. The GQD aqueous suspension, which primarily contained blue-emitting GQDs (B-GQDs) and green-emitting GQDs (G-GQDs), was introduced to the membrane in tangential flow and was fractionated with a constant permeate flow of about 800 L m-2 h-1 bar-1. After filtration, we observed a clear blue PL spectrum from the permeate side, which can be attributed to selective permeation of relatively small B-GQDs. The process provided a separation factor (B-GQDs/G-GQDs) of 0.74. In the cross-flow filtration system, size-dependent permeation through cylindrical nanochannels was confirmed by simulation. Our results demonstrate a feasible method facilitating size fractionation of two-dimensional nanostructures using a cross-flow membrane filtration system. Since membrane filtration is simple, cost-effective, and scalable, our approach can be applied to prepare a large amount of size-controlled GQDs required for high performance opto-electronics and bio-imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Gu Yim
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Life and Industry Convergence Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea.
| | - Yong Jin Kim
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, Institute of Basic Science, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Korea.
| | - Ye-Eun Kang
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Life and Industry Convergence Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea.
| | - Byung Kee Moon
- Department of Physics, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea.
| | - Eun Sang Jung
- Department of Bio Environmental Energy, Life and Industry Convergence Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea.
| | - Seung Yun Yang
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Life and Industry Convergence Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea.
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23
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Zhang Z, Rahman MM, Abetz C, Bajer B, Wang J, Abetz V. Quaternization of a Polystyrene‐
block
‐poly(4‐vinylpyridine) Isoporous Membrane: An Approach to Tune the Pore Size and the Charge Density. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 40:e1800729. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Zhang
- Institute of Polymer ResearchHelmholtz‐Zentrum Geesthacht Max‐Planck‐Str. 1 21502 Geesthacht Germany
| | - Md. Mushfequr Rahman
- Institute of Polymer ResearchHelmholtz‐Zentrum Geesthacht Max‐Planck‐Str. 1 21502 Geesthacht Germany
| | - Clarissa Abetz
- Institute of Polymer ResearchHelmholtz‐Zentrum Geesthacht Max‐Planck‐Str. 1 21502 Geesthacht Germany
| | - Barbara Bajer
- Institute of Polymer ResearchHelmholtz‐Zentrum Geesthacht Max‐Planck‐Str. 1 21502 Geesthacht Germany
| | - Jiali Wang
- Institute of Polymer ResearchHelmholtz‐Zentrum Geesthacht Max‐Planck‐Str. 1 21502 Geesthacht Germany
| | - Volker Abetz
- Institute of Polymer ResearchHelmholtz‐Zentrum Geesthacht Max‐Planck‐Str. 1 21502 Geesthacht Germany
- Institute of Physical ChemistryUniversity of Hamburg Martin‐Luther‐King‐Platz 6 20146 Hamburg Germany
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