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Carapito Â, Roque ACA, Carvalho F, Pinto J, Guedes de Pinho P. Exploiting volatile fingerprints for bladder cancer diagnosis: A scoping review of metabolomics and sensor-based approaches. Talanta 2024; 268:125296. [PMID: 37839328 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) represents a significant global health concern, for which early detection is essential to improve patient outcomes. This review evaluates the potential of the urinary volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as biomarkers for detecting and staging BC. The methods used include gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)-based metabolomics and electronic-nose (e-nose) sensors. The GC-MS studies that have been published reveal diverse results in terms of diagnostic performance. The sensitivities range from 27 % to an impressive 97 %, while specificities vary between 43 % and 94 %. Furthermore, the accuracies reported in these studies range from 80 to 89 %. In the urine of BC patients, a total of 80 VOCs were discovered to be significantly altered when compared to controls. These VOCs encompassed a variety of chemical classes such as alcohols, aldehydes, alkanes, aromatic compounds, fatty acids, ketones, and terpenoids, among others. Conversely, e-nose-based studies displayed sensitivities from 60 to 100 %, specificities from 53 to 96 %, and accuracies from 65 to 97 %. Interestingly, conductive polymer-based sensors performed better, followed by metal oxide semiconductor and optical sensors. GC-MS studies have shown improved performance in detecting early stages and low-grade tumors, providing valuable insights into staging. Based on these findings, VOC-based diagnostic tools hold great promise for early BC detection and staging. Further studies are needed to validate biomarkers and their classification performance. In the future, advancements in VOC profiling technologies may significantly contribute to improving the overall survival and quality of life for BC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ângela Carapito
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal; UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Lab. of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Ana Cecília A Roque
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal; UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Félix Carvalho
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal; UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Lab. of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Pinto
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal; UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Lab. of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Guedes de Pinho
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal; UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Lab. of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
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2
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Verscheure E, Stierum R, Schlünssen V, Lund Würtz AM, Vanneste D, Kogevinas M, Harding BN, Broberg K, Zienolddiny-Narui S, Erdem JS, Das MK, Makris KC, Konstantinou C, Andrianou X, Dekkers S, Morris L, Pronk A, Godderis L, Ghosh M. Characterization of the internal working-life exposome using minimally and non-invasive sampling methods - a narrative review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 238:117001. [PMID: 37683788 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
During recent years, we are moving away from the 'one exposure, one disease'-approach in occupational settings and towards a more comprehensive approach, taking into account the totality of exposures during a life course by using an exposome approach. Taking an exposome approach however is accompanied by many challenges, one of which, for example, relates to the collection of biological samples. Methods used for sample collection in occupational exposome studies should ideally be minimally invasive, while at the same time sensitive, and enable meaningful repeated sampling in a large population and over a longer time period. This might be hampered in specific situations e.g., people working in remote areas, during pandemics or with flexible work hours. In these situations, using self-sampling techniques might offer a solution. Therefore, our aim was to identify existing self-sampling techniques and to evaluate the applicability of these techniques in an occupational exposome context by conducting a literature review. We here present an overview of current self-sampling methodologies used to characterize the internal exposome. In addition, the use of different biological matrices was evaluated and subdivided based on their level of invasiveness and applicability in an occupational exposome context. In conclusion, this review and the overview of self-sampling techniques presented herein can serve as a guide in the design of future (occupational) exposome studies while circumventing sample collection challenges associated with exposome studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline Verscheure
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Environment and Health, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rob Stierum
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research TNO, Risk Analysis for Products in Development, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Vivi Schlünssen
- Department of Public Health, Research unit for Environment, Occupation and Health, Danish Ramazzini Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anne Mette Lund Würtz
- Department of Public Health, Research unit for Environment, Occupation and Health, Danish Ramazzini Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Dorian Vanneste
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Environment and Health, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Manolis Kogevinas
- Environment and Health over the Lifecourse Program, ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Barbara N Harding
- Environment and Health over the Lifecourse Program, ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Karin Broberg
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Mrinal K Das
- National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Konstantinos C Makris
- Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Corina Konstantinou
- Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Xanthi Andrianou
- Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Susan Dekkers
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research TNO, Risk Analysis for Products in Development, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Anjoeka Pronk
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research TNO, Risk Analysis for Products in Development, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lode Godderis
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Environment and Health, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Idewe, External Service for Prevention and Protection at work, Heverlee, Belgium.
| | - Manosij Ghosh
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Environment and Health, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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3
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Gaye O, Fall CB, Jalloh M, Faye B, Jobin M, Cussenot O. Detection of urological cancers by the signature of organic volatile compounds in urine, from dogs to electronic noses. Curr Opin Urol 2023; 33:437-444. [PMID: 37678152 DOI: 10.1097/mou.0000000000001128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Urine volatile organic compound (VOC) testing for early detection of urological cancers is a minimally invasive and promising method. The objective of this review was to present the results of recently published work on this subject. RECENT FINDINGS Organic volatile compounds are produced through oxidative stress and peroxidation of cell membranes, and they are eliminated through feces, urine, and sweat. Studies looking for VOCs in urine for the diagnosis of urological cancers have mostly focused on bladder and prostate cancers. However, the number of patients included in the studies was small. The electronic nose was the most widely used means of detecting VOCs in urine for the detection of urological cancers. MOS sensors and pattern recognition machine learning were more used for the composition of electronic noses. Early detection of urological cancers by detection of VOCs in urine is a method with encouraging results with sensitivities ranging from 27 to 100% and specificities ranging from 72 to 94%. SUMMARY The olfactory signature of urine from patients with urological cancers is a promising biomarker for the early diagnosis of urological cancers. The electronic nose with its ability to recognize complex odors is an excellent alterative to canine diagnosis and analytical techniques. Nevertheless, additional research improving the technology of Enoses and the methodology of the studies is necessary for its implementation in daily clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oumar Gaye
- Urology Department, Dalal Jamm Hospital
- University Cheikh Anta Diop
| | | | - Mohamed Jalloh
- Urology Department, Idrissa Pouye General Hospital, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | - Marc Jobin
- HEPIA, University of Applied Sciences of Western Switzerland (HES-SO), Genève, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Cussenot
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- CeRePP, Paris, France
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4
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Du S, Zhai L, Ye S, Wang L, Liu M, Tan M. In-depth urinary and exosome proteome profiling analysis identifies novel biomarkers for diabetic kidney disease. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2023; 66:2587-2603. [PMID: 37405567 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-022-2348-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a major microvascular complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Monitoring the early diagnostic period and disease progression plays a crucial role in treating DKD. In this study, to comprehensively elucidate the molecular characteristics of urinary proteins and urinary exosome proteins in type 2 DKD, we performed large-scale urinary proteomics (n=144) and urinary exosome proteomics (n=44) analyses on T2DM patients with albuminuria in varying degrees. The dynamics analysis of the urinary and exosome proteomes in our study provides a valuable resource for discovering potential urinary biomarkers in patients with DKD. A series of potential biomarkers, such as SERPINA1 and transferrin (TF), were detected and validated to be used for DKD diagnosis or disease monitoring. The results of our study comprehensively elucidated the changes in the urinary proteome and revealed several potential biomarkers reflecting the progression of DKD, which provide a reference for DKD biomarker screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shichun Du
- Department of Endocrinology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Linhui Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangdong, 528400, China
| | - Shu Ye
- Department of Endocrinology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Le Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Muyin Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Minjia Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangdong, 528400, China.
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5
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Riccio G, Berenguer CV, Perestrelo R, Pereira F, Berenguer P, Ornelas CP, Sousa AC, Vital JA, Pinto MDC, Pereira JAM, Greco V, Câmara JS. Differences in the Volatilomic Urinary Biosignature of Prostate Cancer Patients as a Feasibility Study for the Detection of Potential Biomarkers. Curr Oncol 2023; 30:4904-4921. [PMID: 37232828 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol30050370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) continues to be the second most common malignant tumour and the main cause of oncological death in men. Investigating endogenous volatile organic metabolites (VOMs) produced by various metabolic pathways is emerging as a novel, effective, and non-invasive source of information to establish the volatilomic biosignature of PCa. In this study, headspace solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC-MS) was used to establish the urine volatilomic profile of PCa and identify VOMs that can discriminate between the two investigated groups. This non-invasive approach was applied to oncological patients (PCa group, n = 26) and cancer-free individuals (control group, n = 30), retrieving a total of 147 VOMs from various chemical families. This included terpenes, norisoprenoid, sesquiterpenes, phenolic, sulphur and furanic compounds, ketones, alcohols, esters, aldehydes, carboxylic acid, benzene and naphthalene derivatives, hydrocarbons, and heterocyclic hydrocarbons. The data matrix was subjected to multivariate analysis, namely partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). Accordingly, this analysis showed that the group under study presented different volatomic profiles and suggested potential PCa biomarkers. Nevertheless, a larger cohort of samples is required to boost the predictability and accuracy of the statistical models developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Riccio
- Department of Basic Biotechnological Sciences, Intensivological and Perioperative Clinics, Univesità Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Unity of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Molecular Biology, Department of Diagnostic and Laboratory Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina V Berenguer
- CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, NPRG, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Rosa Perestrelo
- CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, NPRG, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Ferdinando Pereira
- Serviço de Urologia, Hospital Dr. Nélio Mendonça, SESARAM, EPERAM-Serviço de Saúde da Região Autónoma da Madeira, Avenida Luís de Camões, nº57, 9004-514 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Pedro Berenguer
- Centro de Investigação Dra Maria Isabel Mendonça, Hospital Dr. Nélio Mendonça, SESARAM, EPERAM, Avenida Luís de Camões, nº57, 9004-514 Funchal, Portugal
- RO-RAM-Registo Oncológico da Região Autónoma da Madeira, Hospital Dr. Nélio Mendonça, SESARAM, EPERAM, Avenida Luís de Camões, nº57, 9004-514 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Cristina P Ornelas
- Centro de Saúde do Bom Jesus, SESARAM, EPERAM, Rua das Hortas, nº67, 9050-024 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Ana Célia Sousa
- Centro de Investigação Dra Maria Isabel Mendonça, Hospital Dr. Nélio Mendonça, SESARAM, EPERAM, Avenida Luís de Camões, nº57, 9004-514 Funchal, Portugal
| | - João Aragão Vital
- Serviço de Urologia, Hospital Dr. Nélio Mendonça, SESARAM, EPERAM-Serviço de Saúde da Região Autónoma da Madeira, Avenida Luís de Camões, nº57, 9004-514 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Maria do Carmo Pinto
- Serviço de Urologia, Hospital Dr. Nélio Mendonça, SESARAM, EPERAM-Serviço de Saúde da Região Autónoma da Madeira, Avenida Luís de Camões, nº57, 9004-514 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Jorge A M Pereira
- CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, NPRG, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Viviana Greco
- Department of Basic Biotechnological Sciences, Intensivological and Perioperative Clinics, Univesità Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Unity of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Molecular Biology, Department of Diagnostic and Laboratory Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - José S Câmara
- CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, NPRG, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências Exatas e Engenharia, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
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6
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da Costa BRB, da Silva RR, Bigão VLCP, Peria FM, De Martinis BS. Hybrid volatilomics in cancer diagnosis by HS-GC-FID fingerprinting. J Breath Res 2023; 17. [PMID: 36634358 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/acb284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Assessing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as cancer signatures is one of the most promising techniques toward developing non-invasive, simple, and affordable diagnosis. Here, we have evaluated the feasibility of employing static headspace extraction (HS) followed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID) as a screening tool to discriminate between cancer patients (head and neck-HNC,n= 15; and gastrointestinal cancer-GIC,n= 19) and healthy controls (n= 37) on the basis of a non-target (fingerprinting) analysis of oral fluid and urine. We evaluated the discrimination considering a single bodily fluid and adopting the hybrid approach, in which the oral fluid and urinary VOCs profiles were combined through data fusion. We used supervised orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis for classification, and we assessed the prediction power of the models by analyzing the values of goodness of prediction (Q2Y), area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, and specificity. The individual models HNC urine, HNC oral fluid, and GIC oral fluid successfully discriminated between healthy controls and positive samples (Q2Y = 0.560, 0.525, and 0.559; AUC = 0.814, 0.850, and 0.926; sensitivity = 84.8, 70.2, and 78.6%; and specificity = 82.3; 81.5; 87.5%, respectively), whereas GIC urine was not adequate (Q2Y = 0.292, AUC = 0.694, sensitivity = 66.1%, and specificity = 77.0%). Compared to the respective individual models, Q2Y for the hybrid models increased (0.623 for hybrid HNC and 0.562 for hybrid GIC). However, sensitivity was higher for HNC urine and GIC oral fluid than for hybrid HNC (75.6%) and hybrid GIC (69.8%), respectively. These results suggested that HS-GC-FID fingerprinting is suitable and holds great potential for cancer screening. Additionally, the hybrid approach tends to increase the predictive power if the individual models present suitable quality parameter values. Otherwise, it is more advantageous to use a single body fluid for analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Ruiz Brandão da Costa
- Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical, Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto CEP 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Roberto da Silva
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos (NPPNS), Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto CEP 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Vítor Luiz Caleffo Piva Bigão
- Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical, Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto CEP 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Maris Peria
- Division of Clinical Oncology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto CEP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Bruno Spinosa De Martinis
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto CEP 14040-901, Brazil
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7
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GC-MS Techniques Investigating Potential Biomarkers of Dying in the Last Weeks with Lung Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021591. [PMID: 36675106 PMCID: PMC9867309 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Predicting when a patient with advanced cancer is dying is a challenge and currently no prognostic test is available. We hypothesised that a dying process from cancer is associated with metabolic changes and specifically with changes in volatile organic compounds (VOCs). We analysed urine from patients with lung cancer in the last weeks of life by headspace gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Urine was acidified or alkalinised before analysis. VOC changes in the last weeks of life were identified using univariate, multivariate and linear regression analysis; 12 VOCs increased (11 from the acid dataset, 2 from the alkali dataset) and 25 VOCs decreased (23 from the acid dataset and 3 from the alkali dataset). A Cox Lasso prediction model using 8 VOCs predicted dying with an AUC of 0.77, 0.78 and 0.85 at 30, 20 and 10 days and stratified patients into a low (median 10 days), medium (median 50 days) or high risk of survival. Our data supports the hypothesis there are specific metabolic changes associated with the dying. The VOCs identified are potential biomarkers of dying in lung cancer and could be used as a tool to provide additional prognostic information to inform expert clinician judgement and subsequent decision making.
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8
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Wen Q, Myridakis A, Boshier PR, Zuffa S, Belluomo I, Parker AG, Chin ST, Hakim S, Markar SR, Hanna GB. A Complete Pipeline for Untargeted Urinary Volatolomic Profiling with Sorptive Extraction and Dual Polar and Nonpolar Column Methodologies Coupled with Gas Chromatography Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2023; 95:758-765. [PMID: 36602225 PMCID: PMC9850407 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Volatolomics offers an opportunity for noninvasive detection and monitoring of human disease. While gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) remains the technique of choice for analyzing volatile organic compounds (VOCs), barriers to wider adoption in clinical practice still exist, including: sample preparation and introduction techniques, VOC extraction, throughput, volatolome coverage, biological interpretation, and quality control (QC). Therefore, we developed a complete pipeline for untargeted urinary volatolomic profiling. We optimized a novel extraction technique using HiSorb sorptive extraction, which exhibited high analytical performance and throughput. We achieved a broader VOC coverage by using HiSorb coupled with a set of complementary chromatographic methods and time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Furthermore, we developed a data preprocessing strategy by evaluating internal standard normalization, batch correction, and we adopted strict QC measures including removal of nonlinearly responding, irreproducible, or contaminated metabolic features, ensuring the acquisition of high-quality data. The applicability of this pipeline was evaluated in a clinical cohort consisting of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) patients (n = 28) and controls (n = 33), identifying four urinary candidate biomarkers (2-pentanone, hexanal, 3-hexanone, and p-cymene), which can successfully discriminate the cancer and noncancer subjects. This study presents an optimized, high-throughput, and quality-controlled pipeline for untargeted urinary volatolomic profiling. Use of the pipeline to discriminate PDAC from control subjects provides proof of principal of its clinical utility and potential for application in future biomarker discovery studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wen
- Department
of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College
London, London W12 0HS, United Kingdom
| | - Antonis Myridakis
- Department
of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College
London, London W12 0HS, United Kingdom
| | - Piers R. Boshier
- Department
of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College
London, London W12 0HS, United Kingdom
| | - Simone Zuffa
- Department
of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Ilaria Belluomo
- Department
of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College
London, London W12 0HS, United Kingdom
| | - Aaron G. Parker
- Department
of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College
London, London W12 0HS, United Kingdom
| | - Sung-Tong Chin
- Department
of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College
London, London W12 0HS, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie Hakim
- Department
of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College
London, London W12 0HS, United Kingdom
| | - Sheraz R. Markar
- Department
of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College
London, London W12 0HS, United Kingdom,Nuffield
Department of Surgical Sciences, University
of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - George B. Hanna
- Department
of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College
London, London W12 0HS, United Kingdom,
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9
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Llambrich M, Brezmes J, Cumeras R. The untargeted urine volatilome for biomedical applications: methodology and volatilome database. Biol Proced Online 2022; 24:20. [PMID: 36456991 PMCID: PMC9714113 DOI: 10.1186/s12575-022-00184-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemically diverse in compounds, urine can give us an insight into metabolic breakdown products from foods, drinks, drugs, environmental contaminants, endogenous waste metabolites, and bacterial by-products. Hundreds of them are volatile compounds; however, their composition has never been provided in detail, nor has the methodology used for urine volatilome untargeted analysis. Here, we summarize key elements for the untargeted analysis of urine volatilome from a comprehensive compilation of literature, including the latest reports published. Current achievements and limitations on each process step are discussed and compared. 34 studies were found retrieving all information from the urine treatment to the final results obtained. In this report, we provide the first specific urine volatilome database, consisting of 841 compounds from 80 different chemical classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Llambrich
- Department of Electrical Electronic Engineering and Automation, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Metabolomics Interdisciplinary Group, Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43204, Reus, Spain
| | - Jesús Brezmes
- Department of Electrical Electronic Engineering and Automation, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Metabolomics Interdisciplinary Group, Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43204, Reus, Spain
| | - Raquel Cumeras
- Department of Electrical Electronic Engineering and Automation, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Metabolomics Interdisciplinary Group, Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43204, Reus, Spain
- Oncology Department, Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43204, Reus, Spain
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10
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Volatilomics as an Emerging Strategy to Determine Potential Biomarkers of Female Infertility: A Pilot Study. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10112852. [DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to its high prevalence, infertility has become a prominent public health issue, posing a significant challenge to modern reproductive medicine. Some clinical conditions that lead to female infertility include polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), endometriosis, and premature ovarian failure (POF). Follicular fluid (FF) is the biological matrix that has the most contact with the oocyte and can, therefore, be used as a predictor of its quality. Volatilomics has emerged as a non-invasive, straightforward, affordable, and simple method for characterizing various diseases and determining the effectiveness of their current therapies. In order to find potential biomarkers of infertility, this study set out to determine the volatomic pattern of the follicular fluid from patients with PCOS, endometriosis, and POF. The chromatographic data integration was performed through solid-phase microextraction (SPME), followed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The findings pointed to specific metabolite patterns as potential biomarkers for the studied diseases. These open the door for further research into the relevant metabolomic pathways to enhance infertility knowledge and diagnostic tools. An extended investigation may, however, produce a new mechanistic understanding of the pathophysiology of the diseases.
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Mapping of Urinary Volatile Organic Compounds by a Rapid Analytical Method Using Gas Chromatography Coupled to Ion Mobility Spectrometry (GC–IMS). Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12111072. [DOI: 10.3390/metabo12111072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are a differentiated class of molecules, continuously generated in the human body and released as products of metabolic pathways. Their concentrations vary depending on pathophysiological conditions. They are detectable in a wide variety of biological samples, such as exhaled breath, faeces, and urine. In particular, urine represents an easily accessible specimen widely used in clinics. The most used techniques for VOCs detections are expensive and time-consuming, thus not allowing for rapid clinical analysis. In this perspective, the aim of this study is a comprehensive characterisation of the urine volatilome by the development of an alternative rapid analytical method. Briefly, 115 urine samples are collected; sample treatment is not needed. VOCs are detected in the urine headspace using gas chromatography coupled to ion mobility spectrometry (GC–IMS) by an extremely fast analysis (10 min). The method is analytically validated; the analysis is sensitive and robust with results comparable to those reported with other techniques. Twenty-three molecules are identified, including ketones, aldehydes, alcohols, and sulphur compounds, whose concentration is altered in several pathological states such as cancer and metabolic disorders. Therefore, it opens new perspectives for fast diagnosis and screening, showing great potential for clinical applications.
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Volatilomics: An Emerging and Promising Avenue for the Detection of Potential Prostate Cancer Biomarkers. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14163982. [PMID: 36010975 PMCID: PMC9406416 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14163982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The lack of highly specific and sensitive biomarkers for the early detection of prostate cancer (PCa) is a major barrier to its management. Volatilomics emerged as a non-invasive, simple, inexpensive, and easy-to-use approach for cancer screening, characterization of disease progression, and follow-up of the treatment’s success. We provide a brief overview of the potential of volatile organic metabolites (VOMs) for the establishment of PCa biomarkers from non-invasive matrices. Endogenous VOMs have been investigated as potential biomarkers since changes in these VOMs can be characteristic of specific disease processes. Recent studies have shown that the conjugation of the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening with other methodologies, such as risk calculators, biomarkers, and imaging tests, can attenuate overdiagnosis and under-detection issues. This means that the combination of volatilomics with other methodologies could be extremely valuable for the differentiation of clinical phenotypes in a group of patients, providing more personalized treatments. Abstract Despite the spectacular advances in molecular medicine, including genomics, proteomics, transcriptomics, lipidomics, and personalized medicine, supported by the discovery of the human genome, prostate cancer (PCa) remains the most frequent malignant tumor and a leading cause of oncological death in men. New methods for prognostic, diagnostic, and therapy evaluation are mainly based on the combination of imaging techniques with other methodologies, such as gene or protein profiling, aimed at improving PCa management and surveillance. However, the lack of highly specific and sensitive biomarkers for its early detection is a major hurdle to this goal. Apart from classical biomarkers, the study of endogenous volatile organic metabolites (VOMs) biosynthesized by different metabolic pathways and found in several biofluids is emerging as an innovative, efficient, accessible, and non-invasive approach to establish the volatilomic biosignature of PCa patients, unravelling potential biomarkers. This review provides a brief overview of the challenges of PCa screening methods and emergent biomarkers. We also focus on the potential of volatilomics for the establishment of PCa biomarkers from non-invasive matrices.
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Lett L, George M, Slater R, De Lacy Costello B, Ratcliffe N, García-Fiñana M, Lazarowicz H, Probert C. Investigation of urinary volatile organic compounds as novel diagnostic and surveillance biomarkers of bladder cancer. Br J Cancer 2022; 127:329-336. [PMID: 35352020 PMCID: PMC9296481 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-01785-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diagnosis and surveillance of urothelial bladder cancer (UBC) require cystoscopy. There is a need for biomarkers to reduce the frequency of cystoscopy in surveillance; urinary volatile organic compound (VOC) analysis could fulfil this role. This cross-sectional study compared the VOC profiles of patients with and without UBC, to investigate metabolomic signatures as biomarkers. METHODS Urine samples were collected from haematuria clinic patients undergoing diagnostic cystoscopy and UBC patients undergoing surveillance. Urinary headspace sampling utilised solid-phase microextraction and VOC analysis applied gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; the output underwent metabolomic analysis. RESULTS The median participant age was 70 years, 66.2% were male. Of the haematuria patients, 21 had a new UBC diagnosis, 125 had no cancer. In the surveillance group, 75 had recurrent UBC, 84 were recurrence-free. A distinctive VOC profile was observed in UBC patients compared with controls. Ten VOCs had statistically significant abundances useful to classify patients (false discovery rate range 1.9 × 10-7-2.8 × 10-2). Two prediction models were evaluated using internal validation. An eight-VOC diagnostic biomarker panel achieved AUROC 0.77 (sensitivity 0.71, specificity 0.72). A six-VOC surveillance biomarker panel obtained AUROC 0.80 (sensitivity 0.71 and specificity 0.80). CONCLUSIONS Urinary VOC analysis could aid the diagnosis and surveillance of UBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Lett
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Michael George
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
- School of Medicine, Cedar House, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Rachael Slater
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Ben De Lacy Costello
- Centre of Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
| | - Norman Ratcliffe
- Centre of Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
| | - Marta García-Fiñana
- Department of Health Data Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Henry Lazarowicz
- Department of Urology, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Trust, Liverpool, L7 8XP, UK
| | - Chris Probert
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK.
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Leroux J, Truong TT, Pogson BJ, McQuinn RP. Detection and analysis of novel and known plant volatile apocarotenoids. Methods Enzymol 2022; 670:311-368. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2022.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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