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Wang Y, Dong Z, An Z, Jin W. Cancer cachexia: Focus on cachexia factors and inter-organ communication. Chin Med J (Engl) 2024; 137:44-62. [PMID: 37968131 PMCID: PMC10766315 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000002846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Cancer cachexia is a multi-organ syndrome and closely related to changes in signal communication between organs, which is mediated by cancer cachexia factors. Cancer cachexia factors, being the general name of inflammatory factors, circulating proteins, metabolites, and microRNA secreted by tumor or host cells, play a role in secretory or other organs and mediate complex signal communication between organs during cancer cachexia. Cancer cachexia factors are also a potential target for the diagnosis and treatment. The pathogenesis of cachexia is unclear and no clear effective treatment is available. Thus, the treatment of cancer cachexia from the perspective of the tumor ecosystem rather than from the perspective of a single molecule and a single organ is urgently needed. From the point of signal communication between organs mediated by cancer cachexia factors, finding a deeper understanding of the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer cachexia is of great significance to improve the level of diagnosis and treatment. This review begins with cancer cachexia factors released during the interaction between tumor and host cells, and provides a comprehensive summary of the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment for cancer cachexia, along with a particular sight on multi-organ signal communication mediated by cancer cachexia factors. This summary aims to deepen medical community's understanding of cancer cachexia and may conduce to the discovery of new diagnostic and therapeutic targets for cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfei Wang
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
- Institute of Cancer Neuroscience, Medical Frontier Innovation Research Center, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Zikai Dong
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
- Institute of Cancer Neuroscience, Medical Frontier Innovation Research Center, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Ziyi An
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
- Institute of Cancer Neuroscience, Medical Frontier Innovation Research Center, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Weilin Jin
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
- Institute of Cancer Neuroscience, Medical Frontier Innovation Research Center, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
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2
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Li X, Hoogland AI, Small BJ, Crowder SL, Gonzalez BD, Oswald LB, Sleight AG, Nguyen N, Lorona NC, Damerell V, Komrokji KR, Mooney K, Playdon MC, Ulrich CM, Li CI, Shibata D, Toriola AT, Ose J, Peoples AR, Siegel EM, Bower JE, Schneider M, Gigic B, Figueiredo JC, Jim HSL. Trajectories and risk factors of fatigue following colorectal cancer diagnosis. Colorectal Dis 2023; 25:2054-2063. [PMID: 37700526 PMCID: PMC10815933 DOI: 10.1111/codi.16746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
AIM This study sought to identify groups of colorectal cancer patients based upon trajectories of fatigue and examine how demographic, clinical and behavioural risk factors differentiate these groups. METHOD Patients were from six cancer centres in the United States and Germany. Fatigue was measured using the fatigue subscale of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-C30) at five time points (baseline/enrolment and 3, 6, 12 and 24 months after diagnosis). Piecewise growth mixture models identified latent trajectories of fatigue. Logistic regression models examined differences in demographic, clinical and behavioural characteristics between fatigue trajectory groups. RESULTS Among 1615 participants (57% men, 86% non-Hispanic White, mean age 61 ± 13 years at diagnosis), three distinct groups were identified. In the high fatigue group (36%), fatigue significantly increased in the first 6 months after diagnosis and then showed statistically and clinically significant improvement from 6 to 24 months (P values < 0.01). Throughout the study period, average fatigue met or exceeded cutoffs for clinical significance. In the moderate (34%) and low (30%) fatigue groups, fatigue levels remained below or near population norms across the study period. Patients who were diagnosed with Stage II-IV disease and/or current smokers were more likely to be in the high fatigue than in the moderate fatigue group (P values < 0.05). CONCLUSION A large proportion of colorectal cancer patients experienced sustained fatigue after initiation of cancer treatment. Patients with high fatigue at the time of diagnosis may benefit from early supportive care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyin Li
- Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Aasha I Hoogland
- Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Brent J Small
- School of Aging Studies, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Sylvia L Crowder
- Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Brian D Gonzalez
- Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Laura B Oswald
- Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Alix G Sleight
- Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Nathalie Nguyen
- Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Nicole C Lorona
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Victoria Damerell
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Khaled R Komrokji
- Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Kathi Mooney
- College of Nursing, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Cancer Control and Population Sciences Program, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Mary C Playdon
- Cancer Control and Population Sciences Program, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, College of Health, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Cornelia M Ulrich
- Cancer Control and Population Sciences Program, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Christopher I Li
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - David Shibata
- Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Adetunji T Toriola
- Department of Surgery, Washington University St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jennifer Ose
- Cancer Control and Population Sciences Program, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Anita R Peoples
- Cancer Control and Population Sciences Program, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Erin M Siegel
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | | | - Martin Schneider
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Biljana Gigic
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jane C Figueiredo
- Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Heather S L Jim
- Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
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3
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Gigic B, van Roekel E, Holowatyj AN, Brezina S, Geijsen AJMR, Ulvik A, Ose J, Koole JL, Damerell V, Kiblawi R, Gumpenberger T, Lin T, Kvalheim G, Koelsch T, Kok DE, van Duijnhoven FJ, Bours MJ, Baierl A, Li CI, Grady W, Vickers K, Habermann N, Schneider M, Kampman E, Ueland PM, Ulrich A, Weijenberg M, Gsur A, Ulrich C. Cohort profile: Biomarkers related to folate-dependent one-carbon metabolism in colorectal cancer recurrence and survival - the FOCUS Consortium. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e062930. [PMID: 36549742 PMCID: PMC9772678 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-062930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The overarching goal of the FOCUS (biomarkers related to folate-dependent one-carbon metabolism in colorectal cancer (CRC) recurrence and survival) Consortium is to unravel the effect of folate and folate-mediated one-carbon metabolism (FOCM) biomarkers on CRC prognosis to provide clinically relevant advice on folate intake to cancer patients and define future tertiary prevention strategies. PARTICIPANTS The FOCUS Consortium is an international, prospective cohort of 2401 women and men above 18 years of age who were diagnosed with a primary invasive non-metastatic (stages I-III) CRC. The consortium comprises patients from Austria, two sites from the Netherlands, Germany and two sites from the USA. Patients are recruited after CRC diagnosis and followed at 6 and 12 months after enrolment. At each time point, sociodemographic data, data on health behaviour and clinical data are collected, blood samples are drawn. FINDINGS TO DATE An increased risk of cancer recurrences was observed among patients with higher compared with lower circulating folic acid concentrations. Furthermore, specific folate species within the FOCM pathway were associated with both inflammation and angiogenesis pathways among patients with CRC. In addition, higher vitamin B6 status was associated with better quality of life at 6 months post-treatment. FUTURE PLANS Better insights into the research on associations between folate and FOCM biomarkers and clinical outcomes in patients with CRC will facilitate the development of guidelines regarding folate intake in order to provide clinically relevant advice to patients with cancer, health professionals involved in patient care, and ultimately further tertiary prevention strategies in the future. The FOCUS Consortium offers an excellent infrastructure for short-term and long-term research projects and for combining additional biomarkers and data resulting from the individual cohorts within the next years, for example, microbiome data, omics and multiomics data or CT-quantified body composition data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biljana Gigic
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eline van Roekel
- Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Andreana N Holowatyj
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Stefanie Brezina
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - Anne J M R Geijsen
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jennifer Ose
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Janna L Koole
- Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Victoria Damerell
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rama Kiblawi
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | | | - Tengda Lin
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | | | - Torsten Koelsch
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dieuwertje E Kok
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Franzel J van Duijnhoven
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn J Bours
- Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Baierl
- Department of Statistics and Operations Research, University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - Christopher I Li
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - William Grady
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kathy Vickers
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Nina Habermann
- Genome Biology, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Schneider
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ellen Kampman
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Alexis Ulrich
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Surgical Department I, Städtische Kliniken Neuss, Lukaskrankenhaus GmbH, Neuss, Germany
| | - Matty Weijenberg
- Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Gsur
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - Cornelia Ulrich
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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4
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Systematic Review of NMR-Based Metabolomics Practices in Human Disease Research. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12100963. [PMID: 36295865 PMCID: PMC9609461 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12100963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is one of the principal analytical techniques for metabolomics. It has the advantages of minimal sample preparation and high reproducibility, making it an ideal technique for generating large amounts of metabolomics data for biobanks and large-scale studies. Metabolomics is a popular “omics” technology and has established itself as a comprehensive exploratory biomarker tool; however, it has yet to reach its collaborative potential in data collation due to the lack of standardisation of the metabolomics workflow seen across small-scale studies. This systematic review compiles the different NMR metabolomics methods used for serum, plasma, and urine studies, from sample collection to data analysis, that were most popularly employed over a two-year period in 2019 and 2020. It also outlines how these methods influence the raw data and the downstream interpretations, and the importance of reporting for reproducibility and result validation. This review can act as a valuable summary of NMR metabolomic workflows that are actively used in human biofluid research and will help guide the workflow choice for future research.
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5
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Brezmes J, Llambrich M, Cumeras R, Gumà J. Urine NMR Metabolomics for Precision Oncology in Colorectal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:11171. [PMID: 36232473 PMCID: PMC9569997 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolomics is a fundamental approach to discovering novel biomarkers and their potential use for precision medicine. When applied for population screening, NMR-based metabolomics can become a powerful clinical tool in precision oncology. Urine tests can be more widely accepted due to their intrinsic non-invasiveness. Our review provides the first exhaustive evaluation of NMR metabolomics for the determination of colorectal cancer (CRC) in urine. A specific search in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus was performed, and 10 studies met the required criteria. There were no restrictions on the query for study type, leading to not only colorectal cancer samples versus control comparisons, but also prospective studies of surgical effects. With this review, all compounds in the included studies were merged into a database. In doing so, we identified up to 100 compounds in urine samples, and 11 were found in at least three articles. Results were analyzed in three groups: case (CRC and adenomas)/control, pre-/post-surgery, and combining both groups. When combining the case-control and the pre-/post-surgery groups, up to twelve compounds were found to be relevant. Seven down-regulated metabolites in CRC were identified, creatinine, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, acetone, carnitine, d-glucose, hippuric acid, l-lysine, l-threonine, and pyruvic acid, and three up-regulated compounds in CRC were identified, acetic acid, phenylacetylglutamine, and urea. The pathways and enrichment analysis returned only two pathways significantly expressed: the pyruvate metabolism and the glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathway. In both cases, only the pyruvic acid (down-regulated in urine of CRC patients, with cancer cell proliferation effect in the tissue) and acetic acid (up-regulated in urine of CRC patients, with chemoprotective effect) were present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Brezmes
- Metabolomics Interdisciplinary Group, Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), 43204 Reus, Spain
- Department of Electrical Electronic Engineering and Automation, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Maria Llambrich
- Metabolomics Interdisciplinary Group, Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), 43204 Reus, Spain
- Department of Electrical Electronic Engineering and Automation, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Raquel Cumeras
- Metabolomics Interdisciplinary Group, Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), 43204 Reus, Spain
- Department of Electrical Electronic Engineering and Automation, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Oncology Department, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan de Reus, Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), 43204 Reus, Spain
| | - Josep Gumà
- Oncology Department, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan de Reus, Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), 43204 Reus, Spain
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6
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Jajin MG, Abooshahab R, Hooshmand K, Moradi A, Siadat SD, Mirzazadeh R, Chegini KG, Hedayati M. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-based untargeted metabolomics reveals metabolic perturbations in medullary thyroid carcinoma. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8397. [PMID: 35590091 PMCID: PMC9120505 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12590-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) is a rare tumor that arises from parafollicular cells within the thyroid gland. The molecular mechanism underlying MTC has not yet been fully understood. Here, we aimed to perform plasma metabolomics profiling of MTC patients to explore the perturbation of metabolic pathways contributing to MTC tumorigenesis. Plasma samples from 20 MTC patients and 20 healthy subjects were obtained to carry out an untargeted metabolomics by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Multivariate and univariate analyses were employed as diagnostic tools via MetaboAnalyst and SIMCA software. A total of 76 features were structurally annotated; among them, 13 metabolites were selected to be differentially expressed in MTC patients compared to controls (P < 0.05). These metabolites were mainly associated with the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids and amino acid metabolisms, mostly leucine, glutamine, and glutamate, tightly responsible for tumor cells' energy production. Moreover, according to the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, metabolites with the area under the curve (AUC) value up to 0.90, including linoleic acid (AUC = 0.935), linolenic acid (AUC = 0.92), and leucine (AUC = 0.948) could discriminate MTC from healthy individuals. This preliminary work contributes to existing knowledge of MTC metabolism by providing evidence of a distinctive metabolic profile in MTC patients relying on the metabolomics approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Ghazanfari Jajin
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran
| | - Raziyeh Abooshahab
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley, 6102, Australia
| | | | - Ali Moradi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran
| | - Seyed Davar Siadat
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Koorosh Goodarzvand Chegini
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Hedayati
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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7
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Metabolomics as an Important Tool for Determining the Mechanisms of Human Skeletal Muscle Deconditioning. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413575. [PMID: 34948370 PMCID: PMC8706620 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle deconditioning impairs both locomotor function and metabolic health, and is associated with reduced quality life and increased mortality rates. Despite an appreciation of the existence of phenomena such as muscle anabolic resistance, mitophagy, and insulin resistance with age and disease in humans, little is known about the mechanisms responsible for these negative traits. With the complexities surrounding these unknowns and the lack of progress to date in development of effective interventions, there is a need for alternative approaches. Metabolomics is the study of the full array of metabolites within cells or tissues, which collectively constitute the metabolome. As metabolomics allows for the assessment of the cellular metabolic state in response to physiological stimuli, any chronic change in the metabolome is likely to reflect adaptation in the physiological phenotype of an organism. This, therefore, provides a holistic and unbiased approach that could be applied to potentially uncover important novel facets in the pathophysiology of muscle decline in ageing and disease, as well as identifying prognostic markers of those at risk of decline. This review will aim to highlight the current knowledge and potential impact of metabolomics in the study of muscle mass loss and deconditioning in humans and will highlight key areas for future research.
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8
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O'Connell TM, Golzarri-Arroyo L, Pin F, Barreto R, Dickinson SL, Couch ME, Bonetto A. Metabolic Biomarkers for the Early Detection of Cancer Cachexia. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:720096. [PMID: 34621740 PMCID: PMC8490779 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.720096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Cancer cachexia is a severe metabolic disorder characterized by progressive weight loss along with a dramatic loss in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. Like cancer, cachexia progresses in stages starting with pre-cachexia to cachexia and finally to refractory cachexia. In the refractory stage, patients are no longer responsive to therapy and management of weight loss is no longer possible. It is therefore critical to detect cachexia as early as possible. In this study we applied a metabolomics approach to search for early biomarkers of cachexia. Methods: Multi-platform metabolomics analyses were applied to the murine Colon-26 (C26) model of cachexia. Tumor bearing mice (n = 5) were sacrificed every other day over the 14-day time course and control mice (n = 5) were sacrificed every fourth day starting at day 2. Linear regression modeling of the data yielded metabolic trajectories that were compared with the trajectories of body weight and skeletal muscle loss to look for early biomarkers of cachexia. Results: Weight loss in the tumor-bearing mice became significant at day 9 as did the loss of tibialis muscle. The loss of muscle in the gastrocnemius and quadriceps was significant at day 7. Reductions in amino acids were among the earliest metabolic biomarkers of cachexia. The earliest change was in methionine at day 4. Significant alterations in acylcarnitines and lipoproteins were also detected several days prior to weight loss. Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrate that metabolic alterations appear well in advance of observable weight loss. The earliest and most significant alterations were found in amino acids and lipoproteins. Validation of these results in other models of cachexia and in clinical studies will pave the way for a clinical diagnostic panel for the early detection of cachexia. Such a panel would provide a tremendous advance in cachectic patient management and in the design of clinical trials for new therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M O'Connell
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States.,Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States.,Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States.,IUPUI Center for Cachexia Research Innovation and Therapy, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Lilian Golzarri-Arroyo
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Fabrizio Pin
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Rafael Barreto
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Stephanie L Dickinson
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Marion E Couch
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States.,Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States.,IUPUI Center for Cachexia Research Innovation and Therapy, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Andrea Bonetto
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States.,Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States.,IUPUI Center for Cachexia Research Innovation and Therapy, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States.,Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States.,Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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9
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Himbert C, Figueiredo JC, Shibata D, Ose J, Lin T, Huang LC, Peoples AR, Scaife CL, Pickron B, Lambert L, Cohan JN, Bronner M, Felder S, Sanchez J, Dessureault S, Coppola D, Hoffman DM, Nasseri YF, Decker RW, Zaghiyan K, Murrell ZA, Hendifar A, Gong J, Firoozmand E, Gangi A, Moore BA, Cologne KG, El-Masry MS, Hinkle N, Monroe J, Mutch M, Bernadt C, Chatterjee D, Sinanan M, Cohen SA, Wallin U, Grady WM, Lampe PD, Reddi D, Krane M, Fichera A, Moonka R, Herpel E, Schirmacher P, Kloor M, von Knebel-Doeberitz M, Nattenmueller J, Kauczor HU, Swanson E, Jedrzkiewicz J, Schmit SL, Gigic B, Ulrich AB, Toriola AT, Siegel EM, Li CI, Ulrich CM, Hardikar S. Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Colorectal Cancer in the ColoCare Study: Differences by Age of Onset. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13153817. [PMID: 34359718 PMCID: PMC8345133 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13153817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Early-onset colorectal cancer has been on the rise in Western populations. Here, we compare patient characteristics between those with early- (<50 years) vs. late-onset (≥50 years) disease in a large multinational cohort of colorectal cancer patients (n = 2193). We calculated descriptive statistics and assessed associations of clinicodemographic factors with age of onset using mutually-adjusted logistic regression models. Patients were on average 60 years old, with BMI of 29 kg/m2, 52% colon cancers, 21% early-onset, and presented with stage II or III (60%) disease. Early-onset patients presented with more advanced disease (stages III-IV: 63% vs. 51%, respectively), and received more neo and adjuvant treatment compared to late-onset patients, after controlling for stage (odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval (CI)) = 2.30 (1.82-3.83) and 2.00 (1.43-2.81), respectively). Early-onset rectal cancer patients across all stages more commonly received neoadjuvant treatment, even when not indicated as the standard of care, e.g., during stage I disease. The odds of early-onset disease were higher among never smokers and lower among overweight patients (1.55 (1.21-1.98) and 0.56 (0.41-0.76), respectively). Patients with early-onset colorectal cancer were more likely to be diagnosed with advanced stage disease, to have received systemic treatments regardless of stage at diagnosis, and were less likely to be ever smokers or overweight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Himbert
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; (C.H.); (J.O.); (T.L.); (L.C.H.); (A.R.P.); (C.L.S.); (B.P.); (L.L.); (J.N.C.); (M.B.); (E.S.); (J.J.); (C.M.U.)
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Jane C. Figueiredo
- Cedars-Sinai Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (J.C.F.); (D.M.H.); (Y.F.N.); (R.W.D.); (K.Z.); (Z.A.M.); (A.H.); (J.G.); (E.F.); (A.G.); (B.A.M.); (K.G.C.); (M.S.E.-M.)
| | - David Shibata
- Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 37996, USA; (D.S.); (N.H.); (J.M.)
| | - Jennifer Ose
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; (C.H.); (J.O.); (T.L.); (L.C.H.); (A.R.P.); (C.L.S.); (B.P.); (L.L.); (J.N.C.); (M.B.); (E.S.); (J.J.); (C.M.U.)
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Tengda Lin
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; (C.H.); (J.O.); (T.L.); (L.C.H.); (A.R.P.); (C.L.S.); (B.P.); (L.L.); (J.N.C.); (M.B.); (E.S.); (J.J.); (C.M.U.)
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Lyen C. Huang
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; (C.H.); (J.O.); (T.L.); (L.C.H.); (A.R.P.); (C.L.S.); (B.P.); (L.L.); (J.N.C.); (M.B.); (E.S.); (J.J.); (C.M.U.)
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Anita R. Peoples
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; (C.H.); (J.O.); (T.L.); (L.C.H.); (A.R.P.); (C.L.S.); (B.P.); (L.L.); (J.N.C.); (M.B.); (E.S.); (J.J.); (C.M.U.)
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Courtney L. Scaife
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; (C.H.); (J.O.); (T.L.); (L.C.H.); (A.R.P.); (C.L.S.); (B.P.); (L.L.); (J.N.C.); (M.B.); (E.S.); (J.J.); (C.M.U.)
| | - Bartley Pickron
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; (C.H.); (J.O.); (T.L.); (L.C.H.); (A.R.P.); (C.L.S.); (B.P.); (L.L.); (J.N.C.); (M.B.); (E.S.); (J.J.); (C.M.U.)
| | - Laura Lambert
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; (C.H.); (J.O.); (T.L.); (L.C.H.); (A.R.P.); (C.L.S.); (B.P.); (L.L.); (J.N.C.); (M.B.); (E.S.); (J.J.); (C.M.U.)
| | - Jessica N. Cohan
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; (C.H.); (J.O.); (T.L.); (L.C.H.); (A.R.P.); (C.L.S.); (B.P.); (L.L.); (J.N.C.); (M.B.); (E.S.); (J.J.); (C.M.U.)
| | - Mary Bronner
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; (C.H.); (J.O.); (T.L.); (L.C.H.); (A.R.P.); (C.L.S.); (B.P.); (L.L.); (J.N.C.); (M.B.); (E.S.); (J.J.); (C.M.U.)
| | - Seth Felder
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (S.F.); (J.S.); (S.D.); (D.C.); (S.L.S.); (E.M.S.)
| | - Julian Sanchez
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (S.F.); (J.S.); (S.D.); (D.C.); (S.L.S.); (E.M.S.)
| | - Sophie Dessureault
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (S.F.); (J.S.); (S.D.); (D.C.); (S.L.S.); (E.M.S.)
| | - Domenico Coppola
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (S.F.); (J.S.); (S.D.); (D.C.); (S.L.S.); (E.M.S.)
| | - David M. Hoffman
- Cedars-Sinai Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (J.C.F.); (D.M.H.); (Y.F.N.); (R.W.D.); (K.Z.); (Z.A.M.); (A.H.); (J.G.); (E.F.); (A.G.); (B.A.M.); (K.G.C.); (M.S.E.-M.)
| | - Yosef F. Nasseri
- Cedars-Sinai Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (J.C.F.); (D.M.H.); (Y.F.N.); (R.W.D.); (K.Z.); (Z.A.M.); (A.H.); (J.G.); (E.F.); (A.G.); (B.A.M.); (K.G.C.); (M.S.E.-M.)
| | - Robert W. Decker
- Cedars-Sinai Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (J.C.F.); (D.M.H.); (Y.F.N.); (R.W.D.); (K.Z.); (Z.A.M.); (A.H.); (J.G.); (E.F.); (A.G.); (B.A.M.); (K.G.C.); (M.S.E.-M.)
| | - Karen Zaghiyan
- Cedars-Sinai Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (J.C.F.); (D.M.H.); (Y.F.N.); (R.W.D.); (K.Z.); (Z.A.M.); (A.H.); (J.G.); (E.F.); (A.G.); (B.A.M.); (K.G.C.); (M.S.E.-M.)
| | - Zuri A. Murrell
- Cedars-Sinai Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (J.C.F.); (D.M.H.); (Y.F.N.); (R.W.D.); (K.Z.); (Z.A.M.); (A.H.); (J.G.); (E.F.); (A.G.); (B.A.M.); (K.G.C.); (M.S.E.-M.)
| | - Andrew Hendifar
- Cedars-Sinai Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (J.C.F.); (D.M.H.); (Y.F.N.); (R.W.D.); (K.Z.); (Z.A.M.); (A.H.); (J.G.); (E.F.); (A.G.); (B.A.M.); (K.G.C.); (M.S.E.-M.)
| | - Jun Gong
- Cedars-Sinai Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (J.C.F.); (D.M.H.); (Y.F.N.); (R.W.D.); (K.Z.); (Z.A.M.); (A.H.); (J.G.); (E.F.); (A.G.); (B.A.M.); (K.G.C.); (M.S.E.-M.)
| | - Eiman Firoozmand
- Cedars-Sinai Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (J.C.F.); (D.M.H.); (Y.F.N.); (R.W.D.); (K.Z.); (Z.A.M.); (A.H.); (J.G.); (E.F.); (A.G.); (B.A.M.); (K.G.C.); (M.S.E.-M.)
| | - Alexandra Gangi
- Cedars-Sinai Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (J.C.F.); (D.M.H.); (Y.F.N.); (R.W.D.); (K.Z.); (Z.A.M.); (A.H.); (J.G.); (E.F.); (A.G.); (B.A.M.); (K.G.C.); (M.S.E.-M.)
| | - Beth A. Moore
- Cedars-Sinai Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (J.C.F.); (D.M.H.); (Y.F.N.); (R.W.D.); (K.Z.); (Z.A.M.); (A.H.); (J.G.); (E.F.); (A.G.); (B.A.M.); (K.G.C.); (M.S.E.-M.)
| | - Kyle G. Cologne
- Cedars-Sinai Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (J.C.F.); (D.M.H.); (Y.F.N.); (R.W.D.); (K.Z.); (Z.A.M.); (A.H.); (J.G.); (E.F.); (A.G.); (B.A.M.); (K.G.C.); (M.S.E.-M.)
| | - Maryliza S. El-Masry
- Cedars-Sinai Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (J.C.F.); (D.M.H.); (Y.F.N.); (R.W.D.); (K.Z.); (Z.A.M.); (A.H.); (J.G.); (E.F.); (A.G.); (B.A.M.); (K.G.C.); (M.S.E.-M.)
| | - Nathan Hinkle
- Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 37996, USA; (D.S.); (N.H.); (J.M.)
| | - Justin Monroe
- Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 37996, USA; (D.S.); (N.H.); (J.M.)
| | - Matthew Mutch
- Department of Surgery, Washington University St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; (M.M.); (C.B.); (D.C.); (A.T.T.)
| | - Cory Bernadt
- Department of Surgery, Washington University St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; (M.M.); (C.B.); (D.C.); (A.T.T.)
| | - Deyali Chatterjee
- Department of Surgery, Washington University St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; (M.M.); (C.B.); (D.C.); (A.T.T.)
| | - Mika Sinanan
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (M.S.); (S.A.C.); (U.W.); (W.M.G.); (P.D.L.); (D.R.); (M.K.); (R.M.); (C.I.L.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Stacey A. Cohen
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (M.S.); (S.A.C.); (U.W.); (W.M.G.); (P.D.L.); (D.R.); (M.K.); (R.M.); (C.I.L.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ulrike Wallin
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (M.S.); (S.A.C.); (U.W.); (W.M.G.); (P.D.L.); (D.R.); (M.K.); (R.M.); (C.I.L.)
| | - William M. Grady
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (M.S.); (S.A.C.); (U.W.); (W.M.G.); (P.D.L.); (D.R.); (M.K.); (R.M.); (C.I.L.)
| | - Paul D. Lampe
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (M.S.); (S.A.C.); (U.W.); (W.M.G.); (P.D.L.); (D.R.); (M.K.); (R.M.); (C.I.L.)
| | - Deepti Reddi
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (M.S.); (S.A.C.); (U.W.); (W.M.G.); (P.D.L.); (D.R.); (M.K.); (R.M.); (C.I.L.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Mukta Krane
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (M.S.); (S.A.C.); (U.W.); (W.M.G.); (P.D.L.); (D.R.); (M.K.); (R.M.); (C.I.L.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | - Ravi Moonka
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (M.S.); (S.A.C.); (U.W.); (W.M.G.); (P.D.L.); (D.R.); (M.K.); (R.M.); (C.I.L.)
| | - Esther Herpel
- Pathologisches Institut, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (E.H.); (P.S.); (M.K.); (M.v.K.-D.); (J.N.); (H.-U.K.); (B.G.); (A.B.U.)
| | - Peter Schirmacher
- Pathologisches Institut, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (E.H.); (P.S.); (M.K.); (M.v.K.-D.); (J.N.); (H.-U.K.); (B.G.); (A.B.U.)
| | - Matthias Kloor
- Pathologisches Institut, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (E.H.); (P.S.); (M.K.); (M.v.K.-D.); (J.N.); (H.-U.K.); (B.G.); (A.B.U.)
| | - Magnus von Knebel-Doeberitz
- Pathologisches Institut, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (E.H.); (P.S.); (M.K.); (M.v.K.-D.); (J.N.); (H.-U.K.); (B.G.); (A.B.U.)
| | - Johanna Nattenmueller
- Pathologisches Institut, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (E.H.); (P.S.); (M.K.); (M.v.K.-D.); (J.N.); (H.-U.K.); (B.G.); (A.B.U.)
| | - Hans-Ulrich Kauczor
- Pathologisches Institut, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (E.H.); (P.S.); (M.K.); (M.v.K.-D.); (J.N.); (H.-U.K.); (B.G.); (A.B.U.)
| | - Eric Swanson
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; (C.H.); (J.O.); (T.L.); (L.C.H.); (A.R.P.); (C.L.S.); (B.P.); (L.L.); (J.N.C.); (M.B.); (E.S.); (J.J.); (C.M.U.)
| | - Jolanta Jedrzkiewicz
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; (C.H.); (J.O.); (T.L.); (L.C.H.); (A.R.P.); (C.L.S.); (B.P.); (L.L.); (J.N.C.); (M.B.); (E.S.); (J.J.); (C.M.U.)
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Stephanie L. Schmit
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (S.F.); (J.S.); (S.D.); (D.C.); (S.L.S.); (E.M.S.)
| | - Biljana Gigic
- Pathologisches Institut, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (E.H.); (P.S.); (M.K.); (M.v.K.-D.); (J.N.); (H.-U.K.); (B.G.); (A.B.U.)
| | - Alexis B. Ulrich
- Pathologisches Institut, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (E.H.); (P.S.); (M.K.); (M.v.K.-D.); (J.N.); (H.-U.K.); (B.G.); (A.B.U.)
| | - Adetunji T. Toriola
- Department of Surgery, Washington University St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; (M.M.); (C.B.); (D.C.); (A.T.T.)
| | - Erin M. Siegel
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (S.F.); (J.S.); (S.D.); (D.C.); (S.L.S.); (E.M.S.)
| | - Christopher I. Li
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (M.S.); (S.A.C.); (U.W.); (W.M.G.); (P.D.L.); (D.R.); (M.K.); (R.M.); (C.I.L.)
| | - Cornelia M. Ulrich
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; (C.H.); (J.O.); (T.L.); (L.C.H.); (A.R.P.); (C.L.S.); (B.P.); (L.L.); (J.N.C.); (M.B.); (E.S.); (J.J.); (C.M.U.)
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Sheetal Hardikar
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; (C.H.); (J.O.); (T.L.); (L.C.H.); (A.R.P.); (C.L.S.); (B.P.); (L.L.); (J.N.C.); (M.B.); (E.S.); (J.J.); (C.M.U.)
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (M.S.); (S.A.C.); (U.W.); (W.M.G.); (P.D.L.); (D.R.); (M.K.); (R.M.); (C.I.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(801)-213-6238
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