1
|
Qian X, Jiang J, Yang B, Zhao J, Wang G, Tian P, Chen W. Psychobiotics Regulate Purine Metabolism to Influence Host Emotional Behavior. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:1561-1570. [PMID: 38197881 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Purine metabolism plays a pivotal role in numerous biological processes with potential implications for brain function and emotional regulation. This study utilizes gene-edited probiotics and pseudo-germ-free mice to unravel this intricate interplay. Transcriptomic analysis identified a ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase β chain (nrdB) as a pivotal gene in purine metabolism within Bifidobacterium breve CCFM1025. Comparative evaluation between the wild-type and nrdB mutant strains revealed CCFM1025's effective reduction of xanthine and xanthosine levels in the serum and brain of stressed mice. Concomitantly, it downregulated the expression of the adenosine receptor gene (Adora2b) and inhibited the overactivation of microglia. These findings emphasize the potential of psychobiotics in modulating emotional responses by regulating purine metabolites and adenosine receptors. This study sheds light on novel pathways that influence emotional well-being through gut microbiota interactions and purine metabolic processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122 P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| | - Jiahao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122 P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| | - Bo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122 P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122 P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
- (Yangzhou) Institute of Food Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Yangzhou 225004, P. R. China
| | - Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122 P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
- (Yangzhou) Institute of Food Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Yangzhou 225004, P. R. China
| | - Peijun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122 P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122 P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Scalvini B, Heling LWHJ, Sheikhhassani V, Sunderlikova V, Tans SJ, Mashaghi A. Cytosolic Interactome Protects Against Protein Unfolding in a Single Molecule Experiment. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2023; 7:e2300105. [PMID: 37409427 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202300105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Single molecule techniques are particularly well suited for investigating the processes of protein folding and chaperone assistance. However, current assays provide only a limited perspective on the various ways in which the cellular environment can influence the folding pathway of a protein. In this study, a single molecule mechanical interrogation assay is developed and used to monitor protein unfolding and refolding within a cytosolic solution. This allows to test the cumulative topological effect of the cytoplasmic interactome on the folding process. The results reveal a stabilization against forced unfolding for partial folds, which are attributed to the protective effect of the cytoplasmic environment against unfolding and aggregation. This research opens the possibility of conducting single molecule molecular folding experiments in quasi-biological environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Scalvini
- Medical Systems Biophysics and Bioengineering, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Faculty of Science, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, 2333CC, The Netherlands
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Genome Research, Faculty of Science, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, 2333CC, The Netherlands
| | - Laurens W H J Heling
- Medical Systems Biophysics and Bioengineering, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Faculty of Science, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, 2333CC, The Netherlands
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Genome Research, Faculty of Science, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, 2333CC, The Netherlands
| | - Vahid Sheikhhassani
- Medical Systems Biophysics and Bioengineering, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Faculty of Science, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, 2333CC, The Netherlands
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Genome Research, Faculty of Science, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, 2333CC, The Netherlands
| | | | - Sander J Tans
- AMOLF, Science Park 104, Amsterdam, 1098 XG, The Netherlands
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, Delft, 2629HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Alireza Mashaghi
- Medical Systems Biophysics and Bioengineering, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Faculty of Science, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, 2333CC, The Netherlands
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Genome Research, Faculty of Science, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, 2333CC, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Veigyabati Devi M, Singh AK. Delineation of transcriptional regulators involve in biofilm formation cycle of Mycobacterium abscessus. Gene 2023; 882:147644. [PMID: 37479094 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium abscessus is an intrinsically and acquired multidrug resistant (MDR) intracellular pathogen with biofilm formation capability and limited option for treatment. Biofilm is the major characteristic that leads to failure and prolong treatment, intensifies treatment cost and increases mortality/morbidity rate. However, the biofilm formation regulations of M. abscessus remain largely unexplored. In this study, we identify the putative/hypothetical transcriptional regulator (TR) of M. abscessus that are involved in biofilm formation. This study includes fifty TRs belonging to thirteen different families viz., AraC, ArsR, AsnC, CarD, CdaR, GntR, IclR, LysR, MarR, PadR, PrrA, TetR and WhiB, including TRs of unknown family. The promoter of these putative TRs were fused individually with GFP and analyzed their expression using CLSM in planktonic phase and early, mid and mature stages of biofilm formation phase, which overall termed as biofilm formation cycle. Further, qRT-PCR was carried out for selected TRs to analyze their differential expressions. This study found thirteen numbers of TR belonging to TetR family, five TRs belonging to MarR family, four TRs of unannotated TR family, two AraC TRs, two LysR, two GntR, two AsnC, one each of ArsR family, CarD family, IclR family, PadR family, PrrA family and WhiB family selected for this study are involved in biofilm formation cycle. Our study characterized the TRs with respect to their role in biofilm formation for the first time in M. abscessus and also found that their biofilm formation is regulated by diverse TR families.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moirangthem Veigyabati Devi
- Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat 785006, Assam, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Anil Kumar Singh
- Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat 785006, Assam, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jagare L, Rozenberga M, Silamikelis I, Ansone L, Elbere I, Briviba M, Megnis K, Konrade I, Birka I, Straume Z, Klovins J. Metatranscriptome analysis of blood in healthy individuals and irritable bowel syndrome patients. J Med Microbiol 2023; 72. [PMID: 37335601 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Although the presence of micro-organisms in the blood of healthy humans is a relatively new concept, there is a growing amount of evidence that blood might have its own microbiome.Gap Statement. Previous research has targeted the taxonomic composition of the blood microbiome using DNA-based sequencing methods, while little information is known about the presence of microbial transcripts obtained from the blood and their relation to conditions connected with increased gut permeability.Aim. To detect potentially alive and active micro-organisms and investigate differences in taxonomic composition between healthy people and patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), we used the metatranscriptomics approach.Methodology. We collected blood samples from 23 IBS patients and 26 volunteers from the general population, and performed RNAseq on the isolated RNA. Reads corresponding to microbial genomes were identified with Kraken 2's standard plus protozoa and fungi database, and re-estimated at genus level with Bracken 2.7. We looked for trends in the taxonomic composition, making a comparison between the IBS and control groups, accounting for other different factors.Results. The dominant genera in the blood microbiome were found to be Cutibacterium, Bradyrhizobium, Escherichia, Pseudomonas, Micrococcus, Delftia, Mediterraneibacter, Staphylococcus, Stutzerimonas and Ralstonia. Some of these are typical environmental bacteria and could partially represent contamination. However, analysis of sequences from the negative controls suggested that some genera which are characteristic of the gut microbiome (Mediterraneibacter, Blautia, Collinsella, Klebsiella, Coprococcus, Dysosmobacter, Anaerostipes, Faecalibacterium, Dorea, Simiaoa, Bifidobacterium, Alistipes, Prevotella, Ruminococcus) are less likely to be a result of contamination. Differential analysis of microbes between groups showed that some taxa associated with the gut microbiome (Blautia, Faecalibacterium, Dorea, Bifidobacterium, Clostridium, Christensenella) are more prevalent in IBS patients compared to the general population. No significant correlations with any other factors were identified.Conclusion. Our findings support the existence of the blood microbiome and suggest the gut and possibly the oral microbiome as its origin, while the skin microbiome is a possible but less certain source. The blood microbiome is likely influenced by states of increased gut permeability such as IBS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauma Jagare
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Human Genetics and Disease Mechanisms Group, Ratsupites iela 1, Riga, LV-1067, Latvia
| | - Maija Rozenberga
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Human Genetics and Disease Mechanisms Group, Ratsupites iela 1, Riga, LV-1067, Latvia
| | - Ivars Silamikelis
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Human Genetics and Disease Mechanisms Group, Ratsupites iela 1, Riga, LV-1067, Latvia
| | - Laura Ansone
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Human Genetics and Disease Mechanisms Group, Ratsupites iela 1, Riga, LV-1067, Latvia
| | - Ilze Elbere
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Human Genetics and Disease Mechanisms Group, Ratsupites iela 1, Riga, LV-1067, Latvia
| | - Monta Briviba
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Human Genetics and Disease Mechanisms Group, Ratsupites iela 1, Riga, LV-1067, Latvia
| | - Kaspars Megnis
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Human Genetics and Disease Mechanisms Group, Ratsupites iela 1, Riga, LV-1067, Latvia
| | - Ilze Konrade
- Riga Stradins University, Dzirciema iela 16, Riga, LV-1007, Latvia
| | - Ilze Birka
- Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Pilsonu iela 13, Riga, LV-1002, Latvia
| | - Zane Straume
- Ogre Regional Hospital, Slimnicas iela 2, Ogre, LV-5001, Latvia
| | - Janis Klovins
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Human Genetics and Disease Mechanisms Group, Ratsupites iela 1, Riga, LV-1067, Latvia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Alekseeva MG, Dyakov IN, Bushkova KK, Mavletova DA, Yunes RA, Chernyshova IN, Masalitin IA, Koshenko TA, Nezametdinova VZ, Danilenko VN. Study of the binding of ΔFN3.1 fragments of the Bifidobacterium longum GT15 with TNFα and prevalence of domain-containing proteins in groups of bacteria of the human gut microbiota. MICROBIOME RESEARCH REPORTS 2023; 2:10. [PMID: 38047275 PMCID: PMC10688814 DOI: 10.20517/mrr.2023.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Aim: This study is mainly devoted to determining the ability of ∆FN3.1 protein fragments of Bifidobacterium (B.) longum subsp. longum GT15, namely two FN3 domains (2D FN3) and a C-terminal domain (CD FN3), to bind to tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Methods: Fragments of the fn3 gene encoding the 2D FN3 and CD FN3 were cloned in Escherichia (E.) coli. In order to assess the binding specificity between 2D FN3 and CD FN3 to TNFα, we employed the previously developed sandwich ELISA system to detect any specific interactions between the purified protein and any of the studied cytokines. The trRosetta software was used to build 3D models of the ∆FN3.1, 2D FN3, and CD FN3 proteins. The detection of polymorphism in the amino acid sequences of the studied proteins and the analysis of human gut-derived bacterial proteins carrying FN3 domains were performed in silico. Results: We experimentally showed that neither 2D FN3 nor CD FN3 alone can bind to TNFα. Prediction of the 3D structures of ΔFN3.1, 2D FN3, and CD FN3 suggested that only ΔFN3.1 can form a pocket allowing binding with TNFα to occur. Polymorphism analysis of amino acid sequences of ΔFN3.1 proteins in B. longum strains uncovered substitutions that can alter the conformation of the spatial structure of the ΔFN3.1 protein. We also analyzed human gut-derived bacterial proteins harboring FN3 domains which allowed us to differentiate between those containing motifs of cytokine receptors (MCRs) in their FN3 domains and those lacking them. Conclusion: Only the complete ∆FN3.1 protein can selectively bind to TNFα. Analysis of 3D models of the 2D FN3, CD FN3, and ΔFN3.1 proteins showed that only the ΔFN3.1 protein is potentially capable of forming a pocket allowing TNFα binding to occur. Only FN3 domains containing MCRs exhibited sequence homology with FN3 domains of human proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria G. Alekseeva
- Laboratory of Genetics of Microorganisms, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Ilya N. Dyakov
- Laboratory of Immunoglobulin biosynthesis, Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow 105064, Russia
| | - Kristina K. Bushkova
- Laboratory of Immunoglobulin biosynthesis, Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow 105064, Russia
| | - Dilara A. Mavletova
- Laboratory of Genetics of Microorganisms, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Roman A. Yunes
- Laboratory of Genetics of Microorganisms, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Irina N. Chernyshova
- Laboratory of Immunoglobulin biosynthesis, Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow 105064, Russia
| | - Ilya A. Masalitin
- Laboratory of Immunoglobulin biosynthesis, Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow 105064, Russia
| | - Tatiana A. Koshenko
- Laboratory of Genetics of Microorganisms, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Venera Z. Nezametdinova
- Laboratory of Genetics of Microorganisms, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Valery N. Danilenko
- Laboratory of Genetics of Microorganisms, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Caspian International School of Medicine, Caspian University, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ramić D, Jug B, Šimunović K, Tušek Žnidarič M, Kunej U, Toplak N, Kovač M, Fournier M, Jamnik P, Smole Možina S, Klančnik A. The Role of luxS in Campylobacter jejuni Beyond Intercellular Signaling. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0257222. [PMID: 36722966 PMCID: PMC10100756 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02572-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The full role of the luxS gene in the biological processes, such as essential amino acid synthesis, nitrogen and pyruvate metabolism, and flagellar assembly, of Campylobacter jejuni has not been clearly described to date. Therefore, in this study, we used a comprehensive approach at the cellular and molecular levels, including transcriptomics and proteomics, to investigate the key role of the luxS gene and compared C. jejuni 11168ΔluxS (luxS mutant) and C. jejuni NCTC 11168 (wild type) strains. Transcriptomic analysis of the luxS mutant grown under optimal conditions revealed upregulation of luxS mutant metabolic pathways when normalized to wild type, including oxidative phosphorylation, carbon metabolism, citrate cycle, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, and biosynthesis of various essential amino acids. Interestingly, induction of these metabolic pathways was also confirmed by proteomic analysis, indicating their important role in energy production and the growth of C. jejuni. In addition, genes important for the stress response of C. jejuni, including nutrient starvation and oxidative stress, were upregulated. This was also evident in the better survival of the luxS mutant under starvation conditions than the wild type. At the molecular level, we confirmed that metabolic pathways were upregulated under optimal conditions in the luxS mutant, including those important for the biosynthesis of several essential amino acids. This also modulated the utilization of various carbon and nitrogen sources, as determined by Biolog phenotype microarray analysis. In summary, transcriptomic and proteomic analysis revealed key biological differences in tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, pyruvate, nitrogen, and thiamine metabolism as well as lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis in the luxS mutant. IMPORTANCE Campylobacter jejuni is the world's leading foodborne bacterial pathogen of gastrointestinal disease in humans. C. jejuni is a fastidious but widespread organism and the most frequently reported zoonotic pathogen in the European Union since 2005. This led us to believe that C. jejuni, which is highly sensitive to stress factors (starvation and oxygen concentration) and has a low growth rate, benefits significantly from the luxS gene. The role of this gene in the life cycle of C. jejuni is well known, and the expression of luxS regulates many phenotypes, including motility, biofilm formation, host colonization, virulence, autoagglutination, cellular adherence and invasion, oxidative stress, and chemotaxis. Surprisingly, this study confirmed for the first time that the deletion of the luxS gene strongly affects the central metabolic pathway of C. jejuni, which improves its survival, showing its role beyond the intercellular signaling system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dina Ramić
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Blaž Jug
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Katarina Šimunović
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Microbiology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Magda Tušek Žnidarič
- Department of Biotechnology and System Biology, National institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Urban Kunej
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | | | - Marjorie Fournier
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Polona Jamnik
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sonja Smole Možina
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anja Klančnik
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Aider-Kaci FA, Aidarbekova S, Aider M. Impact of electro-activated whey on growth, acid and bile resistance of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG and Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13154. [PMID: 36747942 PMCID: PMC9898752 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to study the impact of electro-activated whey containing lactulose on the growth and survival Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG and Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356 in acidic and bile salts containing media. Electro-activated whey was compared to whey and MRS alone and supplemented with lactulose. The results showed that OD600 was the highest for all these bacteria when grown in the electro-activated medium. At the same time, the obtained results showed that the initial growth phase was the most delayed in this medium. The OD600 results were verified by the bacteria plating method on nutrient agar. The obtained data showed that for each given bacteria, no significant difference was observed according to the CFU/mL results. Thus, it has been suggested that electro-activated whey could have a significant effect of bacterial fitness by enhancing their activity even at an equivalent population in each medium. A study of the stability of the probiotic bacteria for 14 days refrigerated storage at pH 4.6 and in the presence of bile salts revealed that the growth substrate did not significantly affect bacterial survival during this storage period and that all the tested probiotic bacteria remained close to 109 CFU/mL. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG after 24 h growth in different media showed highly significant difference in upregulated and downregulated genes between the electro-activated whey and the regular sweet whey even when it was supplemented with lactulose. The obtained results support the hypothesis that electro-activated whey has evident prebiotic effect compared to lactulose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sabina Aidarbekova
- Department of Food Sciences, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Mohammed Aider
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
- Department of Soil Sciences and Agri-Food Engineering, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
- Corresponding author. Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|