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Seibold PS, Lawrinowitz S, Raztsou I, Gressler M, Arndt HD, Stallforth P, Hoffmeister D. Bifurcate evolution of quinone synthetases in basidiomycetes. Fungal Biol Biotechnol 2023; 10:14. [PMID: 37400920 DOI: 10.1186/s40694-023-00162-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The terphenylquinones represent an ecologically remarkable class of basidiomycete natural products as they serve as central precursors of pigments and compounds that impact on microbial consortia by modulating bacterial biofilms and motility. This study addressed the phylogenetic origin of the quinone synthetases that assemble the key terphenylquinones polyporic acid and atromentin. RESULTS The activity of the Hapalopilus rutilans synthetases HapA1, HapA2 and of Psilocybe cubensis PpaA1 were reconstituted in Aspergilli. Liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry of the culture extracts identified all three enzymes as polyporic acid synthetases. PpaA1 is unique in that it features a C-terminal, yet catalytically inactive dioxygenase domain. Combined with bioinformatics to reconstruct the phylogeny, our results demonstrate that basidiomycete polyporic acid and atromentin synthetases evolved independently, although they share an identical catalytic mechanism and release structurally very closely related products. A targeted amino acid replacement in the substrate binding pocket of the adenylation domains resulted in bifunctional synthetases producing both polyporic acid and atromentin. CONCLUSIONS Our results imply that quinone synthetases evolved twice independently in basidiomycetes, depending on the aromatic α-keto acid substrate. Furthermore, key amino acid residues for substrate specificity were identified and changed which led to a relaxed substrate profile. Therefore, our work lays the foundation for future targeted enzyme engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Sophie Seibold
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Winzerlaer Strasse 2, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Department Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Winzerlaer Strasse 2, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Stefanie Lawrinowitz
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Winzerlaer Strasse 2, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Department Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Winzerlaer Strasse 2, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Ihar Raztsou
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Markus Gressler
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Winzerlaer Strasse 2, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Department Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Winzerlaer Strasse 2, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Hans-Dieter Arndt
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Pierre Stallforth
- Department Paleobiotechnology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Winzerlaer Strasse 2, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Dirk Hoffmeister
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Winzerlaer Strasse 2, 07745, Jena, Germany.
- Department Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Winzerlaer Strasse 2, 07745, Jena, Germany.
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2
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Liu J, Zhu K, Zhang C, Zhang X, Chen N, Jia H. Microscale Spatiotemporal Variation and Generation Mechanisms of Reactive Oxygen Species in the Rhizosphere of Ryegrass: Coupled Biotic-Abiotic Processes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:16483-16493. [PMID: 36326608 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c06167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play key roles in soil biogeochemical processes, yet the occurrence and accumulation of ROS in the rhizosphere are poorly documented. Herein, we first developed a ROS-trapping membrane to in situ determine ROS in the ryegrass rhizosphere and then quantified the temporal and spatial variations of representative ROS (i.e., O2•─, H2O2, and •OH). Fluorescence imaging clearly visualized the production of ROS in the rhizosphere. Both O2•─ and H2O2 content increased first and then declined throughout the life cycle of ryegrass, while •OH concentration decreased continuously. Spatially, ROS contents remained at a relatively high level at 0-5 mm and then descended with increasing distance. The concentrations of ROS in different soils followed the order of black soil > latosol soil > yellow-brown soil > tier soil ∼ red soil. Analysis of soil properties suggested that both biotic factors (microbial community) and abiotic factors (Fe(II) and water-soluble phenols) played critical roles in ROS production. The combined processes, including Fe(II) and water-soluble phenol-mediated electron transfer, microbial community-driven extracellular O2•─ release, and Fe(II)/Fe(III) cycling, may be responsible for ROS production. These findings provide insights into ROS-associated rhizosphere effects and inspiration for the phytoremediation of pollutants and element cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbo Liu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling712100, China
| | - Kecheng Zhu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling712100, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling712100, China
| | - Xuechen Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling712100, China
| | - Na Chen
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling712100, China
| | - Hanzhong Jia
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling712100, China
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3
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Pucetaite M, Hitchcock A, Obst M, Persson P, Hammer EC. Nanoscale chemical mapping of exometabolites at fungal-mineral interfaces. GEOBIOLOGY 2022; 20:650-666. [PMID: 35686583 PMCID: PMC9546123 DOI: 10.1111/gbi.12504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Mineral-associated organic matter is an integral part of soil carbon pool. Biological processes contribute to the formation of such organo-mineral complexes when soil microbes, and in particular soil fungi, deposit a suite of extracellular metabolic compounds and their necromass on the mineral surfaces. While studied in bulk, micro- to nanoscale fungal-mineral interactions remain elusive. Of particular interest are the mutual effects at the interface between the fungal exometabolites and proximal mineral particles. In this work, we have grown saprotrophic and symbiotic fungi in contact with two soil minerals with contrasting properties: quartz and goethite, on top of X-ray transparent silicon nitride membrane windows and analyzed fungal hyphae by synchrotron-based scanning transmission X-ray microscopy in combination with near edge X-ray fine structure spectroscopy at C(K) and Fe(L) absorption edges. In the resultant chemical maps, we were able to visualize and differentiate organic compounds constituting the fungal cells, their extracellular metabolites, and the exometabolites adsorbing on the minerals. We found that the composition of the exometabolites differed between the fungal functional guilds, particularly, in their sugar to protein ratio and potassium concentration. In samples with quartz and goethite, we observed adsorption of the exometabolic compounds on the mineral surfaces with variations in their chemical composition around the particles. Although we did not observe clear alteration in the exometabolite chemistry upon mineral encounters, we show that fungal-mineral interaction result in reduction of Fe(III) in goethite. This process has been demonstrated for bulk systems, but, to our knowledge, this is the first observation on a single hypha scale offering insight into its underlying biological mechanisms. This demonstrates the link between processes initiated at the single-cell level to macroscale phenomena. Thus, spatially resolved chemical characterization of the microbial-mineral interfaces is crucial for an increased understanding of overall carbon cycling in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam Hitchcock
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
| | - Martin Obst
- Experimental Biogeochemistry, BayCEERUniversity of BayreuthBayreuthGermany
| | - Per Persson
- Centre for Environmental and Climate ScienceLund UniversityLundSweden
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Herkersdorf S, Krüger T, Wein P, Löffler S, Fontaine T, Gressler M, Hertweck C, Brakhage AA, Hoffmeister D. Bacterial cell wall-degrading enzymes induce basidiomycete natural product biosynthesis. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:4360-4371. [PMID: 34081381 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Natural products play a vital role for intermicrobial interactions. In the basidiomycete arena an important representative is variegatic acid, a lactone natural product pigment whose ecological relevance stems from both inhibiting bacterial swarming and from indirect participation in breakdown of organic matter by brown-rotting fungi. Previous work showed that the presence of bacteria stimulates variegatic acid production. However, the actual external molecular trigger that prompts its biosynthesis in the mushroom hyphae remained unknown. Here, we report on the identification of Bacillus subtilis subtilisin E (AprE) and chitosanase (Csn) as primary inducers of pulvinic acid pigment formation. Using the established co-culture system of B. subtilis and Serpula lacrymans, we used activity-guided FPLC-based fractionation of B. subtilis culture supernatants and subsequent peptide fingerprinting to identify candidates, and their role was corroborated by means of a pigment production assay using heterologously produced chitosanase and subtilisin. B. subtilis mutants defective in either the aprE or the csn gene still triggered pigmentation, yet to a lower degree, which points to a multicausal scenario and suggests the combined activity of these cell wall polymer-attacking enzymes as true stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Herkersdorf
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Friedrich Schiller University, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Thomas Krüger
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Philipp Wein
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Susanne Löffler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Friedrich Schiller University, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Thierry Fontaine
- Department of Mycology, Fungal Biology and Pathogenicity, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Markus Gressler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Friedrich Schiller University, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany.,Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Axel A Brakhage
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany.,Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Dirk Hoffmeister
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Friedrich Schiller University, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, Jena, 07745, Germany
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Lv JH, Yao L, Zhang JX, Wang LA, Zhang J, Wang YP, Xiao SY, Li CT, Li Y. Novel 2,5-Diarylcyclopentenone Derivatives from the Wild Edible Mushroom Paxillus involutus and Their Antioxidant Activities. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:5040-5048. [PMID: 33886290 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c01160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Wild edible mushrooms are important as a source of nutraceuticals and for the discovery of bioactive metabolites as pharmaceuticals. In this work, 10 rare 2,5-diarylcyclopentenone derivatives were isolated from the wild edible mushroom Paxillus involutus (Batsch) Fr., including eight novel compounds termed involutenone A-H (1-8) and two previously identified compounds (9-10). Their structures were established using high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy and 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance data. The absolute configurations of compounds 1-3 and 6-8 were assigned based on the comparison of the experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism data. The antioxidant activities of 1-8 were tested through DPPH free radical scavenging, hydroxyl radical scavenging, and superoxide anion radical scavenging assays. Compounds 3, 5, 6, and 7 demonstrated significant antioxidant activity compared to the positive control (tert-butylhydroquinone). These compounds could be effective natural antioxidants with considerable pharmaceutical value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Hua Lv
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, People's Republic of China
| | - Lan Yao
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Xiu Zhang
- The Life Science College, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-An Wang
- The Life Science College, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Ping Wang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Breeding and Development of New Ginseng Varieties, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Yuan Xiao
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Breeding and Development of New Ginseng Varieties, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Tian Li
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Li
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, People's Republic of China
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Wang T, Persson P, Tunlid A. A widespread mechanism in ectomycorrhizal fungi to access nitrogen from mineral-associated proteins. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:5837-5849. [PMID: 33891367 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A large fraction of nitrogen (N) in forest soils is present in mineral-associated proteinaceous compounds. The strong association between proteins and minerals limits microbial accessibility to this source, which is a relatively stable reservoir of soil N. We have shown that the ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungus Paxillus involutus can acquire N from iron oxide-associated proteins. Using tightly controlled isotopic, spectroscopic and chromatographic experiments, we demonstrated that the capacity to access N from iron oxide-associated bovine serum albumin (BSA) is shared with the ECM fungi Hebeloma cylindrosporum and Piloderma olivaceum. Despite differences in evolutionary history, growth rates, exploration types and the decomposition mechanisms of organic matter, their N acquisition mechanisms were similar to those described for P. involutus. The fungi released N from mineral-associated BSA by direct action of extracellular aspartic proteases on the mineral-associated BSA, without initial desorption of the protein. Hydrolysis was suppressed by the adsorption of proteases to minerals, but this adverse effect was counteracted by the secretion of compounds that conditioned the mineral surface. These data suggest that the enzymatic exudate-driven mechanism to access N from mineral-associated proteins is found in ECM fungi of multiple lineages and exploration types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Department of Biology, Microbial Ecology Group, Lund University, Ecology Building, Lund, SE-223 62, Sweden.,CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Per Persson
- Department of Biology, Microbial Ecology Group, Lund University, Ecology Building, Lund, SE-223 62, Sweden.,Centre for Environmental and Climate Research (CEC), Lund University, Ecology Building, Lund, SE-223 62, Sweden
| | - Anders Tunlid
- Department of Biology, Microbial Ecology Group, Lund University, Ecology Building, Lund, SE-223 62, Sweden
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