1
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Rodríguez-Nava C, Ortuño-Pineda C, Illades-Aguiar B, Flores-Alfaro E, Leyva-Vázquez MA, Parra-Rojas I, Del Moral-Hernández O, Vences-Velázquez A, Cortés-Sarabia K, Alarcón-Romero LDC. Mechanisms of Action and Limitations of Monoclonal Antibodies and Single Chain Fragment Variable (scFv) in the Treatment of Cancer. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1610. [PMID: 37371712 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11061610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies are among the most effective tools for detecting tumor-associated antigens. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved more than 36 therapeutic antibodies for developing novel alternative therapies that have significant success rates in fighting cancer. However, some functional limitations have been described, such as their access to solid tumors and low interaction with the immune system. Single-chain variable fragments (scFv) are versatile and easy to produce, and being an attractive tool for use in immunotherapy models. The small size of scFv can be advantageous for treatment due to its short half-life and other characteristics related to the structural and functional aspects of the antibodies. Therefore, the main objective of this review was to describe the current situation regarding the mechanisms of action, applications, and limitations of monoclonal antibodies and scFv in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Rodríguez-Nava
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Citopatología e Histoquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39070, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Inmunobiología y Diagnóstico Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39070, Mexico
| | - Carlos Ortuño-Pineda
- Laboratorio de Proteínas y Ácidos Nucleicos, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39070, Mexico
| | - Berenice Illades-Aguiar
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Biomedicina Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39070, Mexico
| | - Eugenia Flores-Alfaro
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Epidemiología Clínica y Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39070, Mexico
| | - Marco Antonio Leyva-Vázquez
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Biomedicina Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39070, Mexico
| | - Isela Parra-Rojas
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Obesidad y Diabetes, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39070, Mexico
| | | | - Amalia Vences-Velázquez
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Inmunobiología y Diagnóstico Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39070, Mexico
| | - Karen Cortés-Sarabia
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Inmunobiología y Diagnóstico Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39070, Mexico
| | - Luz Del Carmen Alarcón-Romero
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Citopatología e Histoquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39070, Mexico
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2
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Hu C, Yang J, Qi Z, Wu H, Wang B, Zou F, Mei H, Liu J, Wang W, Liu Q. Heat shock proteins: Biological functions, pathological roles, and therapeutic opportunities. MedComm (Beijing) 2022; 3:e161. [PMID: 35928554 PMCID: PMC9345296 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The heat shock proteins (HSPs) are ubiquitous and conserved protein families in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms, and they maintain cellular proteostasis and protect cells from stresses. HSP protein families are classified based on their molecular weights, mainly including large HSPs, HSP90, HSP70, HSP60, HSP40, and small HSPs. They function as molecular chaperons in cells and work as an integrated network, participating in the folding of newly synthesized polypeptides, refolding metastable proteins, protein complex assembly, dissociating protein aggregate dissociation, and the degradation of misfolded proteins. In addition to their chaperone functions, they also play important roles in cell signaling transduction, cell cycle, and apoptosis regulation. Therefore, malfunction of HSPs is related with many diseases, including cancers, neurodegeneration, and other diseases. In this review, we describe the current understandings about the molecular mechanisms of the major HSP families including HSP90/HSP70/HSP60/HSP110 and small HSPs, how the HSPs keep the protein proteostasis and response to stresses, and we also discuss their roles in diseases and the recent exploration of HSP related therapy and diagnosis to modulate diseases. These research advances offer new prospects of HSPs as potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Hu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology Institute of Health and Medical Technology Hefei Institutes of Physical Science Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei Anhui P. R. China.,Hefei Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei Anhui P. R. China
| | - Jing Yang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology Institute of Health and Medical Technology Hefei Institutes of Physical Science Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei Anhui P. R. China.,Hefei Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei Anhui P. R. China
| | - Ziping Qi
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology Institute of Health and Medical Technology Hefei Institutes of Physical Science Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei Anhui P. R. China.,Hefei Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei Anhui P. R. China
| | - Hong Wu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology Institute of Health and Medical Technology Hefei Institutes of Physical Science Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei Anhui P. R. China.,Hefei Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei Anhui P. R. China
| | - Beilei Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology Institute of Health and Medical Technology Hefei Institutes of Physical Science Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei Anhui P. R. China.,Hefei Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei Anhui P. R. China
| | - Fengming Zou
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology Institute of Health and Medical Technology Hefei Institutes of Physical Science Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei Anhui P. R. China.,Hefei Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei Anhui P. R. China
| | - Husheng Mei
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology Institute of Health and Medical Technology Hefei Institutes of Physical Science Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei Anhui P. R. China.,University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui P. R. China
| | - Jing Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology Institute of Health and Medical Technology Hefei Institutes of Physical Science Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei Anhui P. R. China.,Hefei Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei Anhui P. R. China.,University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui P. R. China
| | - Wenchao Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology Institute of Health and Medical Technology Hefei Institutes of Physical Science Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei Anhui P. R. China.,Hefei Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei Anhui P. R. China.,University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui P. R. China
| | - Qingsong Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology Institute of Health and Medical Technology Hefei Institutes of Physical Science Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei Anhui P. R. China.,Hefei Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei Anhui P. R. China.,University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui P. R. China.,Precision Medicine Research Laboratory of Anhui Province Hefei Anhui P. R. China
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3
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Chen J, Lynn EG, Yousof TR, Sharma H, MacDonald ME, Byun JH, Shayegan B, Austin RC. Scratching the Surface—An Overview of the Roles of Cell Surface GRP78 in Cancer. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051098. [PMID: 35625836 PMCID: PMC9138746 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78) is considered an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident molecular chaperone that plays a crucial role in protein folding homeostasis by regulating the unfolded protein response (UPR) and inducing numerous proapoptotic and autophagic pathways within the eukaryotic cell. However, in cancer cells, GRP78 has also been shown to migrate from the ER lumen to the cell surface, playing a role in several cellular pathways that promote tumor growth and cancer cell progression. There is another insidious consequence elicited by cell surface GRP78 (csGRP78) on cancer cells: the accumulation of csGRP78 represents a novel neoantigen leading to the production of anti-GRP78 autoantibodies that can bind csGRP78 and further amplify these cellular pathways to enhance cell growth and mitigate apoptotic cell death. This review examines the current body of literature that delineates the mechanisms by which ER-resident GRP78 localizes to the cell surface and its consequences, as well as potential therapeutics that target csGRP78 and block its interaction with anti-GRP78 autoantibodies, thereby inhibiting further amplification of cancer cell progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, St. Joseph′s Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton Center for Kidney Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada; (J.C.); (E.G.L.); (T.R.Y.); (H.S.); (M.E.M.); (J.H.B.)
| | - Edward G. Lynn
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, St. Joseph′s Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton Center for Kidney Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada; (J.C.); (E.G.L.); (T.R.Y.); (H.S.); (M.E.M.); (J.H.B.)
| | - Tamana R. Yousof
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, St. Joseph′s Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton Center for Kidney Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada; (J.C.); (E.G.L.); (T.R.Y.); (H.S.); (M.E.M.); (J.H.B.)
| | - Hitesh Sharma
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, St. Joseph′s Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton Center for Kidney Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada; (J.C.); (E.G.L.); (T.R.Y.); (H.S.); (M.E.M.); (J.H.B.)
| | - Melissa E. MacDonald
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, St. Joseph′s Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton Center for Kidney Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada; (J.C.); (E.G.L.); (T.R.Y.); (H.S.); (M.E.M.); (J.H.B.)
| | - Jae Hyun Byun
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, St. Joseph′s Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton Center for Kidney Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada; (J.C.); (E.G.L.); (T.R.Y.); (H.S.); (M.E.M.); (J.H.B.)
| | - Bobby Shayegan
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, The Research Institute of St. Joe′s Hamilton, McMaster University, ON L8N 4A6, Canada;
| | - Richard C. Austin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, St. Joseph′s Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton Center for Kidney Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada; (J.C.); (E.G.L.); (T.R.Y.); (H.S.); (M.E.M.); (J.H.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-905-522-1155 (ext. 35175)
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4
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Hernandez I, Cohen M. Linking cell-surface GRP78 to cancer: From basic research to clinical value of GRP78 antibodies. Cancer Lett 2022; 524:1-14. [PMID: 34637844 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Glucose-related protein 78 (GRP78) is a chaperone protein localized primarily in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen, where it helps in proper protein folding by targeting misfolded proteins and facilitating protein assembly. In stressed cells, GRP78 is translocated to the cell surface (csGRP78) where it binds to various ligands and triggers different intracellular pathways. Thus, csGRP78 expression is associated with cancer, involved in the maintenance and progression of the disease. Extracellular exposition of csGRP78 leads to the production of autoantibodies as observed in patients with prostate or ovarian cancer, in which the ability to target csGRP78 affects the tumor development. Present on the surface of cancer cells and not normal cells in vivo, csGRP78 represents an interesting target for therapeutic antibody strategies. Here we give an overview of the csGRP78 function in the cell and its role in oncogenesis, thereby providing insight into the clinical value of GRP78 monoclonal antibodies for cancer prognosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Hernandez
- Department of Pediatrics, Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Translational Research Centre in Oncohaematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marie Cohen
- Department of Pediatrics, Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Translational Research Centre in Oncohaematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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5
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Kabakov AE, Gabai VL. HSP70s in Breast Cancer: Promoters of Tumorigenesis and Potential Targets/Tools for Therapy. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123446. [PMID: 34943954 PMCID: PMC8700403 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The high frequency of breast cancer worldwide and the high mortality among women with this malignancy are a serious challenge for modern medicine. A deeper understanding of the mechanisms of carcinogenesis and emergence of metastatic, therapy-resistant breast cancers would help development of novel approaches to better treatment of this disease. The review is dedicated to the role of members of the heat shock protein 70 subfamily (HSP70s or HSPA), mainly inducible HSP70, glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78 or HSPA5) and GRP75 (HSPA9 or mortalin), in the development and pathogenesis of breast cancer. Various HSP70-mediated cellular mechanisms and pathways which contribute to the oncogenic transformation of mammary gland epithelium are reviewed, as well as their role in the development of human breast carcinomas with invasive, metastatic traits along with the resistance to host immunity and conventional therapeutics. Additionally, intracellular and cell surface HSP70s are considered as potential targets for therapy or sensitization of breast cancer. We also discuss a clinical implication of Hsp70s and approaches to targeting breast cancer with gene vectors or nanoparticles downregulating HSP70s, natural or synthetic (small molecule) inhibitors of HSP70s, HSP70-binding antibodies, HSP70-derived peptides, and HSP70-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander E. Kabakov
- Department of Radiation Biochemistry, A. Tsyb Medical Radiological Research Center—Branch of the National Medical Research Radiological Center of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Koroleva 4, 249036 Obninsk, Russia;
| | - Vladimir L. Gabai
- CureLab Oncology Inc., Dedham, MA 02026, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-617-319-7314
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6
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Shah P, Shende P. Biomacromolecule-Functionalized Nanoparticle-Based Conjugates for Potentiation of Anticancer Therapy. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2021; 22:31-48. [PMID: 34872476 DOI: 10.2174/1568009621666211206102942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a rapidly growing life-threatening disease that affected 18.1 million people worldwide in 2018. Various conventional techniques like surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy are considered as a mainstream treatment for patients but show some limitations like cytotoxicity due to off-targeted action, poor intra-tumor localization, development of multi-drug resistance by tumor cells, physical and psychological stresses, etc. Such limitations have motivated the scientists to work towards more patient-centric and precision therapy using advanced drug delivery systems like liposomes, nanoparticles, nanoconjugates, etc. However, these carriers also face limitations like poor biocompatibility, lesser payload capacity, leakage of encapsulated drug, and short-term stability. So, this review article explores the profound insights for the development of biomacromolecule-functionalized nanoconjugates to potentiate the anticancer activity of therapeutic agents for various cancers like lung, colorectal, ovarian, breast and liver cancer. Researchers have shown interest in biofunctionalized nanoconjugates because of advantages like biocompatibility, site-specificity with better localization, higher entrapment with long-term stability and lesser off-target toxicity. The progressive trend of biomacromolecule nanoconjugates will encourage further research for the development of effective transport of drugs, nutraceuticals and phytoconstituents for on-site effect at cancer microenvironment and tumor cells with higher safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyank Shah
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS, V. L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai. India
| | - Pravin Shende
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS, V. L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai. India
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7
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Farshbaf M, Khosroushahi AY, Mojarad-Jabali S, Zarebkohan A, Valizadeh H, Walker PR. Cell surface GRP78: An emerging imaging marker and therapeutic target for cancer. J Control Release 2020; 328:932-941. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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8
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Bailly C, Waring MJ. Pharmacological effectors of GRP78 chaperone in cancers. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 163:269-278. [PMID: 30831072 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The protein chaperone GRP78 is a master regulator of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) functions and is frequently over-expressed at the surface of cancer cells where it contributes to chemo-resistance. It represents a well-studied ER stress marker but an under-explored target for new drug development. This review aims to untangle the structural and functional diversity of GRP78 modulators, covering over 130 natural products, synthetic molecules, specific peptides and monoclonal antibodies that target GRP78. Several approaches to promote or to incapacitate GRP78 are presented, including the use of oligonucleotides and specific cell-delivery peptides often conjugated to cytotoxic payloads to design GRP78-targeted therapeutics. A repertoire of drugs that turn on/off GRP78 is exposed, including molecules which bind directly to GRP78, principally to its ATP site. There exist many options to regulate positively or negatively the expression of the chaperone, or to interfere with its cellular trafficking. This review provides a molecular cartography of GRP78 pharmacological effectors and adds weight to the notion that GRP78 repressors could represent promising anticancer therapeutics, notably as regards limiting chemo-resistance of cancer cells. The potential of GRP78-targeting drugs in other therapeutic modalities is also evoked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bailly
- UMR-S 1172, Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre Aubert, INSERM, University of Lille, CHU Lille, 59045 Lille, France.
| | - Michael J Waring
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
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9
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Generation and characterization of novel recombinant anti-hERG1 scFv antibodies for cancer molecular imaging. Oncotarget 2018; 9:34972-34989. [PMID: 30405887 PMCID: PMC6201861 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Modern molecular imaging techniques have greatly improved tumor detection and post-treatment follow-up of cancer patients. In this context, antibody-based imaging is rapidly becoming the gold standard, since it combines the unique specificity of antibodies with the sensitivity of the different imaging technologies. The aim of this study was to generate and characterize antibodies in single chain Fragment variable (scFv) format directed to an emerging cancer biomarker, the human ether-à-go-go-related gene-1 (hERG1) potassium channel, and to obtain a proof of concept for their potential use for in vivo molecular imaging. The anti-hERG1scFv was generated from a full length monoclonal antibody and then mutagenized, substituting a Phenylalanine residue in the third framework of the VH domain with a Cysteine residue. The resulting scFv-hERG1-Cys showed much higher stability and protein yield, increased affinity and more advantageous binding kinetics, compared to the “native” anti-hERG1scFv. The scFv-hERG1-Cys was hence chosen and characterized: it showed a good binding to the native hERG1 antigen expressed on cells, was stable in serum and displayed a fast pharmacokinetic profile once injected intravenously in nude mice. The calculated half-life was 3.1 hours and no general toxicity or cardiac toxic effects were detected. Finally, the in vivo distribution of an Alexa Fluor 750 conjugated scFv-hERG1-Cys was evaluated both in healthy and tumor-bearing nude mice, showing a good tumor-to-organ ratio, ideal for visualizing hERG1-expressing tumor masses in vivo. In conclusion, the scFv-hERG1-Cys possesses features which make it a suitable tool for application in cancer molecular imaging.
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10
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McGrath EP, Logue SE, Mnich K, Deegan S, Jäger R, Gorman AM, Samali A. The Unfolded Protein Response in Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10100344. [PMID: 30248920 PMCID: PMC6211039 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10100344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2018, in the US alone, it is estimated that 268,670 people will be diagnosed with breast cancer, and that 41,400 will die from it. Since breast cancers often become resistant to therapies, and certain breast cancers lack therapeutic targets, new approaches are urgently required. A cell-stress response pathway, the unfolded protein response (UPR), has emerged as a promising target for the development of novel breast cancer treatments. This pathway is activated in response to a disturbance in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis but has diverse physiological and disease-specific functions. In breast cancer, UPR signalling promotes a malignant phenotype and can confer tumours with resistance to widely used therapies. Here, we review several roles for UPR signalling in breast cancer, highlighting UPR-mediated therapy resistance and the potential for targeting the UPR alone or in combination with existing therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eoghan P McGrath
- Apoptosis Research Centre, National University of Ireland (NUI), Galway, University Road, Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland.
- School of Natural Sciences, NUI Galway, University Road, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland.
| | - Susan E Logue
- Apoptosis Research Centre, National University of Ireland (NUI), Galway, University Road, Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland.
- School of Natural Sciences, NUI Galway, University Road, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland.
| | - Katarzyna Mnich
- Apoptosis Research Centre, National University of Ireland (NUI), Galway, University Road, Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland.
- School of Natural Sciences, NUI Galway, University Road, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland.
| | - Shane Deegan
- Apoptosis Research Centre, National University of Ireland (NUI), Galway, University Road, Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland.
- School of Natural Sciences, NUI Galway, University Road, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland.
| | - Richard Jäger
- Department of Natural Sciences, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, 53359 Rheinbach, Germany.
| | - Adrienne M Gorman
- Apoptosis Research Centre, National University of Ireland (NUI), Galway, University Road, Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland.
- School of Natural Sciences, NUI Galway, University Road, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland.
| | - Afshin Samali
- Apoptosis Research Centre, National University of Ireland (NUI), Galway, University Road, Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland.
- School of Natural Sciences, NUI Galway, University Road, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland.
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11
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Avitabile E, Bedognetti D, Ciofani G, Bianco A, Delogu LG. How can nanotechnology help the fight against breast cancer? NANOSCALE 2018; 10:11719-11731. [PMID: 29917035 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr02796j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this review we provide a broad overview on the use of nanotechnology for the fight against breast cancer (BC). Nowadays, detection, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention may be possible thanks to the application of nanotechnology to clinical practice. Taking into consideration the different forms of BC and the disease status, nanomaterials can be designed to meet the most forefront objectives of modern therapy and diagnosis. We have analyzed in detail three main groups of nanomaterial applications for BC treatment and diagnosis. We have identified several types of drugs successfully conjugated with nanomaterials. We have analyzed the main important imaging techniques and all nanomaterials used to help the non-invasive, early detection of the lesions. Moreover, we have examined theranostic nanomaterials as unique tools, combining imaging, detection, and therapy for BC. This state of the art review provides a useful guide depicting how nanotechnology can be used to overcome the current barriers in BC clinical practice, and how it will shape the future scenario of treatments, prevention, and diagnosis, revolutionizing the current approaches, e.g., reducing the suffering related to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Avitabile
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
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12
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Aguiar S, Dias J, Manuel AM, Russo R, Gois PMP, da Silva FA, Goncalves J. Chimeric Small Antibody Fragments as Strategy to Deliver Therapeutic Payloads. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2018; 112:143-182. [PMID: 29680236 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) represent an innovative class of biopharmaceuticals, which aim at achieving a site-specific delivery of cytotoxic agents to the target cell. The use of ADCs represents a promising strategy to overcome the disadvantages of conventional pharmacotherapy of cancer or neurological diseases, based on cytotoxic or immunomodulatory agents. ADCs consist of monoclonal antibodies attached to biologically active drugs by means of cleavable chemical linkers. Advances in technologies for the coupling of antibodies to cytotoxic drugs promise to deliver greater control of drug pharmacokinetic properties and to significantly improve pharmacodelivery applications, minimizing exposure of healthy tissue. The clinical success of brentuximab vedotin and trastuzumab emtansine has led to an extensive expansion of the clinical ADC pipeline. Although the concept of an ADC seems simple, designing a successful ADC is complex and requires careful selection of the receptor antigen, antibody, linker, and payload. In this review, we explore insights in the antibody and antigen requirements needed for optimal payload delivery and support the development of novel and improved ADCs for the treatment of cancer and neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Aguiar
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joana Dias
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana M Manuel
- iMed.ULisboa-Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Roberto Russo
- iMed.ULisboa-Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro M P Gois
- iMed.ULisboa-Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Frederico A da Silva
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joao Goncalves
- iMed.ULisboa-Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
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13
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Alibakhshi A, Abarghooi Kahaki F, Ahangarzadeh S, Yaghoobi H, Yarian F, Arezumand R, Ranjbari J, Mokhtarzadeh A, de la Guardia M. Targeted cancer therapy through antibody fragments-decorated nanomedicines. J Control Release 2017; 268:323-334. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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14
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Ahmadi A, Khansarinejad B, Hosseinkhani S, Ghanei M, Mowla SJ. miR-199a-5p and miR-495 target GRP78 within UPR pathway of lung cancer. Gene 2017; 620:15-22. [PMID: 28363780 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common subtype of lung cancer. One of the signal transduction pathways related to NSCLC is Unfolded Protein Response (UPR), which is mainly regulated by GRP78 (HSPA5, Gene ID: 3309). The aim of this study was to employ bioinformatics tools to predict microRNAs (miRNAs) affecting GRP78 expression, experimentally validate interaction of these miRNAs with GRP78 and also evaluating the expression correlation of GRP78 and its predicted miRNAs in clinical samples. MATERIALS AND METHODS Various software were used to predict miRNAs that simultaneously target all upstream and downstream components of GRP78 in the UPR, as well as the main components of PI3K/AKT, MAPK, ErbB and calcium pathways. For experimental analysis, 36 pairs of Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded (FFPE) lung tumor and non-tumor tissue samples were obtained. Additionally, A549 and QU-DB lung cancer cell lines were used for expression determination of GRP78 and its predicted targeting miRNAs. We also employed a luciferase assay to evaluate interactions between candidate miRNAs with the 3'-UTR of GRP78. RESULTS hsa-miR-495 and hsa-miR-199-5p were chosen based on several criteria including thermodynamic binding features of miRNAs to the target transcripts, number of recognition sites, and conservation of binding sites within the 3'-UTR of GRP78. RT-qPCR data revealed a significant up-regulation of GRP78 (3.87 times, P=0.002) and down-regulation of miR-199a-5p (0.13 times, P=0.0001) and miR-495 (0.085 times, P=0.0001) in tumor samples. Luciferase assay confirmed an interaction of hsa-miR-199a-5p and hsa-miR-495 with the 3'-UTR of GRP78 transcript. In addition, over-expression and competitive inhibition of the aforementioned miRNAs, significantly altered the expression of GRP78 and spliced XBP1 level. CONCLUSION Our data revealed a significant up-regulation of GRP78 and a concomitant down-regulation of miR-495 and miR-199a-5p in NSCLC. Accordingly, our data suggest a causative role for miR-199-5p and miR-495 in tumorgenesis of lung and probably other cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Ahmadi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behzad Khansarinejad
- Infectious Diseases Research Center (IDRC), Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Saman Hosseinkhani
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Ghanei
- Research Center of Chemical Injuries, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Javad Mowla
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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15
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Francis JE, Mason D, Lévy R. Evaluation of quantum dot conjugated antibodies for immunofluorescent labelling of cellular targets. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 8:1238-1249. [PMID: 28685124 PMCID: PMC5480344 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.8.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductor quantum dots (Qdots) have been utilised as probes in fluorescence microscopy and provide an alternative to fluorescent dyes and fluorescent proteins due to their brightness, photostability, and the possibility to excite different Qdots with a single wavelength. In spite of these attractive properties, their implemenation by biologists has been somewhat limited and only a few Qdot conjugates are commercially available for the labelling of cellular targets. Although many protocols have been reported for the specific labelling of proteins with Qdots, the majority of these relied on Qdot-conjugated antibodies synthesised specifically by the authors (and therefore not widely available), which limits the scope of applications and complicates replication. Here, the specificity of a commercially available, Qdot-conjugated secondary antibody (Qdot-Ab) was tested against several primary IgG antibodies. The antigens were labelled simultaneously with a fluorescent dye coupled to a secondary antibody (Dye-Ab) and the Qdot-Ab. Although, the Dye-Ab labelled all of the intended target proteins, the Qdot-Ab was found bound to only some of the protein targets in the cytosol and could not reach the nucleus, even after extensive cell permeabilisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Francis
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
| | - David Mason
- Centre for Cell Imaging, Institute of Integrative Biology, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
| | - Raphaël Lévy
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
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16
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Richards DA, Maruani A, Chudasama V. Antibody fragments as nanoparticle targeting ligands: a step in the right direction. Chem Sci 2017; 8:63-77. [PMID: 28451149 PMCID: PMC5304706 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc02403c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in nanomedicine have shown that dramatic improvements in nanoparticle therapeutics and diagnostics can be achieved through the use of disease specific targeting ligands. Although immunoglobulins have successfully been employed for the generation of actively targeted nanoparticles, their use is often hampered by the suboptimal characteristics of the resulting complexes. Emerging data suggest that a switch in focus from full antibodies to antibody derived fragments could help to alleviate these problems and expand the potential of antibody-nanoparticle conjugates as biomedical tools. This review aims to highlight how antibody derived fragments have been utilised to overcome both fundamental and practical issues encountered during the design and application of antibody-targeted nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Richards
- Department of Chemistry , University College London , 20 Gordon Street , London , WC1H 0AJ , UK . ; ; Tel: +44 (0)207 679 2077
| | - Antoine Maruani
- Department of Chemistry , University College London , 20 Gordon Street , London , WC1H 0AJ , UK . ; ; Tel: +44 (0)207 679 2077
| | - Vijay Chudasama
- Department of Chemistry , University College London , 20 Gordon Street , London , WC1H 0AJ , UK . ; ; Tel: +44 (0)207 679 2077
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17
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Liu K, Li Q, Wang Y, Liu R, Li Q, Liu S. Affinity-based fluorescence polarization assay for screening molecules acting on insect ryanodine receptors. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra02244h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A fluorescence polarization assay was developed for studying affinity binding of active molecules to specific binding site on insect ryanodine receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kechang Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- College of Science
- China Agricultural University
- Beijing 100193
- China
| | - Qingyang Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- College of Science
- China Agricultural University
- Beijing 100193
- China
| | - Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agri-food Safety of Anhui Province
- Lab of Quality & Safety and Risk Assessment for Agro-products on Storage and Preservation (Hefei)
- Ministry of Agriculture
- School of Resource and Environment
- Anhui Agricultural University
| | - Ruiquan Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- College of Science
- China Agricultural University
- Beijing 100193
- China
| | - Qibo Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- College of Science
- China Agricultural University
- Beijing 100193
- China
| | - Shangzhong Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- College of Science
- China Agricultural University
- Beijing 100193
- China
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18
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Bilan R, Fleury F, Nabiev I, Sukhanova A. Quantum Dot Surface Chemistry and Functionalization for Cell Targeting and Imaging. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 26:609-24. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Regina Bilan
- Laboratory
of Nano-Bioengineering, National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), 31 Kashirskoe sh., 115409 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Fabrice Fleury
- DNA
repair group, UFIP, CNRS UMR6286, Univertité de Nantes, 2 rue de la
Houssinière, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Igor Nabiev
- Laboratory
of Nano-Bioengineering, National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), 31 Kashirskoe sh., 115409 Moscow, Russian Federation
- Laboratoire
de Recherche en Nanosciences, EA4682-LRN, 51 rue Cognacq Jay, UFR
de Pharmacie, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Alyona Sukhanova
- Laboratory
of Nano-Bioengineering, National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), 31 Kashirskoe sh., 115409 Moscow, Russian Federation
- Laboratoire
de Recherche en Nanosciences, EA4682-LRN, 51 rue Cognacq Jay, UFR
de Pharmacie, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France
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19
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Advances in imaging probes and optical microendoscopic imaging techniques for early in vivo cancer assessment. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 74:53-74. [PMID: 24120351 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A new chapter in the history of medical diagnosis happened when the first X-ray technology was invented in the late 1800s. Since then, many non-invasive and minimally invasive imaging techniques have been invented for clinical diagnosis to research in cellular biology, drug discovery, and disease monitoring. These imaging modalities have leveraged the benefits of significant advances in computer, electronics, and information technology and, more recently, targeted molecular imaging. The development of targeted contrast agents such as fluorescent and nanoparticle probes coupled with optical imaging techniques has made it possible to selectively view specific biological events and processes in both in vivo and ex vivo systems with great sensitivity and selectivity. Thus, the combination of targeted molecular imaging probes and optical imaging techniques have become a mainstay in modern medicinal and biological research. Many promising results have demonstrated great potentials to translate to clinical applications. In this review, we describe a discussion of employing imaging probes and optical microendoscopic imaging techniques for cancer diagnosis.
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20
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Zhu Y, Hong H, Xu ZP, Li Z, Cai W. Quantum dot-based nanoprobes for in vivo targeted imaging. Curr Mol Med 2014; 13:1549-67. [PMID: 24206136 DOI: 10.2174/1566524013666131111121733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) have attracted tremendous attention over the last decade. The superior optical properties of QDs over conventional organic dyes make them attractive labels for a wide variety of biomedical applications, whereas their potential toxicity and instability in biological environment have puzzled scientific researchers. Much research effort has been devoted to surface modification and functionalization of QDs to make them versatile probes for biomedical applications, and significant progress has been made over the last several years. This review article aims to describe the current state-of-the-art of the synthesis, modification, bioconjugation, and applications of QDs for in vivo targeted imaging. In addition, QD-based multifunctional nanoprobes are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhu
- (W. Cai) Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Room 7137, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705-2275, USA.
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21
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Barve A, Jin W, Cheng K. Prostate cancer relevant antigens and enzymes for targeted drug delivery. J Control Release 2014; 187:118-32. [PMID: 24878184 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy is one of the most widely used approaches in combating advanced prostate cancer, but its therapeutic efficacy is usually insufficient due to poor specificity and associated toxicity. Lack of targeted delivery to prostate cancer cells is also the primary obstacles in achieving feasible therapeutic effect of other promising agents including peptide, protein, and nucleic acid. Consequently, there remains a critical need for strategies to increase the selectivity of anti-prostate cancer agents. This review will focus on various prostate cancer-relevant antigens and enzymes that could be exploited for prostate cancer targeted drug delivery. Among various targeting strategies, active targeting is the most advanced approach to specifically deliver drugs to their designated cancer cells. In this approach, drug carriers are modified with targeting ligands that can specifically bind to prostate cancer-specific antigens. Moreover, there are several specific enzymes in the tumor microenvironment of prostate cancer that can be exploited for stimulus-responsive drug delivery systems. These systems can specifically release the active drug in the tumor microenvironment of prostate cancer, leading to enhanced tumor penetration efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Barve
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City 64108, USA
| | - Wei Jin
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City 64108, USA
| | - Kun Cheng
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City 64108, USA.
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22
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Ma G. Background-free in vivo time domain optical molecular imaging using colloidal quantum dots. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:2835-2844. [PMID: 23448359 DOI: 10.1021/am3028519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The interest in optical molecular imaging of small animals in vivo has been steadily increased in the last two decades as it is being adopted by not only academic laboratories but also the biotechnical and pharmaceutical industries. In this Spotlight paper, the elements for in vivo optical molecular imaging are briefly reviewed, including contrast agents, i.e., various fluorescent reporters, and the most commonly used technologies to detect the reporters. The challenges particularly for in vivo fluorescence imaging are discussed and solutions to overcome the said-challenges are presented. An advanced imaging technique, in vivo fluorescence lifetime imaging, is introduced together with a few application examples. Taking advantage of the long fluorescence lifetime of quantum dots, a method to achieve background-free in vivo fluorescence small animal imaging is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guobin Ma
- ART Advanced Research Technologies Inc., 2300 Alfred-Nobel Boulevard, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4S 2A4.
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24
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Balalaeva IV, Zdobnova TA, Krutova IV, Brilkina AA, Lebedenko EN, Deyev SM. Passive and active targeting of quantum dots for whole-body fluorescence imaging of breast cancer xenografts. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2012; 5:860-867. [PMID: 22887708 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201200080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Revised: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Far-red and near-infrared fluorescent quantum dots (QDs) have become advancing contrast agents for efficient whole-body tumor imaging. In this study, we investigated the possibility of the vital fluorescence imaging of tumor using two contrast agents on the basis of QDs: bioinert QDs coated with polyethyleneglycol and QDs bound with anti-HER2/neu scFv antibodies. HER2/neu-positive breast cancer tumor xenografts in nude mice were used as a model. It was shown that both bioinert and tumor-targeted QD probes can be successfully applied for visualization of the tumor using in vivo imaging method, but fluorescent signal of QD-4D5scFv in tumors was considerably stronger than that of QD-PEG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina V Balalaeva
- NI Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia.
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c-IAP1 binds and processes PCSK9 protein: linking the c-IAP1 in a TNF-α pathway to PCSK9-mediated LDLR degradation pathway. Molecules 2012; 17:12086-101. [PMID: 23085658 PMCID: PMC6268524 DOI: 10.3390/molecules171012086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent genetic studies have shown that PCSK9, one of the key genes in cholesterol metabolism, plays a critical role by controlling the level of low-density lipoprotein receptor. However, how PCSK9 mediates LDLR degradation is still unknown. By combining a shotgun proteomic method and differential analysis of natural occurring mutations of the PCSK9 gene, we found that an E3 ubiquitin ligase c-IAP1 binds and processes PCSK9 protein. One of the ‘gain-of-function’ mutations, S127R, is defective with respect to binding to c-IAP1, and thus has defective autocatalytic activity. Knockdown of c-IAP1 impairs PCSK9 processing and autocatalytic cleavage. In c-IAP1 null mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), there is a dramatic decrease in secreted mature PCSK9 protein accompanied by a significant increase in LDLR protein levels compared with matched wild-type MEF cells. c-IAP1 also acts as an E3 ligase for ubiquitination of PCSK9. Ubiquitin containing only lysine-27 mediated PCSK9 ubiquitination by c-IAP1. Given K27-linked polyubiquitination promotes lysosomal localization, the finding indicates the c-IAP1 acts on both secretion of PCSK9 and its lysosomal localization. The novel pathway described here will open new avenues for exploring novel disease treatments.
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