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Chen X, Wang Y, Ye Y, Yu H, Wu B. The Pre- and Post-Column Derivatization on Monosaccharide Composition Analysis, a Review. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202400749. [PMID: 38856087 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202400749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Polysaccharides, as common metabolic products in organisms, play a crucial role in the growth and development of living organisms. For humans, polysaccharides represent a class of compounds with diverse applications, particularly in the medical field. Therefore, the exploration of the monosaccharide composition and structural characteristics of polysaccharides holds significant importance in understanding their biological functions. This review provides a comprehensive overview of extraction methods and hydrolysis strategies for polysaccharides. It systematically analyzes strategies and technologies for determining polysaccharide composition and discusses common derivatization reagents employed in further polysaccharide studies. Derivatization is considered a fundamental strategy for determining monosaccharides, as it not only enhances the detectability of analytes but also increases detection sensitivity, especially in liquid chromatography (LC), capillary electrophoresis (CE), and gas chromatography (GC) techniques. The review meticulously examines pre-column and post-column derivatization techniques for monosaccharide analysis, categorizing them based on diverse detection methodologies. It delves into the principles and distinctive features of various derivatization reagents, offering a comparative analysis of their strengths and limitations. Ultimately, the aim is to provide guidance for selecting the most suitable derivatization approach, taking into account the structural nuances, biological functions, and reaction dynamics of polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuexia Chen
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, 321000, China
| | - Yinuo Wang
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, 321000, China
| | - Yongjun Ye
- Zhejiang Suichang Huikang Pharmaceutical Industry Co., Suichang, 323000, China
| | - Huali Yu
- Lishui Institute for Quality Inspection and Testing, Lishui, 323000, China
| | - Bin Wu
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, 321000, China
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Xiaoqin S, Yi T, Xiaoyu L, Ya B, Jingwen S, Yin L. Research progress of traditional Chinese medicine monomer in treating diabetic peripheral neuropathy: A review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e37767. [PMID: 38552033 PMCID: PMC10977546 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000037767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetes peripheral neuropathy is one of the most common complications of diabetes. Early symptoms are insidious, while late symptoms mainly include numbness, pain, swelling, and loss of sensation in the limbs, which can lead to disability, foot ulcers, amputation, and so on. At present, the pathogenesis is also complex and diverse, and it is not yet clear. Western medicine treatment mainly focuses on controlling blood sugar and nourishing nerves, but the effect is not ideal. In recent years, it has been found that many drug monomers have shown good therapeutic and prognostic effects in the prevention and treatment of diabetes peripheral neuropathy, and related research has become a hot topic. To understand the specific mechanism of action of traditional Chinese medicine monomers in treatment, this article provides a review of their mechanism research and key roles. It mainly includes flavonoids, phenols, terpenes, saponins, alkaloids, polysaccharides, etc. By nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), the signaling pathways of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), Nrf2/ARE, SIRT1/p53, etc, can play a role in lowering blood sugar, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, inhibiting cell apoptosis, and autophagy, promoting sciatic nerve regeneration, and have great potential in the prevention and treatment of this disease. A systematic summary of its related mechanisms of action was conducted, providing ideas for in-depth research and exploration of richer traditional Chinese medicine components, and also providing a relatively complete theoretical reference for clinical research on diabetes peripheral neuropathy treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Xiaoqin
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan, China
| | - Tian Yi
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan, China
| | - Liu Xiaoyu
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan, China
| | - Bu Ya
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan, China
| | - Shui Jingwen
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan, China
| | - Liping Yin
- Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan, China
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3
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Zhang R, Liu F, Zhang Q, Yang L, Hou X, Du T, Fan J, Hu H, Deng H, Hao L, Guo L, Fu C. Intra-articular delivery system of methotrexate for rheumatoid arthritis therapy: An in-suit thermosensitive comprehensive gel of polysaccharide from Aconitum carmichaelii Debx. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:124822. [PMID: 37257527 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The polysaccharides (FP) extracted from the lateral roots of Aconitum carmichaelii Debx. (Fuzi) are natural compounds, which have effective therapy for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methotrexate (MTX) is the first-line drug for RA, but its application is greatly limited to the toxicity in liver and kidney and drug resistance. In this study, an attempt is made to apply oxidized FP (OFP) as a polymer carrier based on intra-articular delivery system loaded MTX. The FP could be developed and used as comprehensive gel carriers with biocompatibility and degradability for therapy of RA. Firstly, OFP-chitosan-poloxamer 407 (OFP-CS-F407-MTX) gel was prepared by natural non-toxic cross-linking agents. Physicochemical characterization was performed by using 1H NMR and FTIR spectroscopic techniques to assess the successful functionalization of OFP. TGA, SEM and rheological experiment of OFP-CS-F407-MTX gel were investigated. Notably, we loaded MTX into OFP-CS-F407-MTX gel which had remarkable therapeutic efficacy and biosafety for RA. Based on advantages of intra-articular injection of OFP-CS-F407-MTX gel releasing MTX, it modulated proinflammatory cytokines by down-regulating TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β expression. Therefore, OFP-CS-F407-MTX in situ gel delivery system can potentially reduce systemic toxicity and irritation of oral administration of MTX but give a controlled release of drug for a long period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy College of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Fang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy College of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, Sichuan Province, China.
| | - Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy College of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Luping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy College of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xinlian Hou
- Hua Run Sanjiu (Ya'an) Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Ya'an 625000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - TaoMing Du
- Department of Radiology, Chengdu Seventh People's Hospital, Chengdu 610000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jie Fan
- Department of Radiology, Chengdu Seventh People's Hospital, Chengdu 610000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Huiling Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy College of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Hongdan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy College of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Li Hao
- Hua Run Sanjiu (Ya'an) Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Ya'an 625000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Li Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy College of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, Sichuan Province, China.
| | - Chaomei Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy College of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, Sichuan Province, China
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Wang M, Hu WJ, Zhou X, Yu K, Wang Y, Yang BY, Kuang HX. Ethnopharmacological use, pharmacology, toxicology, phytochemistry, and progress in Chinese crude drug processing of the lateral root of Aconitum carmichaelii Debeaux. (Fuzi): A review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 301:115838. [PMID: 36257343 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The lateral root of Aconitum carmichaelii Debeaux. (also known as Fuzi in Chinese) is a toxic Chinese medicine but widely used in clinical practice with remarkable effects. It is specifically used to treat cardiovascular diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, and other diseases, in Korea, Japan, and India. AIM OF THIS REVIEW This study aimed to summarize and discuss the effects of drug processing on toxicity, chemical composition, and pharmacology of the lateral root of Aconitum carmichaelii Debeaux. This review could provide feasible insights for further studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS Relevant information on phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of Fuzi was collected through published materials and electronic databases, including the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, Flora of China, Web of Science, PubMed, Baidu Scholar, Google Scholar, and CNKI. RESULTS More than 100 chemical compounds, including alkaloids, flavonoids, and polysaccharides were revealed. Modern pharmacological studies show that these chemical components have good effects on anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-aging, treatment of cardiovascular diseases, and improving immunity. Di-ester alkaloids are the main source of Fuzi toxicity. Increasing studies have shown that Fuzi can induce multiple organ damage, especially cardiotoxicity and neurotoxicity. At present, most of the Fuzi used in clinical practice are processed. The processing affects the chemical structure, pharmacology, and toxicology of Fuzi. Moreover, different processing methods have different effects on Fuzi. CONCLUSIONS This review analyzed the effects of Fuzi processing methods on its toxicity and efficiency. The lateral roots of aconite are the known medicinal part of Fuzi; however, the aerial parts of aconite are understudied and require further research to expand its medicinal potential. Processing and compatibility are the primary means to reduce Fuzi toxicity. Nevertheless, establishing a reasonable unified safe dose range requires further discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150000, China.
| | - Wen-Jing Hu
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150000, China
| | - Xiao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150000, China
| | - Kuo Yu
- Beidahuang Industry Group General Hospital, Harbin, 150000, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Beidahuang Industry Group General Hospital, Harbin, 150000, China
| | - Bing-You Yang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150000, China
| | - Hai-Xue Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150000, China.
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Wang X, Xu G, Liu H, Chen Z, Huang S, Yuan J, Xie C, Du L. Inhibiting apoptosis of Schwann cell under the high-glucose condition: A promising approach to treat diabetic peripheral neuropathy using Chinese herbal medicine. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 157:114059. [PMID: 36462309 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a common complication of diabetes. Glycemic control and lifestyle alterations cannot prevent the development of DPN; therefore, investigating effective treatments for DPN is crucial. Schwann cells (SCs) maintain the physiological function of peripheral nerves and promote the repair and regeneration of injured nerves. Inhibiting the apoptosis of SCs through various pathological pathways in a high-glucose environment plays an important role in developing DPN. Therefore, inhibiting the apoptosis of SCs can be a novel treatment strategy for DPN. Previous studies have indicated the potential of Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) in treating DPN. In this study, we have reviewed the effects of CHM (both monomers and extracts) on the apoptosis of SCs by interfering with the production of advanced glycation end products, oxidative stress, and endoplasmic reticulum stress pathological pathways. This review will demonstrate the potentialities of CHM in inhibiting apoptosis in SCs, providing new insights and perspectives for treating DPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueru Wang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu610072, Sichuan, China; TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China.
| | - Gang Xu
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu610072, Sichuan, China; TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China.
| | - Hanyu Liu
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu610072, Sichuan, China.
| | - Zhengtao Chen
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu610072, Sichuan, China.
| | - Susu Huang
- College of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, Sichuan, China.
| | - Jiushu Yuan
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu610072, Sichuan, China.
| | - Chunguang Xie
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu610072, Sichuan, China; TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China.
| | - Lian Du
- College of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, Sichuan, China.
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Tian M, Wang L, Dong Z, Wang X, Qin X, Wang C, Wang J, Huang Q. Preparation, structural characterization, antioxidant activity and protection against cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury by polysaccharides from the lateral root of Aconitum carmichaelii. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1002774. [PMID: 36339535 PMCID: PMC9632954 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1002774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Response surface methodology (RSM) and Box- Behnken design (BBD) based on one-way experiments were used to optimize the extraction parameters of the lateral root polysaccharides of Aconitum carmichaelii. The extracted polysaccharides were named as refined fucose polysaccharide. The optimal conditions included a water to raw material ratio of 43, an extraction time of 2 h, and an extraction temperature of 90°C. The shape of RFP was shown by infrared spectroscopy (IR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. The monosaccharide composition and molecular weight of RFP was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Furthermore, RFP exhibited moderate antioxidant activity by analyzing the scavenging rates of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical, superoxide anion radical, hydroxyl radical, and ABTS + radical. RFP exerted cytoprotective effects against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced injury in the rat renal tubular epithelial cell line rat renal tubular epithelial cells (NRK-52E) and inhibited apoptosis. In addition, researches found that RFP could alleviate cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury in mice by enhancing the levels of glutathione (GSH) and glutathione peroxidase-4 (GPX-4), decreasing the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), reducing lipid peroxidation, and thus inhibiting ferroptosis. In conclusion, this study provides a good strategy for obtaining bioactive polysaccharides from Fuzi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoying Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhaowei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyan Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Sichuan Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Jin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qinwan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Patel S, Khan H, Majumdar A. Crosstalk between Sirtuins and Nrf2: SIRT1 activators as emerging treatment for diabetic neuropathy. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37:2181-2195. [PMID: 35616799 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-00956-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
About 50% of the diabetic patients worldwide suffer from Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) which is characterized by chronic pain and loss of sensation, frequent foot ulcerations, and risk for amputation. Numerous factors like hyperglycemia, oxidative stress (OS), impaired glucose signaling, inflammatory responses, neuronal cell death are known to be the various mechanisms underlying DACD and DPN. Development of tolerance, insufficient and inadequate relief and potential toxicity of classical antinociceptives still remains a challenge in the clinical setting. Therefore, there is an emerging need for novel treatments which are both without any potential side effects as well as which focus more on the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the disease. Also, sirtuins are known to deacetylate Nrf2 and contribute to its action of reducing ROS by generation of anti-oxidant enzymes. Therefore, targeting sirtuins could be a favourable therapeutic strategy to treat diabetic neuropathy by reducing ROS and thereby alleviating OS in DPN. In the present review, we outline the potential use of SIRT1 activators as therapeutic alternatives in treating DPN. We have tried to highlight how sirtuins are interlinked with Nrf2 and NF-κB and put forth how SIRT activators could serve as potential therapy for DPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivangi Patel
- Department of Pharmacology, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Santacruz (E), Mumbai, 400098, India
| | - Hasnat Khan
- Department of Pharmacology, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Santacruz (E), Mumbai, 400098, India
| | - Anuradha Majumdar
- Department of Pharmacology, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Santacruz (E), Mumbai, 400098, India.
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Fu YP, Li CY, Peng X, Zou YF, Rise F, Paulsen BS, Wangensteen H, Inngjerdingen KT. Polysaccharides from Aconitum carmichaelii leaves: Structure, immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activities. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 291:119655. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Fu YP, Zou YF, Lei FY, Wangensteen H, Inngjerdingen KT. Aconitum carmichaelii Debeaux: A systematic review on traditional use, and the chemical structures and pharmacological properties of polysaccharides and phenolic compounds in the roots. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 291:115148. [PMID: 35240238 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Aconitum carmichaelii, belonging to the Ranunculaceae family, is a widely used traditional herbal plant in Asian countries, especially in China. The lateral ("Fuzi") and mother ("Chuanwu") roots are the two main plant parts used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), where they are used in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, rheumatoid arthritis, and as analgesics. AIM OF THE STUDY In order to further guide the research direction and application of A. carmichaelii, this study aims to give a systematic and in-depth overview on the phytochemical and pharmacological studies of non-alkaloid natural products with focus on polysaccharides and phenolic compounds. MATERIALS AND METHODS A comprehensive search in the literature was conducted based on the databases Google Scholar, SciFinder (American Chemical Society), Springer Link, PubMed Science, Science Direct and China National Knowledge Internet, Wanfang Data, in addition to books, doctoral and master's dissertations, and official website. The main keywords were: "Aconitum carmichaelii", "Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata", "Fuzi", "Chuanwu", "Aconiti Radix", "monkshood" and "Bushi". RESULTS A. carmichaelii is known for the use of its different root parts, including "Fuzi" and "Chuanwu". Different types of polysaccharides, both neutral and acidic, and 39 phenolic compounds like flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, lignans, neolignans, and benzoic acid derivatives have been isolated and identified from the roots. Pharmacological studies of the isolated polysaccharides have demonstrated various biological effects such as hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, cardiovascular, immunomodulatory, anti-tumor, and neuropharmacological activities. Studies on pharmacological effects of the phenolic compounds isolated from the roots are however limited. CONCLUSIONS This review shows that polysaccharides could be one of the active components in the roots of A. carmichaelii, and they are promising for future applications due to their pharmacological properties. In addition, polysaccharides are generally non-toxic, biocompatible, and biodegradable. This review also sheds light on new research directions for A. carmichaelii. A more detailed structural characterization of polysaccharides from different root parts of A. carmichaelii, and their structure-activity relationships are required. Additionally, their pharmacological properties as immunomodulators in the intestinal system should be investigated. Further, more knowledge about the pharmacological effects and molecular mechanisms of the phenolic compounds that have been identified are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ping Fu
- Section for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Yuan-Feng Zou
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130, Wenjiang, PR China
| | - Fei-Yi Lei
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, 8008, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Helle Wangensteen
- Section for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kari Tvete Inngjerdingen
- Section for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
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10
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Wang X, Huan Y, Li C, Cao H, Sun S, Lei L, Liu Q, Liu S, Ji W, Liu H, Huang K, Zhou J, Shen Z. Diphenyl diselenide alleviates diabetic peripheral neuropathy in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes by modulating oxidative stress. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 182:114221. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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11
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Zhao L, Sun Z, Yang L, Cui R, Yang W, Li B. Neuropharmacological effects of Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2020; 47:531-542. [PMID: 31837236 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Zhao
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic Second Hospital of Jilin University Changchun China
| | - Zhihui Sun
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic Second Hospital of Jilin University Changchun China
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials Jilin Agricultural University Changchun China
| | - Limin Yang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials Jilin Agricultural University Changchun China
| | - Ranji Cui
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic Second Hospital of Jilin University Changchun China
| | - Wei Yang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic Second Hospital of Jilin University Changchun China
| | - Bingjin Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic Second Hospital of Jilin University Changchun China
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12
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Yang C, Hu C, Zhang H, Chen W, Deng Q, Tang H, Huang F. Optimation for preparation of oligosaccharides from flaxseed gum and evaluation of antioxidant and antitumor activities in vitro. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 153:1107-1116. [PMID: 31756466 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Flaxseed oligosaccharides (FGOS) were prepared by degradation of flaxseed gum (FG) using enzymatic method. Factors affecting the enzymatic hydrolysis of FG were investigated by single factor and orthogonal tests. In the optimum hydrolysis conditions (reaction time 12 h, temperature 50 °C, pH 4.5, cellulase concentration 100 U/mL), the reducing sugar ratio and extraction yield of FGOS were 33.6 ± 0.35% and 56.8 ± 0.41%, respectively. The average molecular weight of FGOS was about 1.6 kDa, which consists of mannose, galactose, glucose, arabinose, glucuronic acid, xylose, rhamnose, ribose, galacturonic acid. Fourier-transform infrared spectra and NMR indicated that FG was successfully degraded to FGOS. FGOS exhibited better antioxidant activities than FG on scavenging hydroxyl, ABTS and DPPH radicals. In vitro cytotoxicities experiments reveal FGOS acquire the ability of antiproliferation against HepG2 and Hela cells in a dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Oil Crops and Lipids Process Technology National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, No. 2 Xudong 2nd Road, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Chao Hu
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Oil Crops and Lipids Process Technology National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, No. 2 Xudong 2nd Road, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Oil Crops and Lipids Process Technology National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, No. 2 Xudong 2nd Road, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Wenchao Chen
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Oil Crops and Lipids Process Technology National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, No. 2 Xudong 2nd Road, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Qianchun Deng
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Oil Crops and Lipids Process Technology National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, No. 2 Xudong 2nd Road, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Hu Tang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Oil Crops and Lipids Process Technology National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, No. 2 Xudong 2nd Road, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Fenghong Huang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Oil Crops and Lipids Process Technology National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, No. 2 Xudong 2nd Road, Wuhan 430062, China
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Anti-Myocardial Infarction Effects of Radix Aconiti Lateralis Preparata Extracts and Their Influence on Small Molecules in the Heart Using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Mass Spectrometry Imaging. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194837. [PMID: 31569464 PMCID: PMC6801437 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Radix Aconiti Lateralis Preparata (fuzi) is the processed product of Aconitum carmichaelii Debeaux tuber, and has great potential anti-myocardial infarction effects, including improving myocardial damage and energy metabolism in rats. However, the effects of Radix Aconiti Lateralis Preparata extracts in a rat model of myocardial infarction have not yet been fully illustrated. Herein, Radix Aconiti Lateral Preparata was used to prepare Radix Aconiti Lateralis Preparata extract (RAE), fuzi polysaccharides (FPS), and fuzi total alkaloid (FTA). Then, we aimed to compare the effects of RAE, FPS, and FTA in MI rats and further explore their influence on small molecules in the heart. We reported that Radix Aconiti Lateralis Preparata extract (RAE) and fuzi total alkaloid (FTA) significantly improved left ventricular function and structure, and reduced myocardial damage and infarct size in rats with myocardial infarction by the left anterior descending artery ligation. In contrast, fuzi polysaccharides (FPS) was less effective than RAE and FTA, indicating that alkaloids might play a major role in the treatment of myocardial infarction. Moreover, via matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization–mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI–MSI), we further showed that RAE and FTA containing alkaloids as the main common components regulated myocardial energy metabolism-related molecules and phospholipids levels and distribution patterns against myocardial infarction. In particular, it was FTA, not RAE, that could also regulate potassium ions and glutamine to play a cardioprotective role in myocardial infarction, which revealed that an appropriate dose of alkaloids generated more obvious cardiotonic effects. These findings together suggested that Radix Aconiti Lateralis Preparata extracts containing an appropriate dose of alkaloids as its main pharmacological active components exerted protective effects against myocardial infarction by improving myocardial energy metabolism abnormalities and changing phospholipids levels and distribution patterns to stabilize the cardiomyocyte membrane structure. Thus, RAE and FTA extracted from Radix Aconiti Lateralis Preparata are potential candidates for the treatment of myocardial infarction.
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Effects of Mitochondrial Dysfunction via AMPK/PGC-1 α Signal Pathway on Pathogenic Mechanism of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy and the Protective Effects of Chinese Medicine. Chin J Integr Med 2019; 25:386-394. [DOI: 10.1007/s11655-018-2579-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Gao YY, Jiang Y, Chen GC, Li SS, Yang F, Ma Q. A Sensitive and Rapid UPLC-MS/MS Method for Determination of Monosaccharides and Anti-Allergic Effect of the Polysaccharides Extracted from Saposhnikoviae Radix. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23081924. [PMID: 30071672 PMCID: PMC6222413 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23081924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Allergic disease is a common clinical disease. Natural products provide an important source for a wide range of potential anti-allergic agents. This study was designed to evaluate the anti-allergic activities of the water-soluble polysaccharides extracted and purified from Saposhnikoviae Radix (SRPS). The composition and content of monosaccharides were determined to provide a material basis. Methods: An ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method was established to determine the composition and content of SRPS. 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) induced a delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) mouse model orally administrated SRPS for seven consecutive days. Ear swelling, organ index, and serum IgE levels were observed to evaluate the anti-allergic activities. Results: The UPLC-MS/MS analysis showed that SRPS was consisted of eight monosaccharides including galacturonic acid, mannose, glucose, galactose, rhamnose, fucose, ribose, and arabinose with a relative molar ratio of 4.42%, 7.86%, 23.69%, 12.06%, 3.10%, 0.45%, 0.71%, and 47.70%, respectively. SRPS could effectively reduce ear swelling, a thymus index, and a serum IgE levels. Conclusions: The method was simple, rapid, sensitive, and reproducible, which could be used to analyze and determine the monosaccharide composition of SRPS. The vivo experiments demonstrated that SRPS may effectively inhibit development of DNFB-induced DTH. SRPS is a novel potential resource for natural anti-allergic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yan Gao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
| | - Yue Jiang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
| | - Guo-Chao Chen
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
| | - Shuang-Shuang Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
| | - Fei Yang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
| | - Qun Ma
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
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