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Cha S, Kim MY. The role of cellular prion protein in immune system. BMB Rep 2023; 56:645-650. [PMID: 37817440 PMCID: PMC10761747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have investigated the cellular prion protein (PrPC) since its discovery. These investigations have explained that its structure is predominantly composed of alpha helices and short beta sheet segments, and when its abnormal scrapie isoform (PrPSc) is infected, PrPSc transforms the PrPC, leading to prion diseases, including Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans and bovine spongiform encephalopathy in cattle. Given its ubiquitous distribution across a variety of cellular types, the PrPC manifests a diverse range of biological functions, including cell-cell adhesion, neuroprotection, signalings, and oxidative stress response. PrPC is also expressed in immune tissues, and its functions in these tissues include the activation of immune cells and the formation of secondary lymphoid tissues, such as the spleen and lymph nodes. Moreover, high expression of PrPC in immune cells plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of prion diseases. In addition, it affects inflammation and the development and progression of cancer via various mechanisms. In this review, we discuss the studies on the role of PrPC from various immunological perspectives. [BMB Reports 2023; 56(12): 645-650].
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghwa Cha
- Department of Bioinformatics and Life Science, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Korea
| | - Mi-Yeon Kim
- Department of Bioinformatics and Life Science, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Korea
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2
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Zhang Y, Jiang B, Zhang P, Chiu SK, Lee MH. Complete abrogation of key osteoclast markers with a membrane-anchored tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase. Bone Joint Res 2022; 11:763-776. [DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.1111.bjr-2022-0147.r2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) are the endogenous inhibitors of the zinc-dependent matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) and A disintegrin and metalloproteinases (ADAM) involved in extracellular matrix modulation. The present study aims to develop the TIMPs as biologics for osteoclast-related disorders. Methods We examine the inhibitory effect of a high affinity, glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-anchored TIMP variant named ‘T1PrαTACE’ on receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast differentiation. Results Osteoclast progenitor cells transduced with T1PrαTACE failed to form tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive osteoclasts or exhibit bone-resorbing activity following treatment with RANKL. At the messenger RNA level, T1PrαTACE strongly attenuated expression of key osteoclast marker genes that included TRAP, cathepsin K, osteoclast stimulatory transmembrane protein ( OC-STAMP), dendritic cell-specific transmembrane protein ( DC-STAMP), osteoclast-associated receptor ( OSCAR) , and ATPase H+-transporting V0 subunit d2 ( ATP6V0D2) by blocking autoamplification of nuclear factor of activated T cells 1 (NFATc1), the osteoclastogenic transcription factor. T1PrαTACE selectively extended p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation, an action that may have interrupted terminal differentiation of osteoclasts. Inhibition studies with broad-spectrum hydroxamate inhibitors confirmed that the anti-resorptive activity of T1PrαTACE was not reliant on its metalloproteinase-inhibitory activity. Conclusion T1PrαTACE disrupts the RANKL-NFATc1 signalling pathway, which leads to osteoclast dysfunction. As a novel candidate in the prevention of osteoclastogenesis, the TIMP could potentially be developed for the treatment of osteoclast-related disorders such as osteoporosis. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2022;11(11):763–776.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihe Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences/Academy of Pharmacy, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China
| | - Bingjie Jiang
- Department of Biological Sciences/Academy of Pharmacy, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China
| | - Pengyuan Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences/Academy of Pharmacy, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China
| | | | - Meng H. Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences/Academy of Pharmacy, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China
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3
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Costa S, Ragusa MA, Lo Buglio G, Scilabra SD, Nicosia A. The Repertoire of Tissue Inhibitors of Metalloproteases: Evolution, Regulation of Extracellular Matrix Proteolysis, Engineering and Therapeutic Challenges. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12081145. [PMID: 36013323 PMCID: PMC9409782 DOI: 10.3390/life12081145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteases (TIMPs) belong to a fascinating protein family expressed in all Metazoa. They act as regulators of the turnover of the extracellular matrix, and they are consistently involved in essential processes. Herein, we recapitulate the main activities of mammalian TIMPs (TIMP1-4) in the control of extracellular-matrix degradation and pathologies associated with aberrant proteostasis. We delineate the activity of TIMPs in the control of extracellular matrix (ECM) homeostasis and discuss the diversity of TIMPs across metazoans taking into account the emergence of the components of the ECM during evolution. Thus, the TIMP repertoire herein analysed includes the homologues from cnidarians, which are coeval with the origins of ECM components; protostomes (molluscs, arthropods and nematodes); and deuterostomes (echinoderms and vertebrates). Several questions, including the maintenance of the structure despite low sequence similarity and the strategies for TIMP engineering, shed light on the possibility to use recombinant TIMPs integrating unique features and binding selectivity for therapeutic applications in the treatment of inflammatory pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Costa
- Department of “Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche” (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (S.C.); (M.A.R.); (G.L.B.)
| | - Maria Antonietta Ragusa
- Department of “Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche” (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (S.C.); (M.A.R.); (G.L.B.)
| | - Gabriele Lo Buglio
- Department of “Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche” (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (S.C.); (M.A.R.); (G.L.B.)
| | - Simone Dario Scilabra
- Proteomics Group of Fondazione Ri.MED, Research Department IRCCS ISMETT, Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad Alta Specializzazione, Via E. Tricomi 5, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Aldo Nicosia
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation—National Research Council (IRIB-CNR), 90146 Palermo, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Bioinformatics Study Identified EGF as a Crucial Gene in Papillary Renal Cell Cancer. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:4761803. [PMID: 35655917 PMCID: PMC9155928 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4761803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Due to a lack of knowledge of the disease process, papillary renal cell carcinoma (PRCC) has a dismal outlook. This research was aimed at uncovering the possible biomarkers and the underlying principles in PRCC using a bioinformatics method. Methods We searched the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets to obtain the GSE11151 and GSE15641 gene expression profiles of PRCC. We used the R package limma to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The online tool DAVID and ClusterProfiler package in R software were used to analyze Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway dominance, respectively. The STRING database was utilized to construct the PPI network of DEGs. Using the Cytoscape technology, a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network that associated with DEGs was created, and the hub genes were identified using the Cytoscape plug-in CytoHubba. The hub genes were subjected to a Kaplan-Meier analysis to identify their correlations with survival rates. Results From the selected datasets, a total of 240 common DEGs were identified in the PRCC, including 50 upregulated genes and 190 downregulated regulated genes. Renal growth, external exosome, binding of heparin, and metabolic processes were all substantially associated with DEGs. The CytoHubba plug-in-based analysis identified the 10 hub genes (ALB, KNG1, C3, CXCL12, EGF, TIMP1, VCAN, PLG, LAMC1, and CASR) from the original PPI network. The higher expression group of EGF was associated with poor outcome in patients with PRCC. Conclusions We revealed important genes and proposed biological pathways that may be implicated in the formation of PRCC. EGF might be a predictive biomarker for PRCC and therefore should be investigated as a novel treatment strategy.
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Ding M, Chen Y, Lang Y, Cui L. The Role of Cellular Prion Protein in Cancer Biology: A Potential Therapeutic Target. Front Oncol 2021; 11:742949. [PMID: 34595121 PMCID: PMC8476782 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.742949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion protein has two isoforms including cellular prion protein (PrPC) and scrapie prion protein (PrPSc). PrPSc is the pathological aggregated form of prion protein and it plays an important role in neurodegenerative diseases. PrPC is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein that can attach to a membrane. Its expression begins at embryogenesis and reaches the highest level in adulthood. PrPC is expressed in the neurons of the nervous system as well as other peripheral organs. Studies in recent years have disclosed the involvement of PrPC in various aspects of cancer biology. In this review, we provide an overview of the current understanding of the roles of PrPC in proliferation, cell survival, invasion/metastasis, and stem cells of cancer cells, as well as its role as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manqiu Ding
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yongqiang Chen
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Yue Lang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Li Cui
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Modulation of peritumoral fibroblasts with a membrane-tethered tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP) for the elimination of cancer cells. Invest New Drugs 2021; 40:198-208. [PMID: 34519970 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-021-01177-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peritumoral fibroblasts are key components of the tumor microenvironment. Through remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and secretion of pro-tumorigenic cytokines, peritumoral fibroblasts foster an immunosuppressive milieu conducive to tumor cell proliferation. In this study, we investigated if peritumoral fibroblasts could be therapeutically engineered to elicit an anti-cancer response by abolishing the proteolytic activities of membrane-bound metalloproteinases involved in ECM modulation. METHODS A high affinity, glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase (TIMP) named "T1PrαTACE" was created for dual inhibition of MT1-MMP and TACE. T1PrαTACE was expressed in fibroblasts and its effects on cancer cell proliferation investigated in 3D co-culture models. RESULTS T1PrαTACE abrogated the activities of MT1-MMP and TACE in host fibroblasts. As a GPI protein, T1PrαTACE could spontaneously detach from the plasma membrane of the fibroblast to co-localize with MT1-MMP and TACE on neighboring cancer cells. In a 3D co-culture model, T1PrαTACE promoted adherence between the cancer cells and surrounding fibroblasts, which led to an attenuation in tumor development. CONCLUSION Peritumoral fibroblasts can be modulated with the TIMP for the elimination of cancer cells. As a novel anti-tumor strategy, our approach could potentially be used in combination with conventional chemo- and immunotherapies for a more effective cancer therapy.
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Heltmann-Meyer S, Steiner D, Müller C, Schneidereit D, Friedrich O, Salehi S, Engel FB, Arkudas A, Horch RE. Gelatin methacryloyl is a slow degrading material allowing vascularization and long-term use in vivo. Biomed Mater 2021; 16. [PMID: 34406979 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ac1e9d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In situtissue engineering is an emerging field aiming at the generation of ready-to-use three-dimensional tissues. One solution to supply a proper vascularization of larger tissues to provide oxygen and nutrients is the arteriovenous loop (AVL) model. However, for this model, suitable scaffold materials are needed that are biocompatible/non-immunogenic, slowly degradable, and allow vascularization. Here, we investigate the suitability of the known gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA)-based hydrogel forin-situtissue engineering utilizing the AVL model. Rat AVLs are embedded by two layers of GelMA hydrogel in an inert PTFE chamber and implanted in the groin. Constructs were explanted after 2 or 4 weeks and analyzed. For this purpose, gross morphological, histological, and multiphoton microscopic analysis were performed. Immune response was analyzed based on anti-CD68 and anti-CD163 staining of immune cells. The occurrence of matrix degradation was assayed by anti-MMP3 staining. Vascularization was analyzed by anti-α-smooth muscle actin staining, multiphoton microscopy, as well as expression analysis of 53 angiogenesis-related proteins utilizing a proteome profiler angiogenesis array kit. Here we show that GelMA hydrogels are stable for at least 4 weeks in the rat AVL model. Furthermore, our data indicate that GelMA hydrogels are biocompatible. Finally, we provide evidence that GelMA hydrogels in the AVL model allow connective tissue formation, as well as vascularization, introducing multiphoton microscopy as a new methodology to visualize neovessel formation originating from the AVL. GelMA is a suitable material forin situandin vivoTE in the AVL model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Heltmann-Meyer
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, 91054, Germany.,Laboratory for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, 91054, Germany
| | - Dominik Steiner
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, 91054, Germany.,Laboratory for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, 91054, Germany
| | - Claudia Müller
- Department for Biomaterials, Faculty of Engineering Science, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth 95447, Germany
| | - Dominik Schneidereit
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen 91052, Germany
| | - Oliver Friedrich
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen 91052, Germany
| | - Sahar Salehi
- Department for Biomaterials, Faculty of Engineering Science, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth 95447, Germany
| | - Felix B Engel
- Department of Nephropathology, Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Andreas Arkudas
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, 91054, Germany.,Laboratory for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, 91054, Germany
| | - Raymund E Horch
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, 91054, Germany.,Laboratory for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, 91054, Germany
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Shi J, Wang K, Xiong Z, Yuan C, Wang C, Cao Q, Yu H, Meng X, Xie K, Cheng Z, Yang H, Chen K, Zhang X. Impact of inflammation and immunotherapy in renal cell carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:272. [PMID: 33014151 PMCID: PMC7520756 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.12135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Substantial research attention has been directed at exploring the mechanisms and treatment of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Indeed, the association between inflammation and tumor phenotypes has been at the center of cancer research. Concomitant with research on the inflammation response and inflammatory molecules involved in RCC, new breakthroughs have emerged. A large body of knowledge now shows that treatments targeting inflammation and immunity in RCC provide substantial clinical benefits. Adequate analysis and a better understanding of the mechanisms of inflammatory factors in the occurrence and progression of RCC are highly desirable. Currently, numerous RCC treatments targeted at inflammation and immunotherapy are available. The current review describes in detail the link between inflammation and RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Shi
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China.,Institute of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Keshan Wang
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China.,Institute of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Zhiyong Xiong
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China.,Institute of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Changfei Yuan
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China.,Institute of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China.,Institute of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Qi Cao
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China.,Institute of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Huang Yu
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China.,Institute of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Xiangui Meng
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China.,Institute of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Kairu Xie
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Zhixian Cheng
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China.,Institute of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Hongmei Yang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Ke Chen
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China.,Institute of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China.,Institute of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
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Extracellular matrix-cell interactions: Focus on therapeutic applications. Cell Signal 2019; 66:109487. [PMID: 31778739 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.109487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) macromolecules together with a multitude of different molecules residing in the extracellular space play a vital role in the regulation of cellular phenotype and behavior. This is achieved via constant reciprocal interactions between the molecules of the ECM and the cells. The ECM-cell interactions are mediated via cell surface receptors either directly or indirectly with co-operative molecules. The ECM is also under perpetual remodeling process influencing cell-signaling pathways on its part. The fragmentation of ECM macromolecules provides even further complexity for the intricate environment of the cells. However, as long as the interactions between the ECM and the cells are in balance, the health of the body is retained. Alternatively, any dysregulation in these interactions can lead to pathological processes and finally to various diseases. Thus, therapeutic applications that are based on retaining normal ECM-cell interactions are highly rationale. Moreover, in the light of the current knowledge, also concurrent multi-targeting of the complex ECM-cell interactions is required for potent pharmacotherapies to be developed in the future.
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Ryskalin L, Busceti CL, Biagioni F, Limanaqi F, Familiari P, Frati A, Fornai F. Prion Protein in Glioblastoma Multiforme. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20205107. [PMID: 31618844 PMCID: PMC6834196 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular prion protein (PrPc) is an evolutionarily conserved cell surface protein encoded by the PRNP gene. PrPc is ubiquitously expressed within nearly all mammalian cells, though most abundantly within the CNS. Besides being implicated in the pathogenesis and transmission of prion diseases, recent studies have demonstrated that PrPc contributes to tumorigenesis by regulating tumor growth, differentiation, and resistance to conventional therapies. In particular, PrPc over-expression has been related to the acquisition of a malignant phenotype of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in a variety of solid tumors, encompassing pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), osteosarcoma, breast cancer, gastric cancer, and primary brain tumors, mostly glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Thus, PrPc is emerging as a key in maintaining glioblastoma cancer stem cells’ (GSCs) phenotype, thereby strongly affecting GBM infiltration and relapse. In fact, PrPc contributes to GSCs niche’s maintenance by modulating GSCs’ stem cell-like properties while restraining them from differentiation. This is the first review that discusses the role of PrPc in GBM. The manuscript focuses on how PrPc may act on GSCs to modify their expression and translational profile while making the micro-environment surrounding the GSCs niche more favorable to GBM growth and infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa Ryskalin
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Carla L Busceti
- I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, via Atinense 18, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy.
| | | | - Fiona Limanaqi
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Pietro Familiari
- Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sense Organs NESMOS, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | | | - Francesco Fornai
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
- I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, via Atinense 18, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy.
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The Rebirth of Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors: Moving Beyond the Dogma. Cells 2019; 8:cells8090984. [PMID: 31461880 PMCID: PMC6769477 DOI: 10.3390/cells8090984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The pursuit of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitors began in earnest over three decades ago. Initial clinical trials were disappointing, resulting in a negative view of MMPs as therapeutic targets. As a better understanding of MMP biology and inhibitor pharmacokinetic properties emerged, it became clear that initial MMP inhibitor clinical trials were held prematurely. Further complicating matters were problematic conclusions drawn from animal model studies. The most recent generation of MMP inhibitors have desirable selectivities and improved pharmacokinetics, resulting in improved toxicity profiles. Application of selective MMP inhibitors led to the conclusion that MMP-2, MMP-9, MMP-13, and MT1-MMP are not involved in musculoskeletal syndrome, a common side effect observed with broad spectrum MMP inhibitors. Specific activities within a single MMP can now be inhibited. Better definition of the roles of MMPs in immunological responses and inflammation will help inform clinic trials, and multiple studies indicate that modulating MMP activity can improve immunotherapy. There is a U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved MMP inhibitor for periodontal disease, and several MMP inhibitors are in clinic trials, targeting a variety of maladies including gastric cancer, diabetic foot ulcers, and multiple sclerosis. It is clearly time to move on from the dogma of viewing MMP inhibition as intractable.
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12
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Translocating a High-Affinity Designer TIMP-1 to the Cell Membrane for Total Renal Carcinoma Inhibition: Putting the Prion Protein to Good Use. Mol Cell Biol 2019; 39:MCB.00128-19. [PMID: 31208977 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00128-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane type 1-matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α)-converting enzyme (TACE) are prominent membrane-anchored metalloproteinases that regulate the turnover of extracellular matrix (ECM) components and bioactive molecules required for cancer proliferation. In this study, we describe a novel approach that would allow tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1), the endogenous inhibitor of the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), to be translocated to the cell membrane for simultaneous MT1-MMP/TACE inhibition. We achieve this by fusing T1TACE, a designer TIMP-1 with superb affinities for MT1-MMP and TACE, to the glycosyl-phosphatidyl inositol anchor of prions to create a membrane-tethered, broad-spectrum inhibitor, named T1Pr αTACE, that colocalizes with MT1-MMP and TACE on the cell surface. Transduction of T1Pr αTACE in human fibrosarcoma cells results not only in a substantial reduction in gelatinolytic and TNF-α/heparin binding epithelial growth factor shedding activities but also in a loss of tubulogenic capability in three-dimensional matrices. In renal carcinoma, T1Pr αTACE triggers cellular senescence and disrupts MMP-mediated proteolysis of ECM components such as fibronectin and collagen I, leading to an impairment in cell motility and survival under both in vitro and in vivo conditions. Taken together, our findings may provide a new perspective in TIMP targeting that could be exploited to halt metastatic renal carcinoma progression.
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