1
|
Patocka J, Wu W, Oleksak P, Jelinkova R, Nepovimova E, Spicanova L, Springerova P, Alomar S, Long M, Kuca K. Fentanyl and its derivatives: Pain-killers or man-killers? Heliyon 2024; 10:e28795. [PMID: 38644874 PMCID: PMC11031787 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Fentanyl is a synthetic μ-opioid receptor agonist approved to treat severe to moderate pain with faster onset of action and about 100 times more potent than morphine. Over last two decades, abuse of fentanyl and its derivatives has an increased trend, globally. Currently, the United States (US) faces the most serious situation related to fentanyl overdose, commonly referred to as the opioid epidemic. Nowadays, fentanyl is considered as the number one cause of death for adults aged 18-45 in the US. Synthesis and derivatization of fentanyl is inexpensive to manufacture and easily achievable. Indeed, more than 1400 fentanyl derivatives have been described in the scientific literature and patents. In addition, accessibility and efficacy of fentanyl and its derivatives can play a potential role in misuse of these compounds as a chemical weapon. In this review, the properties, general pharmacology, and overdose death cases associated with fentanyl and selected derivatives are presented. Moreover, current opioid epidemic in the US, Moscow theatre hostage crisis, and potential misuse of fentanyl and its derivatives as a chemical weapon are disclosed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Patocka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Wenda Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Patrik Oleksak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Romana Jelinkova
- NBC Defence Institute, University of Defence, 68201 Vyskov, Czech Republic
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Spicanova
- Philosophical Faculty, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Pavlina Springerova
- Philosophical Faculty, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Suliman Alomar
- Doping Research Chair, Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh-11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Miao Long
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hirai R, Uesawa Y. Analysis of Opioid-Related Adverse Events in Japan Using FAERS Database. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1541. [PMID: 38004407 PMCID: PMC10675800 DOI: 10.3390/ph16111541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Adverse events associated with opioid use in palliative care have been extensively studied. However, predicting the occurrence of adverse events based on the specific opioid used remains difficult. This study aimed to comprehensively analyze the adverse events related to µ-opioid receptor stimulation of opioids approved in Japan and investigate the tendencies of adverse event occurrence among different opioids. We utilized the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System database to extract reported adverse events for opioids approved in Japan. Cluster analysis was performed on reporting odds ratios (RORs) of adverse event names among opioids to visualize relationships between opioids and adverse events, facilitating a comparative study of their classifications. We calculated the RORs of adverse events for the target opioids. Cluster analysis based on these RORs resulted in five broad clusters based on the reported adverse events: i.e., strong opioids, weak opioids, loperamide, tapentadol, and remifentanil. This study provides a comprehensive classification of the association between μ-opioid-receptor-stimulating opioids and adverse events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yoshihiro Uesawa
- Department of Medical Molecular Informatics, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rehrauer KJ, Cunningham CW. IUPHAR Review - Bivalent and bifunctional opioid receptor ligands as novel analgesics. Pharmacol Res 2023; 197:106966. [PMID: 37865129 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Though efficacious in managing chronic, severe pain, opioid analgesics are accompanied by significant adverse effects including constipation, tolerance, dependence, and respiratory depression. The life-threatening risks associated with µ opioid receptor agonist-based analgesics challenges their use in clinic. A rational approach to combatting these adverse effects is to develop agents that incorporate activity at a second pharmacologic target in addition to µ opioid receptor activation. The promise of such bivalent or bifunctional ligands is the development of an analgesic with an improved side effect profile. In this review, we highlight ongoing efforts in the development of bivalent and bifunctional analgesics that combine µ agonism with efficacy at κ and δ opioid receptors, the nociceptin opioid peptide (NOP) receptor, σ receptors, and cannabinoid receptors. Several examples of bifunctional analgesics in preclinical and clinical development are highlighted, as are strategies being employed toward the rational design of novel agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J Rehrauer
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Concordia University Wisconsin School of Pharmacy, 12800 N. Lake Shore Drive, Mequon, WI 53092, USA
| | - Christopher W Cunningham
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Concordia University Wisconsin School of Pharmacy, 12800 N. Lake Shore Drive, Mequon, WI 53092, USA; CUW Center for Structure-Based Drug Discovery and Development, Concordia University Wisconsin School of Pharmacy, 12800 N. Lake Shore Drive, Mequon, WI 53092, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ramos‐Gonzalez N, Groom S, Sutcliffe KJ, Bancroft S, Bailey CP, Sessions RB, Henderson G, Kelly E. Carfentanil is a β-arrestin-biased agonist at the μ opioid receptor. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:2341-2360. [PMID: 37005796 PMCID: PMC10952505 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The illicit use of fentanyl-like drugs (fentanyls), which are μ opioid receptor agonists, and the many overdose deaths that result, has become a major problem. Fentanyls are very potent in vivo, leading to respiratory depression and death. However, the efficacy and possible signalling bias of different fentanyls is not clearly known. Here, we compared the relative efficacy and bias of a series of fentanyls. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH For agonist signalling bias and efficacy measurements, Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer experiments were undertaken in HEK293T cells transiently transfected with μ opioid receptors, to assess Gi protein activation and β-arrestin 2 recruitment. Agonist-induced cell surface receptor loss was assessed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, whilst agonist-induced G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel current activation was measured electrophysiologically from rat locus coeruleus slices. Ligand poses in the μ opioid receptor were determined in silico using molecular dynamics simulations. KEY RESULTS Relative to the reference ligand DAMGO, carfentanil was β-arrestin-biased, whereas fentanyl, sufentanil and alfentanil did not display bias. Carfentanil induced potent and extensive cell surface receptor loss, whilst the marked desensitisation of G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel currents in the continued presence of carfentanil in neurones was prevented by a GRK2/3 inhibitor. Molecular dynamics simulations suggested unique interactions of carfentanil with the orthosteric site of the receptor that could underlie the bias. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Carfentanil is a β-arrestin-biased opioid drug at the μ receptor. It is uncertain how such bias influences in vivo effects of carfentanil relative to other fentanyls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sam Groom
- Department of Pharmacy and PharmacologyUniversity of BathBathUK
| | - Katy J. Sutcliffe
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and NeuroscienceUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - Sukhvinder Bancroft
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and NeuroscienceUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - Chris P. Bailey
- Department of Pharmacy and PharmacologyUniversity of BathBathUK
| | | | - Graeme Henderson
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and NeuroscienceUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - Eamonn Kelly
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and NeuroscienceUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Agarwal A, Evans M, Mogallapu R, Kothe N, Ang-Rabanes M. Toxic Leukoencephalopathy After "Chasing the Dragon" With a Non-Heroin Opioid. Cureus 2023; 15:e45774. [PMID: 38188695 PMCID: PMC10770636 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.45774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
In the United States, the rate of opioid use increases each year. With this, users are engaging in more non-traditional methods of usage. "Chasing the dragon" is a term used to describe opioid inhalation, where the user heats the opioid and then inhales the smoke. While this method of usage is typically associated with a quicker high and fewer adverse effects, it can also lead to toxic leukoencephalopathy (TLE). TLE is defined as a structural alteration of the brain's white matter due to toxic exposure, such as heroin. A 57-year-old woman with a history of polysubstance abuse was admitted to the hospital after weeks of erratic behavior. At presentation, her urine drug screen was found to be positive for oxycodone (which was prescribed to her) and fentanyl. A brain MRI was eventually done, which showed a periventricular leukoencephalopathy characteristic of opioid inhalation. Traditionally, opioid-related TLE is due to heroin, and patients are found to have very dramatic motor issues. As this patient did not report a history of heroin use and did not present with significant motor deficits, this report highlights the need to maintain a level of suspicion for TLE. As levels of opioid use continue to rise, it is likely that many presentations like that of the patient outlined in this report will be seen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aayushi Agarwal
- Psychiatry, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Martinsburg, USA
| | - Megan Evans
- Psychiatry, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Martinsburg, USA
| | - Raja Mogallapu
- Psychiatry, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Martinsburg, USA
| | - Nycole Kothe
- Psychiatry, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Martinsburg, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Amend N, Thiermann H, Worek F, Wille T. A pharmacologically pre-contracted smooth muscle bowel model for the study of highly-potent opioid receptor agonists and antagonists. Toxicol Lett 2023:S0378-4274(23)00187-X. [PMID: 37245850 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2023.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Isolated organ models are a versatile tool for pharmacological and toxicological research. Small bowel has been used to assess the inhibition of smooth muscle contraction by opioids. In the present study, we set out to establish a pharmacologically stimulated rat bowel model. The effects of carfentanil, remifentanil and the new synthetic opioid U-48800 and their respective antagonists naloxone, nalmefene and naltrexone were studied in a small bowel model in rats. The IC50 values of the tested opioids were as follows: carfentanil (IC50 = 0.02 µmol/L, CI 0.02-0.03 µmol/L) ≫ remifentanil (IC50 = 0.51 µmol/L, CI 0.40-0.66 µmol/L) ≫ U-48800 (IC50 = 1.36 µmol/L, CI 1.20-1.54 µmol/L). The administration of the opioid receptor antagonists naloxone, naltrexone and nalmefene led to progressive, parallel rightward shifts of the dose-response curves. Naltrexone was most potent in antagonizing the effects of U-48800, whereas naltrexone and nalmefene were most effective in antagonizing the effects of carfentanil. In summary, the current model seems to be a robust tool to study opioid effects in a small bowel model without the necessity of using electrical stimulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niko Amend
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstr. 11, 80937 Munich, Germany.
| | - Horst Thiermann
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstr. 11, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Franz Worek
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstr. 11, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Timo Wille
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstr. 11, 80937 Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mayer BP, Kennedy DJ, Lau EY, Valdez CA. Evaluation of polyanionic cyclodextrins as high affinity binding scaffolds for fentanyl. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2680. [PMID: 36792632 PMCID: PMC9932099 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29662-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclodextrins (CDs) have been previously shown to display modest equilibrium binding affinities (Ka ~ 100-200 M-1) for the synthetic opioid analgesic fentanyl. In this work, we describe the synthesis of new CDs possessing extended thioalkylcarboxyl or thioalkylhydroxyl moieties and assess their binding affinity towards fentanyl hydrochloride. The optimal CD studied displays a remarkable affinity for the opioid of Ka = 66,500 M-1, the largest value reported for such an inclusion complex to date. One dimensional 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) as well as Rotational Frame Overhauser Spectroscopy (2D-ROESY) experiments supported by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations suggest an unexpected binding behavior, with fentanyl able to bind the CD interior in one of two distinct orientations. Binding energies derived from the MD simulations work correlate strongly with NMR-derived affinities highlighting its utility as a predictive tool for CD candidate optimization. The performance of these host molecules portends their utility as platforms for medical countermeasures for opioid exposure, as biosensors, and in other forensic science applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian P. Mayer
- grid.250008.f0000 0001 2160 9702Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550 USA ,grid.250008.f0000 0001 2160 9702Nuclear and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA L-090 94550 USA ,grid.250008.f0000 0001 2160 9702Forensic Science Center, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550 USA
| | - Daniel J. Kennedy
- grid.250008.f0000 0001 2160 9702Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550 USA ,grid.250008.f0000 0001 2160 9702Nuclear and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA L-090 94550 USA ,grid.250008.f0000 0001 2160 9702Forensic Science Center, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550 USA
| | - Edmond Y. Lau
- grid.250008.f0000 0001 2160 9702Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550 USA ,grid.250008.f0000 0001 2160 9702Nuclear and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA L-090 94550 USA ,grid.250008.f0000 0001 2160 9702Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550 USA
| | - Carlos A. Valdez
- grid.250008.f0000 0001 2160 9702Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550 USA ,grid.250008.f0000 0001 2160 9702Nuclear and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA L-090 94550 USA ,grid.250008.f0000 0001 2160 9702Forensic Science Center, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550 USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Vliet SMF, Hazemi M, Blatz D, Jensen M, Mayasich S, Transue TR, Simmons C, Wilkinson A, LaLone CA. Demonstration of the Sequence Alignment to Predict Across Species Susceptibility Tool for Rapid Assessment of Protein Conservation. J Vis Exp 2023:10.3791/63970. [PMID: 36847398 PMCID: PMC10758989 DOI: 10.3791/63970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The US Environmental Protection Agency Sequence Alignment to Predict Across Species Susceptibility (SeqAPASS) tool is a fast, freely available, online screening application that allows researchers and regulators to extrapolate toxicity information across species. For biological targets in model systems such as human cells, mice, rats, and zebrafish, toxicity data are available for a variety of chemicals. Through the evaluation of protein target conservation, this tool can be used to extrapolate data generated from such model systems to thousands of other species lacking toxicity data, yielding predictions of relative intrinsic chemical susceptibility. The latest releases of the tool (versions 2.0-6.1) have incorporated new features that allow for the rapid synthesis, interpretation, and use of the data for publication plus presentation-quality graphics. Among these features are customizable data visualizations and a comprehensive summary report designed to summarize SeqAPASS data for ease of interpretation. This paper describes the protocol to guide users through submitting jobs, navigating the various levels of protein sequence comparisons, and interpreting and displaying the resulting data. New features of SeqAPASS v2.0-6.0 are highlighted. Furthermore, two use-cases focused on transthyretin and opioid receptor protein conservation using this tool are described. Finally, SeqAPASS' strengths and limitations are discussed to define the domain of applicability for the tool and highlight different applications for cross-species extrapolation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara M F Vliet
- Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Scientific Computing and Data Curation Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency;
| | | | | | - Marissa Jensen
- Swenson College of Science and Engineering, Department of Biology, University of Minnesota Duluth
| | | | | | - Cody Simmons
- General Dynamics Information Technology, Research Triangle Park
| | | | - Carlie A LaLone
- Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kong L, Shata MTM, Brown JL, Lyons MS, Sherman KE, Blackard JT. The synthetic opioid fentanyl increases HIV replication and chemokine co-receptor expression in vitro. J Neurovirol 2022; 28:583-594. [PMID: 35976538 PMCID: PMC11135282 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-022-01090-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The US is experiencing a major public health crisis that is fueled by the illicit use of synthetic opioids including fentanyl. While several drugs of abuse can enhance viral replication and/or antagonize immune responses, the impact of specific synthetic opioids on HIV pathogenesis is poorly understood. Thus, we evaluated the effects of fentanyl on HIV replication in vitro. HIV-susceptible or HIV-expressing cell lines were incubated with fentanyl. HIV p24 synthesis and chemokine receptor levels were quantified by ELISA in culture supernatants and cell lysates, respectively. Addition of fentanyl resulted in a dose-dependent increase in HIV replication. Fentanyl enhanced expression of the HIV chemokine co-receptors CXCR4 and CCR5 and caused a dose-dependent decrease in cell viability. The opioid antagonist naltrexone blocked the effect of fentanyl on HIV replication and CCR5 receptor levels but not CXCR4 receptor levels. TLR9 expression was induced by HIV; however, fentanyl inhibited TLR9 expression in a dose-dependent manner. These data demonstrate that the synthetic opioid fentanyl can promote HIV replication in vitro. As increased HIV levels are associated with accelerated disease progression and higher likelihood of transmission, additional research is required to enhance the understanding of opioid-virus interactions and to develop new and/or optimized treatment strategies for persons with HIV and opioid use disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Kong
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, ML 0595, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0595, USA
| | - Mohamed Tarek M Shata
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, ML 0595, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0595, USA
| | - Jennifer L Brown
- Addiction Sciences Division, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Center for Addiction Research, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Michael S Lyons
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Center for Addiction Research, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kenneth E Sherman
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, ML 0595, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0595, USA
- Center for Addiction Research, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jason T Blackard
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, ML 0595, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0595, USA.
- Center for Addiction Research, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lahmy R, Hübner H, Schmidt MF, Lachmann D, Gmeiner P, König B. Photochromic Fentanyl Derivatives for Controlled μ-Opioid Receptor Activation. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201515. [PMID: 35899620 PMCID: PMC9826449 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Photoswitchable ligands as biological tools provide an opportunity to explore the kinetics and dynamics of the clinically relevant μ-opioid receptor. These ligands can potentially activate or deactivate the receptor when desired by using light. Spatial and temporal control of biological activity allows for application in a diverse range of biological investigations. Photoswitchable ligands have been developed in this work, modelled on the known agonist fentanyl, with the aim of expanding the current "toolbox" of fentanyl photoswitchable ligands. In doing so, ligands have been developed that change geometry (isomerize) upon exposure to light, with varying photophysical and biochemical properties. This variation in properties could be valuable in further studying the functional significance of the μ-opioid receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ranit Lahmy
- Institute of Organic ChemistryDepartment of Chemistry and PharmacyUniversity of Regensburg93053RegensburgGermany
| | - Harald Hübner
- Department of Chemistry and PharmacyFriedrich Alexander University91052ErlangenGermany
| | - Maximilian F. Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry and PharmacyFriedrich Alexander University91052ErlangenGermany
| | - Daniel Lachmann
- Institute of Organic ChemistryDepartment of Chemistry and PharmacyUniversity of Regensburg93053RegensburgGermany
| | - Peter Gmeiner
- Department of Chemistry and PharmacyFriedrich Alexander University91052ErlangenGermany
| | - Burkhard König
- Institute of Organic ChemistryDepartment of Chemistry and PharmacyUniversity of Regensburg93053RegensburgGermany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Remifentanil pharmacodynamics during conscious sedation using algometry: a more clinically relevant pharmacodynamical model. Br J Anaesth 2022; 129:868-878. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2022.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|
12
|
Zhuang T, Xiong J, Ren X, Liang L, Qi Z, Zhang S, Du W, Chen Y, Liu X, Zhang G. Benzylaminofentanyl derivates: Discovery of bifunctional μ opioid and σ1 receptor ligands as novel analgesics with reduced adverse effects. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 241:114649. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
13
|
Han Y, Cao L, Yuan K, Shi J, Yan W, Lu L. Unique Pharmacology, Brain Dysfunction, and Therapeutic Advancements for Fentanyl Misuse and Abuse. Neurosci Bull 2022; 38:1365-1382. [PMID: 35570233 PMCID: PMC9107910 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-022-00872-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fentanyl is a fully synthetic opioid with analgesic and anesthetic properties. It has become a primary driver of the deadliest opioid crisis in the United States and elsewhere, consequently imposing devastating social, economic, and health burdens worldwide. However, the neural mechanisms that underlie the behavioral effects of fentanyl and its analogs are largely unknown, and approaches to prevent fentanyl abuse and fentanyl-related overdose deaths are scarce. This review presents the abuse potential and unique pharmacology of fentanyl and elucidates its potential mechanisms of action, including neural circuit dysfunction and neuroinflammation. We discuss recent progress in the development of pharmacological interventions, anti-fentanyl vaccines, anti-fentanyl/heroin conjugate vaccines, and monoclonal antibodies to attenuate fentanyl-seeking and prevent fentanyl-induced respiratory depression. However, translational studies and clinical trials are still lacking. Considering the present opioid crisis, the development of effective pharmacological and immunological strategies to prevent fentanyl abuse and overdose are urgently needed.
Collapse
|
14
|
The Potential of Methocinnamox as a Future Treatment for Opioid Use Disorder: A Narrative Review. PHARMACY 2022; 10:pharmacy10030048. [PMID: 35645327 PMCID: PMC9149874 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy10030048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The opioid epidemic is an ongoing public health crisis, and the United States health system is overwhelmed with increasing numbers of opioid-related overdoses. Methocinnamox (MCAM) is a novel mu opioid receptor antagonist with an extended duration of action. MCAM has potential to reduce the burden of the opioid epidemic by being used as an overdose rescue treatment and a long-term treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD). The currently available treatments for OUD include naloxone, naltrexone, and methadone. These treatments have certain limitations, which include short duration of action, patient non-compliance, and diversion. A narrative review was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar databases covering the history of the opioid epidemic, pain receptors, current OUD treatments and the novel drug MCAM. MCAM could potentially be used as both a rescue and long-term treatment for opioid misuse. This is due to its pseudo-irreversible antagonism of the mu opioid receptor, abnormally long duration of action of nearly two weeks, and the possibility of using kappa or delta opioid receptor agonists for pain management during OUD treatment. MCAM’s novel pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties open a new avenue for treating opioid misuse.
Collapse
|
15
|
Nami M, Salehi P, Bararjanian M, Delshad NS, Heidari B, Khoramjouy M, Shahhosseini S, Faizi M. Novel norsufentanil analogues containing triazole ring; synthesis, radioligand binding assay, and pharmacological evaluation. Med Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-022-02874-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
16
|
Lipiński PFJ, Matalińska J. Fentanyl Structure as a Scaffold for Opioid/Non-Opioid Multitarget Analgesics. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052766. [PMID: 35269909 PMCID: PMC8910985 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the strategies in the search for safe and effective analgesic drugs is the design of multitarget analgesics. Such compounds are intended to have high affinity and activity at more than one molecular target involved in pain modulation. In the present contribution we summarize the attempts in which fentanyl or its substructures were used as a μ-opioid receptor pharmacophoric fragment and a scaffold to which fragments related to non-opioid receptors were attached. The non-opioid ‘second’ targets included proteins as diverse as imidazoline I2 binding sites, CB1 cannabinoid receptor, NK1 tachykinin receptor, D2 dopamine receptor, cyclooxygenases, fatty acid amide hydrolase and monoacylglycerol lipase and σ1 receptor. Reviewing the individual attempts, we outline the chemistry, the obtained pharmacological properties and structure-activity relationships. Finally, we discuss the possible directions for future work.
Collapse
|
17
|
Mahinthichaichan P, Vo QN, Ellis CR, Shen J. Kinetics and Mechanism of Fentanyl Dissociation from the μ-Opioid Receptor. JACS AU 2021; 1:2208-2215. [PMID: 34977892 PMCID: PMC8715493 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Driven by illicit fentanyl, opioid related deaths have reached the highest level in 2020. Currently, an opioid overdose is resuscitated by the use of naloxone, which competitively binds and antagonizes the μ-opioid receptor (mOR). Thus, knowledge of the residence times of opioids at mOR and the unbinding mechanisms is valuable for assessing the effectiveness of naloxone. In the present study, we calculate the fentanyl-mOR dissociation time and elucidate the mechanism by applying an enhanced sampling molecular dynamics (MD) technique. Two sets of metadynamics simulations with different initial structures were performed while accounting for the protonation state of the conserved H2976.52, which has been suggested to modulate the ligand-mOR affinity and binding mode. Surprisingly, with the Nδ-protonated H2976.52, fentanyl can descend as much as 10 Å below the level of the conserved D1473.32 before escaping the receptor and has a calculated residence time τ of 38 s. In contrast, with the Nϵ- and doubly protonated H2976.52, the calculated τ are 2.6 and 0.9 s, respectively. Analysis suggests that formation of the piperidine-Hid297 hydrogen bond strengthens the hydrophobic contacts with the transmembrane helix (TM) 6, allowing fentanyl to explore a deep pocket. Considering the experimental τ of ∼4 min for fentanyl and the role of TM6 in mOR activation, the deep insertion mechanism may be biologically relevant. The work paves the way for large-scale computational predictions of opioid dissociation rates to inform evaluation of strategies for opioid overdose reversal. The profound role of the histidine protonation state found here may shift the paradigm in computational studies of ligand-receptor kinetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paween Mahinthichaichan
- Division
of Applied Regulatory Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office
of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug
Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Quynh N. Vo
- Division
of Applied Regulatory Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office
of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug
Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Christopher R. Ellis
- Division
of Applied Regulatory Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office
of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug
Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Jana Shen
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Vearrier D, Grundmann O. Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicity, and Abuse Potential of Opioids. J Clin Pharmacol 2021; 61 Suppl 2:S70-S88. [PMID: 34396552 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.1923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Opioids were the most common drug class resulting in overdose deaths in the United States in 2019. Widespread clinical use of prescription opioids for moderate to severe pain contributed to the ongoing opioid epidemic with the subsequent emergence of fentanyl-laced heroin. More potent analogues of fentanyl and structurally diverse opioid receptor agonists such as AH-7921 and MT-45 are fueling an increasingly diverse illicit opioid supply. Overdose from synthetic opioids with high binding affinities may not respond to a typical naloxone dose, thereby rendering autoinjectors less effective, requiring higher antagonist doses or resulting in a confusing clinical picture for health care providers. Nonscheduled opioid drugs such as loperamide and dextromethorphan are associated with dependence and risk of overdose as easier access makes them attractive to opioid users. Despite a common opioid-mediated pathway, several opioids present with unique pharmacodynamic properties leading to acute toxicity and dependence development. Pharmacokinetic considerations involve half-life of the parent opioid and its metabolites as well as resulting toxicity, as is established for tramadol, codeine, and oxycodone. Pharmacokinetic considerations, toxicities, and treatment approaches for notable opioids are reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Vearrier
- Emergency Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Oliver Grundmann
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
This paper is the forty-second consecutive installment of the annual anthological review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system, summarizing articles published during 2019 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides and receptors as well as effects of opioid/opiate agonists and antagonists. The review is subdivided into the following specific topics: molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors (1), the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia in animals (2) and humans (3), opioid-sensitive and opioid-insensitive effects of nonopioid analgesics (4), opioid peptide and receptor involvement in tolerance and dependence (5), stress and social status (6), learning and memory (7), eating and drinking (8), drug abuse and alcohol (9), sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (10), mental illness and mood (11), seizures and neurologic disorders (12), electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (13), general activity and locomotion (14), gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (15), cardiovascular responses (16), respiration and thermoregulation (17), and immunological responses (18).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd., Flushing, NY, 11367, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Baby S, Gruber R, Discala J, Puskovic V, Jose N, Cheng F, Jenkins M, Seckler J, Lewis S. Systemic Administration of Tempol Attenuates the Cardiorespiratory Depressant Effects of Fentanyl. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:690407. [PMID: 34248639 PMCID: PMC8260831 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.690407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fentanyl is a high-potency opioid receptor agonist that elicits profound analgesia and suppression of breathing in humans and animals. To date, there is limited evidence as to whether changes in oxidant stress are important factors in any of the actions of acutely administered fentanyl. This study determined whether the clinically approved superoxide dismutase mimetic, Tempol (4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl), or a potent antioxidant, N-acetyl-L-cysteine methyl ester (L-NACme), modify the cardiorespiratory and analgesic actions of fentanyl. We examined whether the prior systemic injection of Tempol or L-NACme affects the cardiorespiratory and/or analgesic responses elicited by the subsequent injection of fentanyl in isoflurane-anesthetized and/or freely moving male Sprague-Dawley rats. Bolus injections of Tempol (25, 50 or 100 mg/kg, IV) elicited minor increases in frequency of breathing, tidal volume and minute ventilation. The ventilatory-depressant effects of fentanyl (5 μg/kg, IV) given 15 min later were dose-dependently inhibited by prior injections of Tempol. Tempol elicited dose-dependent and transient hypotension that had (except for the highest dose) resolved when fentanyl was injected. The hypotensive responses elicited by fentanyl were markedly blunted after Tempol pretreatment. The analgesic actions of fentanyl (25 μg/kg, IV) were not affected by Tempol (100 mg/kg, IV). L-NACme did not modify any of the effects of fentanyl. We conclude that prior administration of Tempol attenuates the cardiorespiratory actions of fentanyl without affecting the analgesic effects of this potent opioid. As such, Tempol may not directly affect opioid-receptors that elicit the effects of fentanyl. Whether, the effects of Tempol are solely due to alterations in oxidative stress is in doubt since the powerful antioxidant, L-NACme, did not affect fentanyl-induced suppression of breathing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Santhosh Baby
- Galleon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Horsham, PA, United States
| | - Ryan Gruber
- Galleon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Horsham, PA, United States
| | - Joseph Discala
- Galleon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Horsham, PA, United States
| | | | - Nijo Jose
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, India
| | - Feixiong Cheng
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Michael Jenkins
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - James Seckler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Stephen Lewis
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Meyer ME, Doshi A, Yasuda D, Zaveri NT. Structure-Based SAR in the Design of Selective or Bifunctional Nociceptin (NOP) Receptor Agonists. AAPS JOURNAL 2021; 23:68. [PMID: 33974173 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-021-00589-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The nociceptin opioid receptor (NOP), the fourth member of the opioid receptor family, and its endogenous peptide ligand, nociceptin or orphanin FQ (N/OFQ), play a vital role in several central nervous system pathways regulating pain, reward, feeding, anxiety, motor control and learning/memory. Both selective NOP agonists as well as bifunctional agonists at the NOP and mu opioid receptor (MOP) have potential therapeutic applications in CNS disorders related to these processes. Using Surflex-Dock protocols, we conducted a computational structure-activity study of four scaffold classes of NOP ligands with varying NOP-MOP selectivity. By docking these compounds into the orthosteric binding sites within an active-state NOP homology model, and an active-state MOP crystal structure, the goal of this study was to use a structure-based drug design approach to modulate NOP affinity and NOP vs. MOP selectivity. We first docked four parent compounds (no side chain) to determine their binding interactions within the NOP and MOP binding pockets. Various polar sidechains were added to the heterocyclic A-pharmacophore to modulate NOP ligand affinity. The substitutions mainly contained a 1-2 carbon chain with a polar substituent such as an amine, alcohol, sulfamide, or guanidine. The SAR analysis is focused on the impact of structural changes in the sidechain, such as chain length, hydrogen bonding capability, and basic vs neutral functional groups on binding affinity and selectivity at both NOP and MOP receptors. This study highlights structural modifications that can be leveraged to rationally design both selective NOP and bifunctional NOP-MOP agonists with different ratios of functional efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Meyer
- Astraea Therapeutics, LLC, 320 Logue Avenue, Mountain View, California, 94043, USA
| | - Arpit Doshi
- Astraea Therapeutics, LLC, 320 Logue Avenue, Mountain View, California, 94043, USA
| | - Dennis Yasuda
- Astraea Therapeutics, LLC, 320 Logue Avenue, Mountain View, California, 94043, USA
| | - Nurulain T Zaveri
- Astraea Therapeutics, LLC, 320 Logue Avenue, Mountain View, California, 94043, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kong L, Karns R, Shata MTM, Brown JL, Lyons MS, Sherman KE, Blackard JT. The synthetic opioid fentanyl enhances viral replication in vitro. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249581. [PMID: 33852610 PMCID: PMC8046189 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The US is in the midst of a major drug epidemic fueled in large part by the widespread recreational use of synthetic opioids such as fentanyl. Persons with opioid use disorder are at significant risk for transmission of injection-associated infections such as hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV). Commonly abused substances may antagonize immune responses and promote viral replication. However, the impact of synthetic opioids on virus replication has not been well explored. Thus, we evaluated the impact of fentanyl and carfentanil using in vitro systems that replicate infectious viruses. Fentanyl was used in cell lines replicating HBV or HCV at concentrations of 1 ng, 100 ng, and 10 ug. Viral protein synthesis was quantified by ELISA, while apoptosis and cell death were measured by M30 or MTT assays, respectively. HCV replicative fitness was evaluated in a luciferase-based system. RNAseq was performed to evaluate cellular gene regulation in the presence of fentanyl. Low dose fentanyl had no impact on HCV replication in Huh7.5JFH1 hepatocytes; however, higher doses significantly enhanced HCV replication. Similarly, a dose-dependent increase in HCV replicative fitness was observed in the presence of fentanyl. In the HepG2.2.15 hepatocyte cell line, fentanyl caused a dose-dependent increase in HBV replication, although only a higher doses than for HCV. Addition of fentanyl resulted in significant apoptosis in both hepatocyte cell lines. Cell death was minimal at low drug concentrations. RNAseq identified a number of hepatocyte genes that were differentially regulated by fentanyl, including those related to apoptosis, the antiviral / interferon response, chemokine signaling, and NFκB signaling. Collectively, these data suggest that synthetic opioids promote viral replication but may have distinct effects depending on the drug dose and the viral target. As higher viral loads are associated with pathogenesis and virus transmission, additional research is essential to an enhanced understanding of opioid-virus pathogenesis and for the development of new and optimized treatment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Kong
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Rebekah Karns
- Digestive Health Center, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Mohamed Tarek M. Shata
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Brown
- Addiction Sciences Division, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Center for Addiction Research, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Lyons
- Center for Addiction Research, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Kenneth E. Sherman
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Center for Addiction Research, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Jason T. Blackard
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Center for Addiction Research, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Vo QN, Mahinthichaichan P, Shen J, Ellis CR. How μ-opioid receptor recognizes fentanyl. Nat Commun 2021; 12:984. [PMID: 33579956 PMCID: PMC7881245 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21262-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Roughly half of the drug overdose-related deaths in the United States are related to synthetic opioids represented by fentanyl which is a potent agonist of mu-opioid receptor (mOR). In recent years, X-ray crystal structures of mOR in complex with morphine derivatives have been determined; however, structural basis of mOR activation by fentanyl-like opioids remains lacking. Exploiting the X-ray structure of BU72-bound mOR and several molecular simulation techniques, we elucidated the detailed binding mechanism of fentanyl. Surprisingly, in addition to the salt-bridge binding mode common to morphinan opiates, fentanyl can move deeper and form a stable hydrogen bond with the conserved His2976.52, which has been suggested to modulate mOR's ligand affinity and pH dependence by previous mutagenesis experiments. Intriguingly, this secondary binding mode is only accessible when His2976.52 adopts a neutral HID tautomer. Alternative binding modes may represent a general mechanism in G protein-coupled receptor-ligand recognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quynh N Vo
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, United State Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Paween Mahinthichaichan
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, United State Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jana Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Christopher R Ellis
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, United State Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Vo QN, Mahinthichaichan P, Shen J, Ellis CR. How μ-Opioid Receptor Recognizes Fentanyl. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020:2020.08.16.253013. [PMID: 32839778 PMCID: PMC7444290 DOI: 10.1101/2020.08.16.253013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In 2019, drug overdose has claimed over 70,000 lives in the United States. More than half of the deaths are related to synthetic opioids represented by fentanyl which is a potent agonist of mu-opioid receptor (mOR). In recent years, the crystal structures of mOR in complex with morphine derivatives have been determined; however, structural basis of mOR activation by fentanyl-like synthetic opioids remains lacking. Exploiting the X-ray structure of mOR bound to a morphinan ligand and several state-of-the-art simulation techniques, including weighted ensemble and continuous constant pH molecular dynamics, we elucidated the detailed binding mechanism of fentanyl with mOR. Surprisingly, in addition to forming a salt-bridge with Asp1473.32 in the orthosteric site common to morphinan opiates, fentanyl can move deeper and bind mOR through hydrogen bonding with a conserved histidine His2976.52, which has been shown to modulate mOR's ligand affinity and pH dependence in mutagenesis experiments, but its precise role remains unclear. Intriguingly, the secondary binding mode is only accessible when His297 adopts a neutral HID tautomer. Alternative binding modes and involvement of tautomer states may represent general mechanisms in G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)-ligand recognition. Our work provides a starting point for understanding the molecular basis of mOR activation by fentanyl which has many analogs emerging at a rapid pace. The knowledge may also inform the design of safer analgesics to combat the opioid crisis. Current protein simulation studies employ standard protonation and tautomer states; our work demonstrates the need to move beyond the practice to advance our understanding of protein-ligand recognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quynh N Vo
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, United State Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Paween Mahinthichaichan
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, United State Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Jana Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Christopher R Ellis
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, United State Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Eshleman AJ, Nagarajan S, Wolfrum KM, Reed JF, Nilsen A, Torralva R, Janowsky A. Affinity, potency, efficacy, selectivity, and molecular modeling of substituted fentanyls at opioid receptors. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 182:114293. [PMID: 33091380 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Substituted fentanyls are abused and cause rapid fatal overdose. As their pharmacology is not well characterized, we examined in vitro pharmacology and structure-activity relationships of 22 substituted fentanyls with modifications of the fentanyl propyl group, and conducted in silico receptor/ligand modeling. Affinities for mu, kappa, and delta opioid receptors (MOR, KOR, and DOR, respectively) heterologously expressed in mammalian cells were assessed in agonist radioligand binding assays. At MOR, furanyl fentanyl had higher affinity than fentanyl, while acryl, isobutyryl and cyclopropyl fentanyls had similar affinities. Comparing affinities, thiophene and methoxyacetyl fentanyls had highest selectivity for MOR (2520- and 2730-fold compared to KOR and DOR, respectively). Functional activities were assessed using [35S]GTPγS binding assays. At MOR, furanyl fentanyl had higher potency and 11 substituted fentanyls had similar high potencies compared to fentanyl. Eight compounds were full agonists of MOR and twelve compounds were partial agonists, with efficacies from 8.8% (phenyl fentanyl) to 60.2% (butyryl fentanyl). All efficacious compounds had selective functional potency for MOR. The predicted binding poses of flexible fentanyl and rigid morphine against MOR show partially overlapping binding pockets, with fentanyl maintaining additional interaction with the transmembrane (TM) 2 helix. Subsequent molecular dynamics simulations revealed a predominant fentanyl binding pose involving various TM interactions. The piperidine nitrogen of substituted fentanyls establishes a salt-bridge with the conserved D-1473.32 residue and the propanamide carbonyl group establishes a hydrogen bond with the indole side-chain (-NH) of W-3187.35. The simulation suggests theN-linked phenethyl group may regulate the rotameric switch of W-2936.48. The predicted binding pose, in conjunction with in vitro binding affinity, clarified the molecular basis of the binding/selectivity profile of furanyl fentanyl and other derivatives at the sequence level. In summary, substituted fentanyls with high MOR potencies, selectivities, and efficacies are likely to have abuse and overdose potential. The work presented here is a prototype to investigate fentanyl derivatives and their abuse potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy J Eshleman
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Shanthi Nagarajan
- Medicinal Chemistry Core, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Katherine M Wolfrum
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, United States
| | - John F Reed
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Aaron Nilsen
- Medicinal Chemistry Core, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Randy Torralva
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Aaron Janowsky
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States; The Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Matalińska J, Lipiński PFJ, Kosson P, Kosińska K, Misicka A. In Vivo, In Vitro and In Silico Studies of the Hybrid Compound AA3266, an Opioid Agonist/NK1R Antagonist with Selective Cytotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7738. [PMID: 33086743 PMCID: PMC7588979 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AA3266 is a hybrid compound consisting of opioid receptor agonist and neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1R) antagonist pharmacophores. It was designed with the desire to have an analgesic molecule with improved properties and auxiliary anticancer activity. Previously, the compound was found to exhibit high affinity for μ- and δ-opioid receptors, while moderate binding to NK1R. In the presented contribution, we report on a deeper investigation of this hybrid. In vivo, we have established that AA3266 has potent antinociceptive activity in acute pain model, comparable to that of morphine. Desirably, with prolonged administration, our hybrid induces less tolerance than morphine does. AA3266, contrary to morphine, does not cause development of constipation, which is one of the main undesirable effects of opioid use. In vitro, we have confirmed relatively strong cytotoxic activity on a few selected cancer cell lines, similar to or greater than that of a reference NK1R antagonist, aprepitant. Importantly, our compound affects normal cells to smaller extent what makes our compound more selective against cancer cells. In silico methods, including molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations and fragment molecular orbital calculations, have been used to investigate the interactions of AA3266 with MOR and NK1R. Insights from these will guide structural optimization of opioid/antitachykinin hybrid compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Matalińska
- Department of Neuropeptides, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (K.K.); (A.M.)
| | - Piotr F. J. Lipiński
- Department of Neuropeptides, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (K.K.); (A.M.)
| | - Piotr Kosson
- Toxicology Research Laboratory, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Kosińska
- Department of Neuropeptides, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (K.K.); (A.M.)
| | - Aleksandra Misicka
- Department of Neuropeptides, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (K.K.); (A.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Åstrand A, Vikingsson S, Jakobsen I, Björn N, Kronstrand R, Gréen H. Activation of the μ-opioid receptor by alicyclic fentanyls: Changes from high potency full agonists to low potency partial agonists with increasing alicyclic substructure. Drug Test Anal 2020; 13:169-174. [PMID: 32749741 PMCID: PMC7891621 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fentanyl analogs represent an important group of new psychoactive substances and knowing their efficacy and potency might assist in interpreting observed concentrations. The potency of fentanyl analogs can be estimated from in vitro studies and can be used to establish structure–activity relationships. In this study, recombinant CHO‐K1 cells (AequoScreen) expressing the human μ‐opioid receptor were used to establish dose–response curves via luminescent analysis for cyclopropyl‐, cyclobutyl‐, cyclopentyl‐, cyclohexyl‐, and 2,2,3,3‐tetramethylcyclopropylfentanyl (TMCPF), on three separate occasions, using eight different concentrations in an eight‐fold serial dilution in triplicates starting at ~60 μM. Fentanyl was used as a full agonist reference while morphine and buprenorphine were included for comparison. Cyclopropylfentanyl (EC50 = 4.3 nM), cyclobutylfentanyl (EC50 = 6.2 nM), and cyclopentylfentanyl (EC50 = 13 nM) were full agonists slightly less potent than fentanyl (EC50 = 1.7 nM). Cyclohexylfentanyl (EC50 = 3.1 μM, efficacy 48%) and TMCPF (EC50 = 1.5 μM, efficacy 65%) were partial agonists less potent than morphine (EC50 = 430 nM). Based on the results, cyclopropyl‐, cyclobutyl‐, and cyclopentylfentanyl would be expected to induce intoxication or cause fatal poisonings at similar concentrations to fentanyl, while the toxic or fatal concentrations of cyclohexylfentanyl and TMCPF would be expected to be much higher.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Åstrand
- Division of Drug Research, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Svante Vikingsson
- Division of Drug Research, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Forensic Genetics and Forensic Toxicology, National Board of Forensic Medicine, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Jakobsen
- Division of Drug Research, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Niclas Björn
- Division of Drug Research, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Robert Kronstrand
- Division of Drug Research, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Forensic Genetics and Forensic Toxicology, National Board of Forensic Medicine, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Henrik Gréen
- Division of Drug Research, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Forensic Genetics and Forensic Toxicology, National Board of Forensic Medicine, Linköping, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ringuette AE, Spock M, Lindsley CW, Bender AM. DARK Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Carfentanil. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:3955-3967. [PMID: 32786301 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of its remarkable potency and relative ease of synthesis, carfentanil (1) has recently emerged as a problematic contaminant in other drugs of abuse. Carfentanil and its close analogs, currently approved only for large animal veterinary medicine, have found use both as illicit additives to the clandestine manufacture of scheduled drugs and as chemical weapons. In this Review, the background, synthesis, manufacture, metabolism, pharmacology, approved indications, dosage, and adverse effects of carfentanil will be discussed along with its emergence as a key player in the ongoing opioid crisis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna E. Ringuette
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, , Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Matthew Spock
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, , Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Craig W. Lindsley
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, , Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Aaron M. Bender
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, , Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Dyniewicz J, Lipiński PFJ, Kosson P, Bochyńska-Czyż M, Matalińska J, Misicka A. Antinociceptive and Cytotoxic Activity of Opioid Peptides with Hydrazone and Hydrazide Moieties at the C-Terminus. Molecules 2020; 25:E3429. [PMID: 32731576 PMCID: PMC7435865 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present contribution, we analyze the influence that C-terminal extension of short opioid peptide sequences by organic fragments has on receptor affinity, in vivo analgesic activity, and antimelanoma properties. The considered fragments were based on either N-acylhydrazone (NAH) or N'-acylhydrazide motifs combined with the 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl moiety. Eleven novel compounds were synthesized and subject to biological evaluation. The analyzed compounds exhibit a diversified range of affinities for the µ opioid receptor (MOR), rather low δ opioid receptor (DOR) affinities, and no appreciable neurokinin-1 receptor binding. In three out of four pairs, N-acylhydrazone-based derivatives bind MOR better than their N'-acylhydrazide counterparts. The best of the novel derivatives have similar low nanomolar MOR binding affinity as the reference opioids, such as morphine and biphalin. The obtained order of MOR affinities was compared to the results of molecular docking. In vivo, four tested compounds turned out to be relatively strong analgesics. Finally, the NAH-based analogues reduce the number of melanoma cells in cell culture, while their N'-acylhydrazide counterparts do not. The antimelanoma properties are roughly correlated to the lipophilicity of the compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Dyniewicz
- Department of Neuropeptides, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (M.B.-C.); (J.M.)
| | - Piotr F. J. Lipiński
- Department of Neuropeptides, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (M.B.-C.); (J.M.)
| | - Piotr Kosson
- Toxicology Research Laboratory, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Marta Bochyńska-Czyż
- Department of Neuropeptides, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (M.B.-C.); (J.M.)
| | - Joanna Matalińska
- Department of Neuropeptides, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (M.B.-C.); (J.M.)
| | - Aleksandra Misicka
- Department of Neuropeptides, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (M.B.-C.); (J.M.)
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Moss RB, Pryor MM, Baillie R, Kudrycki K, Friedrich C, Reed M, Carlo DJ. Higher naloxone dosing in a quantitative systems pharmacology model that predicts naloxone-fentanyl competition at the opioid mu receptor level. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234683. [PMID: 32544184 PMCID: PMC7297366 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid resuscitation of an opioid overdose with naloxone, an opioid antagonist, is critical. We developed an opioid receptor quantitative systems pharmacology (QSP) model for evaluation of naloxone dosing. In this model we examined three opioid exposure levels that have been reported in the literature (25 ng/ml, 50 ng/ml, and 75 ng/ml of fentanyl). The model predicted naloxone-fentanyl interaction at the mu opioid receptor over a range of three naloxone doses. For a 2 mg intramuscular (IM) dose of naloxone at lower fentanyl exposure levels (25 ng/ml and 50 ng/ml), the time to decreasing mu receptor occupancy by fentanyl to 50% was 3 and 10 minutes, respectively. However, at a higher fentanyl exposure level (75 ng/ml), a dose of 2 mg IM of the naloxone failed to reduce mu receptor occupancy by fentanyl to 50%. In contrast, naloxone doses of 5 mg and 10 mg IM reduced mu receptor occupancy by fentanyl to 50% in 5.5 and 4 minutes respectively. These results suggest that the current doses of naloxone (2 mg IM or 4 mg intranasal (IN)) may be inadequate for rapid reversal of toxicity due to fentanyl exposure and that increasing the dose of naloxone is likely to improve outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald B. Moss
- Adamis Pharmaceuticals Corp, San Diego, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | | | | | - Mike Reed
- Rosa & Co. LLC, San Carlos, CA, United States of America
| | - Dennis J. Carlo
- Adamis Pharmaceuticals Corp, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Adamska-Bartłomiejczyk A, Lipiński PFJ, Piekielna-Ciesielska J, Kluczyk A, Janecka A. Pharmacological Profile and Molecular Modeling of Cyclic Opioid Analogues Incorporating Various Phenylalanine Derivatives. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:1322-1329. [PMID: 32412162 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Peptide-based agonists of the μ opioid receptor (μOR) are promising therapeutic candidates for pain relief with reduced side effects compared to morphine. A deep understanding of μOR-ligand interactions is necessary for future design of peptide-based opioid analgesics. To explore the requirements of the μOR binding pocket, eight new analogues of our cyclic peptide Tyr-c[d-Lys-Phe-Phe-Asp]NH2 displaying high μOR affinity were synthesized, in which Phe in either the third or fourth position was replaced by various derivatives of this amino acid (β3 -Phe, homoPhe, β3 -homoPhe and PhGly). The aim of this research was to examine the structural effects of such modifications on the bioactivity, and both experimental and theoretical methods were used. The binding of the cyclic analogues to all three OR types (μ, δ, κ) was assessed by radioligand competitive binding assay, and their functional activity was determined in a calcium mobilization assay. In order to provide structural hypotheses explaining the obtained experimental affinities, the complexes of the cyclic peptides with μOR were subjected to molecular modeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Adamska-Bartłomiejczyk
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215, Lodz, Poland
| | - Piotr F J Lipiński
- Department of Neuropeptides Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Justyna Piekielna-Ciesielska
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215, Lodz, Poland
| | - Alicja Kluczyk
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna Janecka
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215, Lodz, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
β 2- Homo-Amino Acid Scan of µ-Selective Opioid Tetrapeptide TAPP. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25102461. [PMID: 32466333 PMCID: PMC7288052 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25102461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
TAPP (H-Tyr-d-Ala-Phe-Phe-NH2) is a potent, µ-selective opioid ligand. In order to gain further insights into pharmacophoric features of this tetrapeptide, we have performed a β2-Homo-amino acid (β2hAA) scan of the TAPP sequence. To this aim, 10 novel analogues have been synthesized and evaluated for µ-opioid and δ-opioid receptor affinity as well as for stability in human plasma. The derivatives included compounds in which a (R)- or (S)-β2-Homo-Homologue replaced the amino acids in the TAPP sequence. The derivatives with (R)- or (S)-β2hPhe4 turned out to bind µOR with affinities equal to that of the parent. β2hAAs in position 1 and 3 resulted in rather large affinity decreases, but the change differed depending on the stereochemistry. β2-Homologation in the second position gave derivatives with very poor µOR binding. According to molecular modelling, the presented α/β-peptides adopt a variety of binding poses with their common element being an ionic interaction between a protonable amine of the first residue and Asp147. A feature required for high µOR affinity seems the ability to accommodate the ring in the fourth residue in a manner similar to that found for TAPP. Contrary to what might be expected, several compounds were significantly less stable in human plasma than the parent compound.
Collapse
|
33
|
Arillotta D, Schifano F, Napoletano F, Zangani C, Gilgar L, Guirguis A, Corkery JM, Aguglia E, Vento A. Novel Opioids: Systematic Web Crawling Within the e-Psychonauts' Scenario. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:149. [PMID: 32256304 PMCID: PMC7093327 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A wide range of novel psychoactive substances (NPSs) are regularly searched and discussed online by e-psychonauts. Among NPSs, the range of prescription/non-prescription opioids (fentanyl and non-fentanyl analogs) and herbal derivatives currently represents a challenge for governments and clinicians. Methods Using a web crawler (i.e., NPS.Finder®), the present study aimed at assessing psychonaut fora/platforms to better understand the online situation regarding opioids. Results The open-web crawling/navigating software identified some 426 opioids, including 234 fentanyl analogs. Of these, 176 substances (162 were very potent fentanyls, including two ohmefentanyl and seven carfentanyl analogs) were not listed in either international or European NPS databases. Conclusion A web crawling approach helped in identifying a large number, indeed higher than that listed by European/international agencies, of unknown opioids likely to possess a significant misuse potential. Most of these novel/emerging substances are still relatively unknown. This is a reason of concern; each of these analogs potentially presents with different toxicodynamic profiles, and there is a lack of docking, preclinical, and clinical observations. Strengthening multidisciplinary collaboration between clinicians and bioinformatics may prove useful in better assessing public health risks associated with opioids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Arillotta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Psychiatry Unit, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.,Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Fabrizio Schifano
- Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Flavia Napoletano
- East London Foundation Trust (ELFT), Homerton University Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Zangani
- Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom.,Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Liam Gilgar
- Gabalfa Clinic, Cardiff and Vale NHS Health Board, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Amira Guirguis
- Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom.,Swansea University Medical School, Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - John Martin Corkery
- Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Eugenio Aguglia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Psychiatry Unit, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Alessandro Vento
- Addictions' Observatory (ODDPSS), Rome, Italy.,School of Psychology, G. Marconi, Telematic University, Rome, Italy.,Department of Mental Health, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Wilde M, Sommer MJ, Auwärter V, Hermanns-Clausen M. Acute severe intoxication with cyclopropylfentanyl, a novel synthetic opioid. Toxicol Lett 2019; 320:109-112. [PMID: 31778775 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since 2016 an increase has been observed in the availability of new synthetic opioids (NSO) in Europe. Cyclopropylfentanyl is a very potent and selective μ-opioid agonist, which was reported for the first time in August 2017 in Europe. METHODS The case was included in a prospective observational study of patients treated in emergency departments after the intake of novel psychoactive substances (NPS). Clinical features were acquired using a structured questionnaire for physicians. Serum and/or urine samples of ED patients were analyzed using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) screening methods for NPS. CASE REPORT Within 10 min after intranasal intake of fentanyl, a 25-year-old male developed nausea, profuse sweating and dyspnoe. Because soon afterwards coma and respiratory insufficiency was noticed, the patient was admitted to hospital. After administration of naloxone (0.8 mg) breathing stabilized. However, the patient displayed recurrent decreases of oxygen saturation for 12 h. The intake of cyclopropylfentanyl was analytically confirmed. CONCLUSION The constantly growing diversity of NSO still poses a high risk for drug users and can be a challenging task for clinicians and forensic toxicologists. Clinicians treating opioid overdoses should be aware of the potentially long lasting respiratory depression induced by fentanyl analogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maurice Wilde
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Hermann Staudinger Graduate School, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michaela J Sommer
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Hermann Staudinger Graduate School, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Volker Auwärter
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maren Hermanns-Clausen
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Poisons Information Center, Department of General Pediatrics, Adolescent Medicine and Neonatology, Center for Pediatrics, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Lipiński PFJ, Szűcs E, Jarończyk M, Kosson P, Benyhe S, Misicka A, Dobrowolski JC, Sadlej J. Affinity of fentanyl and its derivatives for the σ 1-receptor. MEDCHEMCOMM 2019; 10:1187-1191. [PMID: 31391893 PMCID: PMC6657672 DOI: 10.1039/c9md00222g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Fentanyl and its 11 commercially available derivatives were investigated as to their affinity for the σ1 receptor. The parent compound is a rather poor binder (IC50 = 4973 nM), but its close derivatives (benzylfentanyl or p-fluorofentanyl) have submicromolar affinities. Modelling provides a structural basis for the observed trends in activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr F J Lipiński
- Department of Neuropeptides , Mossakowski Medical Research Centre , Polish Academy of Sciences , 02-106 Warsaw , Poland .
| | - Edina Szűcs
- Institute of Biochemistry , Biological Research Centre , Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Szeged , Hungary
- Doctoral School of Theoretical Medicine , University of Szeged , Faculty of Medicine , Szeged , Hungary
| | | | - Piotr Kosson
- Toxicology Research Laboratory , Mossakowski Medical Research Centre , Polish Academy of Sciences , 02-106 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Sándor Benyhe
- Institute of Biochemistry , Biological Research Centre , Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Szeged , Hungary
| | - Aleksandra Misicka
- Department of Neuropeptides , Mossakowski Medical Research Centre , Polish Academy of Sciences , 02-106 Warsaw , Poland .
- Faculty of Chemistry , University of Warsaw , 02-093 Warsaw , Poland
| | | | - Joanna Sadlej
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences , Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw , 1/3 Wóycickiego-Str. , 01-938 Warsaw , Poland
| |
Collapse
|