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Wang Y, Ying Z, Li XM, Yang SQ, Li HL, Wang BG, Meng LH. Antimicrobial polyketides from Magellan Seamount-derived fungus Talaromyces scorteus AS-242. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2023; 76:699-705. [PMID: 37848580 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-023-00664-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Two new nonadride derivatives, namely, talarodrides G and H (1 and 2), and one new depsidone derivative, botryorhodine K (3), together with a known nonadride analogue (4), were characterized from the Magellan Seamount-derived fungus Talaromyces scorteus AS-242. Their structures were established by detailed interpretation of NMR spectroscopic and mass spectrometry data analysis. X-ray crystallographic analysis of compounds 1 and 3 confirmed their structures and absolute configurations, representing the first characterized crystal structure of a nonadride-type polyketide. The isolated compounds exhibited potent antimicrobial activities against the pathogenic bacterium MRSA and V. parahaemolyticus and pathogenic fungi C. gloeosporioides, F. oxysporum, and F. proliferatum, with MIC values ranging from 1 to 64 μg ml-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanhai Road 7, Qingdao, 266071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19A, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhen Ying
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanhai Road 7, Qingdao, 266071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19A, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Li
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanhai Road 7, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Sui-Qun Yang
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanhai Road 7, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Hong-Lei Li
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanhai Road 7, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Bin-Gui Wang
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanhai Road 7, Qingdao, 266071, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19A, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Laboratory of Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Wenhai Road 1, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Ling-Hong Meng
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanhai Road 7, Qingdao, 266071, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19A, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Jiang P, Fu X, Niu H, Chen S, Liu F, Luo Y, Zhang D, Lei H. Recent advances on Pestalotiopsis genus: chemistry, biological activities, structure-activity relationship, and biosynthesis. Arch Pharm Res 2023:10.1007/s12272-023-01453-2. [PMID: 37389739 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-023-01453-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Strains of the fungal genus Pestalotiopsis are reported as large promising sources of structurally varied biologically active metabolites. Many bioactive secondary metabolites with diverse structural features have been derived from Pestalotiopsis. Moreover, some of these compounds can potentially be developed into lead compounds. Herein, we have systematically reviewed the chemical constituents and bioactivities of the fungal genus Pestalotiopsis, covering a period ranging from January 2016 to December 2022. As many as 307 compounds, including terpenoids, coumarins, lactones, polyketides, and alkaloids, were isolated during this period. Furthermore, for the benefit of readers, the biosynthesis and potential medicinal value of these new compounds are also discussed in this review. Finally, the perspectives and directions for future research and the potential applications of the new compounds are summarized in various tables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiujuan Fu
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Hong Niu
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Siwei Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Feifei Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China.
| | - Hui Lei
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China.
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Benzyl Alcohol/Salicylaldehyde-Type Polyketide Metabolites of Fungi: Sources, Biosynthesis, Biological Activities, and Synthesis. Mar Drugs 2022; 21:md21010019. [PMID: 36662192 PMCID: PMC9860963 DOI: 10.3390/md21010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine microorganisms are an important source of natural polyketides, which have become a significant reservoir of lead structures for drug design due to their diverse biological activities. In this review, we provide a summary of the resources, structures, biological activities, and proposed biosynthetic pathways of the benzyl alcohol/salicylaldehyde-type polyketides. In addition, the total syntheses of these secondary metabolites from their discoveries to the present day are presented. This review could be helpful for researchers in the total synthesis of complex natural products and the use of polyketide bioactive molecules for pharmacological purposes and applications in medicinal chemistry.
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Pestalotiopsis Diversity: Species, Dispositions, Secondary Metabolites, and Bioactivities. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27228088. [PMID: 36432188 PMCID: PMC9695833 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27228088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Pestalotiopsis species have gained attention thanks to their structurally complex and biologically active secondary metabolites. In past decades, several new secondary metabolites were isolated and identified. Their bioactivities were tested, including anticancer, antifungal, antibacterial, and nematicidal activity. Since the previous review published in 2014, new secondary metabolites were isolated and identified from Pestalotiopsis species and unidentified strains. This review gathered published articles from 2014 to 2021 and focused on 239 new secondary metabolites and their bioactivities. To date, 384 Pestalotiopsis species have been discovered in diverse ecological habitats, with the majority of them unstudied. Some may contain secondary metabolites with unique bioactivities that might benefit pharmacology.
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Francis P, Chakraborty K. Undescribed Anti-inflammatory Thalysiaketides from Marine Sponge Clathria (Thalysias) vulpina (Lamarck, 1814). Chem Biodivers 2022; 19:e202100838. [PMID: 35026868 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202100838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Two undescribed polyketide type compounds, thalysiaketide A and thalysiaketide B were isolated from a sponge of marine origin Clathria (Thalysias) vulpina (Lamarck, 1814). Thalysiaketide A exhibited significantly greater inhibitory potential against inflammatory 5-lipoxygenase (IC50 0.87 mM) and cyclooxygense-2 (IC50 0.93 mM) compared to those revealed by its thalysiaketide B analogue (IC50 ≥ 1.05 mM). The 5-lipoxygenase inhibitory activity of thalysiaketide A was considerably superior to ibuprofen (standard, IC50 > 4 mM). Higher degree of polar belongings (topological polar surface area 93.06) in conjunction with relatively lower docking parameters of thalysiaketide A with the aminoacyl residues of cyclooxygense-2 and 5-lipoxygenase (docking score -12.99 and -12.27 kcal/mol, respectively) recognized its prospective anti-inflammatory potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prima Francis
- CMFRI: Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Marine Biotechnology Division, Ernakulam North P.O., 682018, Ernakulam, INDIA
| | - Kajal Chakraborty
- Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Marine Biotechnology Division, Ernakulam North P.O., P.B. No. 1603, Cochin - 682018, Kerala, 682018, Ernakulam, INDIA
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Zhou M, Wolzak LA, Li Z, de Zwart FJ, Mathew S, de Bruin B. Catalytic Synthesis of 1 H-2-Benzoxocins: Cobalt(III)-Carbene Radical Approach to 8-Membered Heterocyclic Enol Ethers. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:20501-20512. [PMID: 34802239 PMCID: PMC8662738 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c10927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The metallo-radical activation of ortho-allylcarbonyl-aryl N-arylsulfonylhydrazones with the paramagnetic cobalt(II) porphyrin catalyst [CoII(TPP)] (TPP = tetraphenylporphyrin) provides an efficient and powerful method for the synthesis of novel 8-membered heterocyclic enol ethers. The synthetic protocol is versatile and practical and enables the synthesis of a wide range of unique 1H-2-benzoxocins in high yields. The catalytic cyclization reactions proceed with excellent chemoselectivities, have a high functional group tolerance, and provide several opportunities for the synthesis of new bioactive compounds. The reactions are shown to proceed via cobalt(III)-carbene radical intermediates, which are involved in intramolecular hydrogen transfer (HAT) from the allylic position to the carbene radical, followed by a near-barrierless radical rebound step in the coordination sphere of cobalt. The proposed mechanism is supported by experimental observations, density functional theory (DFT) calculations, and spin trapping experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Zhou
- Homogeneous,
Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis (HomKat) group, Van ‘t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lukas A. Wolzak
- Homogeneous,
Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis (HomKat) group, Van ‘t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Zirui Li
- Department
of Bioorganic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333
CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Felix J. de Zwart
- Homogeneous,
Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis (HomKat) group, Van ‘t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Simon Mathew
- Homogeneous,
Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis (HomKat) group, Van ‘t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bas de Bruin
- Homogeneous,
Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis (HomKat) group, Van ‘t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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7
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Artasasta MA, Yanwirasti Y, Taher M, Djamaan A, Ariantari NP, Edrada-Ebel RA, Handayani D. Apoptotic Activity of New Oxisterigmatocystin Derivatives from the Marine-Derived Fungus Aspergillus nomius NC06. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:631. [PMID: 34822502 PMCID: PMC8621937 DOI: 10.3390/md19110631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sponge-derived fungi have recently attracted attention as an important source of interesting bioactive compounds. Aspergillus nomius NC06 was isolated from the marine sponge Neopetrosia chaliniformis. This fungus was cultured on rice medium and yielded four compounds including three new oxisterigmatocystins, namely, J, K, and L (1, 2, and 3), and one known compound, aspergillicin A (4). Structures of the compounds were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and by high-resolution mass spectrometry. The isolated compounds were tested for cytotoxic activity against HT 29 colon cancer cells, where compounds 1, 2, and 4 exhibited IC50 values of 6.28, 15.14, and 1.63 µM, respectively. Under the fluorescence microscope by using a double staining method, HT 29 cells were observed to be viable, apoptotic, and necrotic after treatment with the cytotoxic compounds 1, 2, and 4. The result shows that compounds 1 and 2 were able to induce apoptosis and cell death in HT 29 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muh. Ade Artasasta
- Laboratory of Sumatran Biota, Faculty of Pharmacy, Andalas University, Padang 25163, Indonesia; (M.A.A.); (A.D.)
- Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Malang (UM), Malang 65145, Indonesia
| | - Yanwirasti Yanwirasti
- Departement of Biomedical, Faculty of Medicine, Andalas University, Padang 25163, Indonesia;
| | - Muhammad Taher
- Faculty of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan 25200, Malaysia;
| | - Akmal Djamaan
- Laboratory of Sumatran Biota, Faculty of Pharmacy, Andalas University, Padang 25163, Indonesia; (M.A.A.); (A.D.)
| | - Ni Putu Ariantari
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Udayana University, Bali 80361, Indonesia;
| | - Ru Angelie Edrada-Ebel
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, The John Arbuthnott Building, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK;
| | - Dian Handayani
- Laboratory of Sumatran Biota, Faculty of Pharmacy, Andalas University, Padang 25163, Indonesia; (M.A.A.); (A.D.)
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8
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Heterocornols from the Sponge-Derived Fungus Pestalotiopsis heterocornis with Anti-Inflammatory Activity. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19110585. [PMID: 34822456 PMCID: PMC8620458 DOI: 10.3390/md19110585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
One strain-many compounds (OSMAC) manipulation of the sponge-derived fungus Pestalotiopsis heterocornis XWS03F09 resulted in the production of new secondary metabolites. The chemical study of the fermentation, cultivated on 3% artificial sea salt in the rice media, led to the isolation of twelve compounds, including eight new polyketide derivatives, heterocornols Q–X (1–8), one new ceramide (9), and three known analogues (10–12). The structures and absolute configurations of the new compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic data and calculated ECD analysis. Heterocornols Q (1) and R (2) are novel 6/5/7/5 tetracyclic polyketide derivatives featuring dihydroisobenzofuran and benzo-fused dioxabicyclo [4.2.1] nonane system, which might be derived from the acetyl-CoA by epoxidation, polyene cyclization, and rearrangement to form the core skeleton. Compound 12 showed moderate or weak antimicrobial activities against with MIC values ranging from 25 to 100 μg/mL. Heterocornols T and X (7 and 8) could inhibit the production of LPS-induced NO significantly, comparable to dexamethasone. Further Western blotting analysis showed 7 and 8 markedly suppressed the iNOS protein expression in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner. The result showed that 7 and 8 might serve as potential leads for development of anti-inflammatory activity.
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Carroll AR, Copp BR, Davis RA, Keyzers RA, Prinsep MR. Marine natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 38:362-413. [PMID: 33570537 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00089b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This review covers the literature published in 2019 for marine natural products (MNPs), with 719 citations (701 for the period January to December 2019) referring to compounds isolated from marine microorganisms and phytoplankton, green, brown and red algae, sponges, cnidarians, bryozoans, molluscs, tunicates, echinoderms, mangroves and other intertidal plants and microorganisms. The emphasis is on new compounds (1490 in 440 papers for 2019), together with the relevant biological activities, source organisms and country of origin. Pertinent reviews, biosynthetic studies, first syntheses, and syntheses that led to the revision of structures or stereochemistries, have been included. Methods used to study marine fungi and their chemical diversity have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R Carroll
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia. and Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Brent R Copp
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rohan A Davis
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia and School of Enivironment and Science, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Robert A Keyzers
- Centre for Biodiscovery, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Michèle R Prinsep
- Chemistry, School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
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Francis P, Chakraborty K. An anti-inflammatory salmachroman from the sea urchin Salmacis bicolor: a prospective duel inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2 and 5-lipoxygenase. Nat Prod Res 2020; 35:5102-5111. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2020.1781115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prima Francis
- Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin, India
- Department of Chemistry, Mangalore University, Mangalagangothri, Karnataka, India
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11
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Murúa P, Edrada-Ebel R, Muñoz L, Soldatou S, Legrave N, Müller DG, Patiño DJ, van West P, Küpper FC, Westermeier R, Ebel R, Peters AF. Morphological, genotypic and metabolomic signatures confirm interfamilial hybridization between the ubiquitous kelps Macrocystis (Arthrothamnaceae) and Lessonia (Lessoniaceae). Sci Rep 2020; 10:8279. [PMID: 32427928 PMCID: PMC7237481 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65137-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrocystis pyrifera and Lessonia spicata are economically and ecologically relevant brown seaweeds that recently have been classified as members of two separated families within Laminariales (kelps). Here we describe for the first time the Macrocystis pyrifera x Lessonia spicata hybridization in the wild (Chiloe Island, Southeastern Pacific), where populations of the two parents exist sympatrically. Externally, this hybrid exhibited typical features of its parents M. pyrifera (cylindrical and flexible distal stipes, serrate frond margins and presence of sporophylls) and L. spicata (rigid and flat main stipe and first bifurcation), as well as intermediate features between them (thick unfused haptera in the holdfast). Histological sections revealed the prevalence of mucilage ducts within stipes and fronds (absent in Lessonia) and fully developed unilocular sporangia in the sporophylls. Molecular analyses confirmed the presence of the two parental genotypes for ITS1 nrDNA and the M. pyrifera genotype for two predominantly maternally inherited cytoplasmic markers (COI and rbcLS spacer) in the tissue of the hybrid. A metabolome-wide approach revealed that this hybrid is more chemically reminiscent to M. pyrifera. Nevertheless, several hits were identified as Lessonia exclusive or more remarkably, not present in any of the parent. Meiospores developed into apparently fertile gametophytes, which gave rise to F1 sporophytes that reached several millimeters before suddenly dying. In-vitro reciprocal crossing of Mar Brava gametophytes from both species revealed that although it is rare, interfamilial hybridization between the two species is possible but mostly overcome by pseudogamy of female gametophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Murúa
- Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Sede Puerto Montt, PO box 1327, Puerto Montt, Chile.
- The Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Culture Collection for Algae and Protozoa, Oban, Argyll, PA37 1QA, Scotland, United Kingdom.
- Aberdeen Oomycete Group, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, AB25 2ZD, Aberdeen, United Kingdom.
| | - RuAngelie Edrada-Ebel
- The Natural Products Metabolomics Group, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, The John Arbuthnott Building, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Liliana Muñoz
- Aberdeen Oomycete Group, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, AB25 2ZD, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvia Soldatou
- Marine Biodiscovery Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Meston Building, Meston Walk, Old Aberdeen, AB24 3UE, United Kingdom
| | - Nathalie Legrave
- Marine Biodiscovery Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Meston Building, Meston Walk, Old Aberdeen, AB24 3UE, United Kingdom
| | - Dieter G Müller
- Fachbereich Biologie der Universität Konstanz, D-78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - David J Patiño
- Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Sede Puerto Montt, PO box 1327, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Pieter van West
- Aberdeen Oomycete Group, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, AB25 2ZD, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Frithjof C Küpper
- Marine Biodiscovery Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Meston Building, Meston Walk, Old Aberdeen, AB24 3UE, United Kingdom
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Cruickshank Building, St Machar Drive, Aberdeen, AB24 3UU, Scotland, UK
| | - Renato Westermeier
- Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Sede Puerto Montt, PO box 1327, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Rainer Ebel
- Marine Biodiscovery Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Meston Building, Meston Walk, Old Aberdeen, AB24 3UE, United Kingdom
| | - Akira F Peters
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Cruickshank Building, St Machar Drive, Aberdeen, AB24 3UU, Scotland, UK
- Bezhin Rosko, 40 rue des pêcheurs, 29250, Santec, Brittany, France
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