1
|
Jiang T, Coin G, Bordi S, Nichols PL, Bode JW, Wanner BM. Automated Synthesis for the Safe Production of Organic Azides from Primary Amines. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 38780471 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Described herein is the development of an automated and reproducible process for the conversion of primary amines to organic azides utilizing prepacked capsules containing all the required reagents, including imidazole-1-sulfonyl azide tetrafluoroborate. Apart from manually loading the primary amine into the reaction vessel, the entire reaction and product isolation process can be achieved automatically, with no further user involvement, and delivers the desired organic azide in high purity. This practical and simple automated capsule-based method offers a convenient and safe way of generating organic azides without handling or exposure of potentially explosive reagents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Jiang
- Synple Chem AG, Kemptpark 18, 8310Kemptthal ,Switzerland
| | - Guillaume Coin
- Synple Chem AG, Kemptpark 18, 8310Kemptthal ,Switzerland
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Samuele Bordi
- Synple Chem AG, Kemptpark 18, 8310Kemptthal ,Switzerland
| | - Paula L Nichols
- Synple Chem AG, Kemptpark 18, 8310Kemptthal ,Switzerland
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jeffrey W Bode
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Backer L, Buschmann H, Kinzig M, Sörgel F, Scherf-Clavel O, Holzgrabe U. Application of advanced high resolution mass spectrometric techniques for the analysis of losartan potassium regarding known and unknown impurities. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 240:115955. [PMID: 38198883 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Recalls of medicinal products can cause supply bottlenecks. This is often due to the findings of unexpected impurities that pose a health risk to patients. A recent example is losartan potassium which was contaminated with azido-impurities. The choice of the analytical method determines which substances can be detected and thus controlled. In this study a combination of an untargeted screening approach for impurities and a targeted evaluation of high-resolution mass spectrometry data was applied to search for impurities not described so far, leaving out a precise quantification. Six losartan potassium samples were studied regarding known and unknown impurities and hence highlight the applicability and capability of the approach. For separation a Zorbax RR StableBond C18 column (3.0 ×100 mm, particle size of 3.5 µm, pore size of 80 Å), a gradient elution and an electrospray ionization in positive and negative mode for mass spectrometric detection was used. An information-dependent acquisition method was applied for the measurement of losartan potassium samples. The untargeted data evaluation using general unknown comparative screening revealed the presence of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) and another impurity from synthesis. The identity of NMP was corroborated by a spiking experiment and the amount was estimated by means of standard addition. A targeted data evaluation by generating extracted ion chromatograms resulted in finding of four additional impurities. Combined approaches like this are needed to detect and respond to changes in the quality of drugs precociously.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Backer
- University of Würzburg, Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Helmut Buschmann
- RD&C Research, Development & Consulting GmbH, 1170 Vienna, Austria
| | - Martina Kinzig
- IBMP - Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research, 90562 Nürnberg-Heroldsberg, Germany
| | - Fritz Sörgel
- IBMP - Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research, 90562 Nürnberg-Heroldsberg, Germany
| | - Oliver Scherf-Clavel
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department of Pharmacy, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Ulrike Holzgrabe
- University of Würzburg, Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lindner H, Amberg WM, Carreira EM. Iron-Mediated Photochemical Anti-Markovnikov Hydroazidation of Unactivated Olefins. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:22347-22353. [PMID: 37811819 PMCID: PMC10591317 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Unactivated olefins are converted to alkyl azides with bench-stable NaN3 in the presence of FeCl3·6H2O under blue-light irradiation. The products are obtained with anti-Markovnikov selectivity, and the reaction can be performed under mild ambient conditions in the presence of air and moisture. The transformation displays broad functional group tolerance, which renders it suitable for functionalization of complex molecules. Mechanistic investigations are conducted to provide insight into the hydroazidation reaction and reveal the role of water from the iron hydrate as the H atom source.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henry Lindner
- Department of Chemistry and
Applied Biosciences, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Willi M. Amberg
- Department of Chemistry and
Applied Biosciences, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Erick M. Carreira
- Department of Chemistry and
Applied Biosciences, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Borrel J, Waser J. Azido-alkynylation of alkenes through radical-polar crossover. Chem Sci 2023; 14:9452-9460. [PMID: 37712015 PMCID: PMC10498506 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03309k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
We report an azido-alkynylation of alkenes allowing a straightforward access to homopropargylic azides by combining hypervalent iodine reagents and alkynyl-trifluoroborate salts. The design of a photocatalytic redox-neutral radical polar crossover process was key to develop this transformation. A variety of homopropargylic azides possessing electron-rich and -poor aryls, heterocycles or ether substituents could be accessed in 34-84% yield. The products are synthetically useful building blocks that could be easily transformed into pyrroles or bioactive amines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Borrel
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne EPFL SB ISIC LCSO, BCH 4306 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Jerome Waser
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne EPFL SB ISIC LCSO, BCH 4306 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Song J, Yu X, Nefedov A, Weidler PG, Grosjean S, Bräse S, Wang Y, Wöll C. Metal-Organic Framework Thin Films as Ideal Matrices for Azide Photolysis in Vacuum. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202306155. [PMID: 37243400 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202306155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Studies on reactions in solutions are often hampered by solvent effects. In addition, detailed investigation on kinetics is limited to the small temperature regime where the solvent is liquid. Here, we report the in situ spectroscopic observation of UV-induced photochemical reactions of aryl azides within a crystalline matrix in vacuum. The matrices are formed by attaching the reactive moieties to ditopic linkers, which are then assembled to yield metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and surface-mounted MOFs (SURMOFs). These porous, crystalline frameworks are then used as model systems to study azide-related chemical processes under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions, where solvent effects can be safely excluded and in a large temperature regime. Infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS) allowed us to monitor the photoreaction of azide in SURMOFs precisely. The in situ IRRAS data, in conjunction with XRD, MS, and XPS, reveal that illumination with UV light first leads to forming a nitrene intermediate. In the second step, an intramolecular rearrangement occurs, yielding an indoloindole derivative. These findings unveil a novel pathway for precisely studying azide-related chemical transformations. Reference experiments carried out for solvent-loaded SURMOFs reveal a huge diversity of other reaction schemes, thus highlighting the need for model systems studied under UHV conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Song
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Xiaojuan Yu
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Alexei Nefedov
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Peter G Weidler
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Sylvian Grosjean
- Institute for Biological and Chemical Systems (IBCS-FMS) and IBG3-SML, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute for Biological and Chemical Systems (IBCS-FMS) and IBG3-SML, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute for Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Yuemin Wang
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Christof Wöll
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Park JY, Jang JW, Shen X, Jang JH, Kwak SL, Choi H, Lee BR, Hwang DH. Fluorene- and arylamine-based photo-crosslinkable hole transporting polymer for solution-processed perovskite and organic light-emitting diodes. Macromol Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-023-00151-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
|
7
|
Qiu X, Brückel J, Zippel C, Nieger M, Biedermann F, Bräse S. Tris(4-azidophenyl)methanol - a novel and multifunctional thiol protecting group. RSC Adv 2023; 13:2483-2486. [PMID: 36741178 PMCID: PMC9844210 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra05997e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel tris(4-azidophenyl)methanol, a multifunctionalisable aryl azide, is reported. The aryl azide can be used as a protecting group for thiols in peptoid synthesis and can be cleaved under mild reaction conditions via a Staudinger reduction. Moreover, the easily accessible aryl azide can be functionalised via copper-catalysed cycloaddition reactions, providing additional opportunities for materials chemistry applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xujun Qiu
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Fritz-Haber-Weg 676131 KarlsruheGermany(+49)-721-6084-2903
| | - Julian Brückel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Fritz-Haber-Weg 676131 KarlsruheGermany(+49)-721-6084-2903
| | - Christoph Zippel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Fritz-Haber-Weg 676131 KarlsruheGermany(+49)-721-6084-2903
| | - Martin Nieger
- Department of Chemistry, University of HelsinkiP. O. Box 55 (A. I. Virtasen aukio 1)00014Finland
| | - Frank Biedermann
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Nanotechnology (INT)Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Fritz-Haber-Weg 676131 KarlsruheGermany(+49)-721-6084-2903,Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems – Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Neighboring Nitrogen Atom-Induced Reactions of Azidoacetyl Hydrazides, including Unexpected Nitrogen-Nitrogen Bond Cleavage of the Hydrazide. ORGANICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/org3040035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the hydrazide compounds of the α-azidoacetyl group, which showed specific click reactivity by the intramolecular hydrogen bonding between the azido group and the N-H of the hydrazide moiety. In the competitive click reactions with a general alkyl azide, both traceless and non-traceless Staudinger-Bertozzi ligation occurred azide-site-selectively by the acceleration effect of the hydrogen bonding. However, the product obtained from the traceless reaction was further transformed into heterocyclic compounds. In addition, in an attempt at a synthesis of naphthalimide-possessing azidoacetyl hydrazide, nitrogen-nitrogen bond cleavage of the azidoacetyl hydrazides occurred to give the reduced amine product. These unexpected results could help design molecules for the successful Staudinger-Bertozzi ligation of the hydrazide compounds and develop a new nitrogen-nitrogen bond cleavage method.
Collapse
|
9
|
Dye-labeled aromatic azides for multi-photon grafting. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-022-03022-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe synthesis of two dye-labeled azides via de-symmetrization of 2,6-bis(4-azidobenzylidene)-4-methylcyclohexanone (BAC-M) with a copper(I)-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition (CuAAC) using fluorescent dyes is reported. An alkyne functionalized dansyl derivative and an alkyne functionalized perylene diimide derivative were used as the dyes. The photo-physical properties of these dye dyads are described, and their performance in multi-photon grafting onto polyethylene glycol-based hydrogels is investigated. While the dansyl-conjugated BAC derivate is well suited for multi-photon grafting with lasers operating at 800 nm, the perylene diimide-bearing dye does not give the desired result.
Graphical abstract
Collapse
|
10
|
Yang J, Lee M, Park SY, Park M, Kim J, Sitapure N, Hahm D, Rhee S, Lee D, Jo H, Jo YH, Lim J, Kim J, Shin TJ, Lee DC, Kwak K, Kwon JS, Kim B, Bae WK, Kang MS. Nondestructive Photopatterning of Heavy-Metal-Free Quantum Dots. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2205504. [PMID: 35985813 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202205504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Electroluminescence from quantum dots (QDs) is a suitable photon source for futuristic displays offering hyper-realistic images with free-form factors. Accordingly, a nondestructive and scalable process capable of rendering multicolored QD patterns on a scale of several micrometers needs to be established. Here, nondestructive direct photopatterning for heavy-metal-free QDs is reported using branched light-driven ligand crosslinkers (LiXers) containing multiple azide units. The branched LiXers effectively interlock QD films via photo-crosslinking native aliphatic QD surface ligands without compromising the intrinsic optoelectronic properties of QDs. Using branched LiXers with six sterically engineered azide units, RGB QD patterns are achieved on the micrometer scale. The photo-crosslinking process does not affect the photoluminescence and electroluminescence characteristics of QDs and extends the device lifetime. This nondestructive method can be readily adapted to industrial processes and make an immediate impact on display technologies, as it uses widely available photolithography facilities and high-quality heavy-metal-free QDs with aliphatic ligands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeehye Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeongjae Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Young Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoungjin Park
- Samsung Display Research Center, Samsung Display, Yongin, 17113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghoon Kim
- Samsung Display Research Center, Samsung Display, Yongin, 17113, Republic of Korea
| | - Niranjan Sitapure
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Donghyo Hahm
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), School of Nano Science & Technology, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghyun Rhee
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), School of Nano Science & Technology, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Division of Advanced Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Daeyeon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Semiconductor Materials and Device Engineering Graduate School of Carbon Neutrality, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunwoo Jo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Hyun Jo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaemin Lim
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), School of Nano Science & Technology, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungwook Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Joo Shin
- UNIST Central Research Facilities, Graduate School of Semiconductor Material and Devices Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Doh C Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST Institute for the Nanocentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungwon Kwak
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Joseph S Kwon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - BongSoo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Semiconductor Materials and Device Engineering Graduate School of Carbon Neutrality, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan Ki Bae
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), School of Nano Science & Technology, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Sung Kang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Emergent Materials, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Li Y, Wan TB, Guo B, Qi XW, Zhu C, Shen MH, Xu HD. Quaternization of azido-N-heteroarenes with Meerwein reagent: a straightforward synthesis of 2-azido(benzo)imidazolium and related azido-N-heteroarenium tetrafluoroborates. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2022.154063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
|
12
|
Nayl AA, Aly AA, Arafa WAA, Ahmed IM, Abd-Elhamid AI, El-Fakharany EM, Abdelgawad MA, Tawfeek HN, Bräse S. Azides in the Synthesis of Various Heterocycles. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27123716. [PMID: 35744839 PMCID: PMC9228195 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we focus on some interesting and recent examples of various applications of organic azides such as their intermolecular or intramolecular, under thermal, catalyzed, or noncatalyzed reaction conditions. The aforementioned reactions in the aim to prepare basic five-, six-, organometallic heterocyclic-membered systems and/or their fused analogs. This review article also provides a report on the developed methods describing the synthesis of various heterocycles from organic azides, especially those reported in recent papers (till 2020). At the outset, this review groups the synthetic methods of organic azides into different categories. Secondly, the review deals with the functionality of the azido group in chemical reactions. This is followed by a major section on the following: (1) the synthetic tools of various heterocycles from the corresponding organic azides by one-pot domino reaction; (2) the utility of the chosen catalysts in the chemoselectivity favoring C−H and C-N bonds; (3) one-pot procedures (i.e., Ugi four-component reaction); (4) nucleophilic addition, such as Aza-Michael addition; (5) cycloaddition reactions, such as [3+2] cycloaddition; (6) mixed addition/cyclization/oxygen; and (7) insertion reaction of C-H amination. The review also includes the synthetic procedures of fused heterocycles, such as quinazoline derivatives and organometal heterocycles (i.e., phosphorus-, boron- and aluminum-containing heterocycles). Due to many references that have dealt with the reactions of azides in heterocyclic synthesis (currently more than 32,000), we selected according to generality and timeliness. This is considered a recent review that focuses on selected interesting examples of various heterocycles from the mechanistic aspects of organic azides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- AbdElAziz A. Nayl
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Al Jouf, Saudi Arabia or (A.A.N.); (W.A.A.A.); (I.M.A.)
| | - Ashraf A. Aly
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Organic Division, Minia University, El-Minia 61519, Egypt;
- Correspondence: or (A.A.A.); (S.B.)
| | - Wael A. A. Arafa
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Al Jouf, Saudi Arabia or (A.A.N.); (W.A.A.A.); (I.M.A.)
| | - Ismail M. Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Al Jouf, Saudi Arabia or (A.A.N.); (W.A.A.A.); (I.M.A.)
| | - Ahmed I. Abd-Elhamid
- Composites and Nanostructured Materials Research Department, Advanced Technology and New Materials Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Alexandria 21934, Egypt;
| | - Esmail M. El-Fakharany
- Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute GEBRI, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA City), New Borg Al-Arab, Alexandria 21934, Egypt;
| | - Mohamed A. Abdelgawad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Al Jouf, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Hendawy N. Tawfeek
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Organic Division, Minia University, El-Minia 61519, Egypt;
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Ggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Correspondence: or (A.A.A.); (S.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ryu KY, Lee J, Jun T, Lee D, Kim B, Ryu DY, Kim K. Immobilization of Conjugated Polymer Domains for Highly Stable Non-Fullerene-Based Organic Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:23474-23486. [PMID: 35575207 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c03340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
To commercialize organic solar cells (OSCs), changes in the optimized morphology of the photoactive layer caused by external stimuli that cause degradation must be addressed. This work improves OSC stability by utilizing the cross-linking additive 1,8-dibromooctane (DBO) and a sequential deposition process (XSqD) to fabricate the photoactive layer. The cross-linking additive in the donor polymer (PTB7-Th) improves polymer crystallinity and immobilizes the crystalline morphology by partial photo-cross-linking. Ellipsometry experiments confirm the increase in the glass transition temperature of cross-linked PTB7-Th. The polymer crystallinity is further improved after removal of non-cross-linked polymer and residual additive by chlorobenzene. The cross-linked polymer layer forms an efficient and stable heterojunction with a nonfullerene acceptor (IEICO-4F) layer via an XSqD process. The OSC based on the immobilized PTB7-Th exhibits excellent stability against light soaking and thermal aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ka Yeon Ryu
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Green Energy Convergence Technology (RIGET), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhwan Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Taesuk Jun
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Daeyeon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - BongSoo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Du Yeol Ryu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungkon Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hengge M, Hänsch P, Ehjeij D, Benneckendorf FS, Freudenberg J, Bunz UHF, Müllen K, List‐Kratochvil EJW, Hermerschmidt F. Crosslinking Super Yellow to produce super OLEDs: Crosslinking with azides enables improved performance. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20220120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hengge
- Helmholtz‐Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH Berlin Germany
| | - Paul Hänsch
- Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Physik, Institut für Chemie, IRIS Adlershof Berlin Germany
| | - Daniel Ehjeij
- Organisch‐Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht‐Karls‐Universität Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany
- InnovationLab Heidelberg Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Mainz Germany
| | - Frank S. Benneckendorf
- Organisch‐Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht‐Karls‐Universität Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany
- InnovationLab Heidelberg Germany
| | - Jan Freudenberg
- Organisch‐Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht‐Karls‐Universität Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany
- InnovationLab Heidelberg Germany
| | - Uwe H. F. Bunz
- Organisch‐Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht‐Karls‐Universität Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany
- InnovationLab Heidelberg Germany
- Centre for Advanced Materials Ruprecht‐Karls‐Universität Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Mainz Germany
| | - Emil J. W. List‐Kratochvil
- Helmholtz‐Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH Berlin Germany
- Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Physik, Institut für Chemie, IRIS Adlershof Berlin Germany
| | - Felix Hermerschmidt
- Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Physik, Institut für Chemie, IRIS Adlershof Berlin Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
An S, Hassan SZ, Jung JW, Cha H, Cho CH, Chung DS. Covalent Networking of a Conjugated-Polymer Photocatalyst to Promote Exciton Diffusion in the Aqueous Phase for Efficient Hydrogen Production. SMALL METHODS 2022; 6:e2200010. [PMID: 35253408 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202200010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A conjugated polymer particle in an aqueous phase is covalently networked in 3D by crosslinking with azide groups, leading to significantly enhanced activity-a high photocatalytic H2 evolution rate (11 024 µmol g-1 h-1 (λ > 420 nm)) and a high apparent quantum yield (up to 0.8%). The reaction between the photoactive azide and the alkyl chains of the conjugated polymer provides more intact intermolecular polymeric interactions in the colloidal state, thus preventing physical swelling and inhibiting the recombination of photoproduced carriers. The covalent network efficiently promotes exciton diffusion, which greatly facilitates charge separation and transfer. The azide photo-crosslinking also leads to more compact and better-packed nanoparticles in the aqueous phase and efficient transfer of excitons to the outer surface of the nanoparticles, where photocatalytic reactions occur. These results show that photo-crosslinking can suppress the adverse effects of alkyl chains which inhibit photocatalytic performance. Therefore, covalent crosslinking is a promising strategy for the development of solar and hydrogen energy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanghyeok An
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37363, Republic of Korea
| | - Syed Zahid Hassan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37363, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Woo Jung
- Department of Emerging Materials Science, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyojung Cha
- Department of Hydrogen & Renewable Energy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Hee Cho
- Department of Emerging Materials Science, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Sung Chung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37363, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Soto J, Algarra M, Peláez D. Nitrene formation is the first step of the thermal and photochemical decomposition reactions of organic azides. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:5109-5115. [PMID: 35156109 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05785e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the decomposition of a prototypical azide, isopropyl azide, both in the ground and excited states, has been investigated through the use of multiconfigurational CASSCF and MS-CASPT2 electronic structure approaches. Particular emphasis has been placed on the thermal reaction starting at the S0 ground state surface. It has been found that the azide thermally decomposes via a stepwise mechanism, whose rate-determining step is the formation of isopropyl nitrene, which is, in turn, the first step of the global mechanism. After that, the nitrene isomerizes to the corresponding imine derivative. Two routes are possible for such a decomposition: (i) a spin-allowed path involving a transition state; and (ii) a spin-forbidden one via a S0/T0 intersystem crossing. Both intermediates have been determined and characterised. Their associated relative energies have been found to be quite similar, 45.75 and 45.52 kcal mol-1, respectively. To complete this study, the kinetics of the singlet and triplet channels are modeled with the MESMER (Master Equation Solver for Multi-Energy Well Reactions) code by applying the RRKM and Landau-Zener (with WKB tunnelling correction) theories, respectively. It is found that the canonical rate-coefficients of the singlet path are 2-orders of magnitude higher than the rate-coefficients of the forbidden reaction. In addition, the concerted mechanism has been investigated that would lead to the formation of the imine derivative and nitrogen extrusion in the first step of the decomposition. After a careful analysis of CASSCF calculations with different active spaces and their comparison with single electronic configuration methods (MP2 and B3LYP), the concerted mechanism is discarded.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Soto
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, E-29071 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Manuel Algarra
- INAMAT2 Institute for Advanced Materials and Mathematics, Department of Sciences, Campus de Arrosadia, 31006 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Daniel Peláez
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay (ISMO) - UMR 8214, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay Cedex, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ren M, Wang YC, Ren S, Huang K, Liu JB, Qiu G. Metal‐Enabled Romance of Nitrene with Alkyne: Beyond Gold Catalysis. ChemCatChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202200008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miaofeng Ren
- JiangXi University of Science and Technology Chemistry CHINA
| | - Yu-Chao Wang
- JiangXi University of Science and Technology Chemistry CHINA
| | - Shangfeng Ren
- JiangXi University of Science and Technology Chemistry CHINA
| | - Keke Huang
- JiangXi University of Science and Technology Chemistry CHINA
| | - Jin-Biao Liu
- JiangXi University of Science and Technology faculty of Materials Metallurgy and Chemistry No.86,Hongqi Ave. 341000 Ganzhou CHINA
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Chen K, Wu Y, You L, Wu W, Wang X, Zhang D, Elman JF, Ahmed M, Wang H, Zhao K, Mei J. Printing dynamic color palettes and layered textures through modeling-guided stacking of electrochromic polymers. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2022; 9:425-432. [PMID: 34775506 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh01098k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In printable electrochromic polymer (ECP) displays, a wide color gamut, precise patterning, and controllable color switching are important. However, it is a significant challenge to achieve such features synergistically. Here, we present a solution-processable ECP stacking scheme, where a crosslinker is co-processed with three primary ECPs (ECP-Cyan, ECP-Magenta, and ECP-Yellow), which endows the primary ECPs with solvent-resistant properties and allows them to be sequentially deposited. Via varying the film thickness of each ECP layer, a full-color palette can be constructed. The ECP stacking strategy is further integrated with photolithography. Delicate multilayer patterns with overhang and undercut textures can be generated, allowing information displays with spatial dimensionality. In addition, via modulating the stacking sequence, the electrochemical onset potentials of the ECP components can be synchronized to reduce unwanted intermediate colors that are often found in co-processed ECPs. Should specific color properties be desired, COMSOL modeling could be applied to guide the stacking. We believe that this ECP stacking strategy opens a new avenue for electrochromic printing and displays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Yukun Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Liyan You
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Wenting Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Xiaokang Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Di Zhang
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - James F Elman
- Filmetrics, Inc., A KLA Company, 250 Packett's Landing Fairport, NY 14450, USA
| | - Mustafa Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Haiyan Wang
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Kejie Zhao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Jianguo Mei
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Huang Q, Deng T, Zhu J, Li J, Li F. Study on the Green Synthesis of β-Hydroxy-1,2,3-triazoles Catalyzed by An Amino-Functionalized Graphene-Supported Ag-Cu Composites. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202107024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
20
|
Jung DW, Hong SC. Combinations of dual-function azide-containing crosslinkers with C-H insertion capabilities for polymeric elastomers with improved adhesion properties. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
21
|
Jawale H, Mistry S, Conder C, Wenthold PG. Investigation of the Substituent Effects of the Azide Functional Group Using the Gas-Phase Acidities of 3- and 4-Azidophenols. J Org Chem 2021; 87:985-992. [PMID: 34965132 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The electronic effect of the azide functional group on an aromatic system has been investigated using Hammett-Taft parameters obtained from the effect of azide substitution on the gas-phase acidity of phenol. Gas-phase acidities of 3- and 4-azidophenol have been measured using mass spectrometry and the kinetic method and found to be 340.8 ± 2.2 and 340.3 ± 2.0 kcal/mol, respectively. The relative electronic effects of the azide substituent on an aromatic system have been measured using Hammett-Taft parameters. The σF and σR values are determined to be 0.38 and 0.02, respectively, consistent with predictions based on electronic structure calculations. The values of σF and σR demonstrate that azide acts as an inductively withdrawing group but has negligible resonance contribution on the phenol. In contrast, acidity values calculated for azide-substituted benzoic acids give values of σF = 0.69 and σR = -0.39, indicating that the azide is a strong π donor, comparable to that of a hydroxyl group. The difference is explained as being the result of "chimeric", or, alternatively, "chameleonic" electronic behavior of the azide, similar to that observed previously for the N-oxide moiety, which can be more or less resonance donating in response to the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harshal Jawale
- The Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Sabyasachy Mistry
- The Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Cory Conder
- The Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Paul G Wenthold
- The Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Danilkina NA, Andrievskaya EV, Vasileva AV, Lyapunova AG, Rumyantsev AM, Kuzmin AA, Bessonova EA, Balova IA. 4-Azidocinnoline-Cinnoline-4-amine Pair as a New Fluorogenic and Fluorochromic Environment-Sensitive Probe. Molecules 2021; 26:7460. [PMID: 34946541 PMCID: PMC8704291 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A new type of fluorogenic and fluorochromic probe based on the reduction of weakly fluorescent 4-azido-6-(4-cyanophenyl)cinnoline to the corresponding fluorescent cinnoline-4-amine was developed. We found that the fluorescence of 6-(4-cyanophenyl)cinnoline-4-amine is strongly affected by the nature of the solvent. The fluorogenic effect for the amine was detected in polar solvents with the strongest fluorescence increase in water. The environment-sensitive fluorogenic properties of cinnoline-4-amine in water were explained as a combination of two types of fluorescence mechanisms: aggregation-induced emission (AIE) and excited state intermolecular proton transfer (ESPT). The suitability of an azide-amine pair as a fluorogenic probe was tested using a HepG2 hepatic cancer cell line with detection by fluorescent microscopy, flow cytometry, and HPLC analysis of cells lysates. The results obtained confirm the possibility of the transformation of the azide to amine in cells and the potential applicability of the discovered fluorogenic and fluorochromic probe for different analytical and biological applications in aqueous medium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A. Danilkina
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University (SPbU), Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (N.A.D.); (A.V.V.); (A.G.L.); (E.A.B.)
| | | | - Anna V. Vasileva
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University (SPbU), Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (N.A.D.); (A.V.V.); (A.G.L.); (E.A.B.)
| | - Anna G. Lyapunova
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University (SPbU), Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (N.A.D.); (A.V.V.); (A.G.L.); (E.A.B.)
| | - Andrey M. Rumyantsev
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint Petersburg State University (SPbU), Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Andrey A. Kuzmin
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Tikhoretsky Avenue 4, 194064 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Elena A. Bessonova
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University (SPbU), Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (N.A.D.); (A.V.V.); (A.G.L.); (E.A.B.)
| | - Irina A. Balova
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University (SPbU), Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (N.A.D.); (A.V.V.); (A.G.L.); (E.A.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Conder CJ, Jawale H, Wenthold PG. Mass spectrometry studies of nitrene anions. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2021:e21751. [PMID: 34842299 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nitrene anions are a class of reactive intermediates that provide a means for studying the corresponding neutral molecules via electron photodetachment spectroscopy and photoelectron spectroscopy. The added electron makes it possible for protected nitrene anions to be manipulated by external electric and magnetic fields of a mass spectrometer. Nitrene anions also display their own unique reactivities as reagents, which have been investigated using ion/molecule reactions. Mass spectrometry of negative ions has thereby provided information on the electronic states, reactivities, and thermochemical properties of nitrene intermediates. This review also includes a discussion of condensed-phase nitrene anions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cory J Conder
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Harshal Jawale
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Paul G Wenthold
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zhang X, Ji A, Wang Z, Lou H, Li J, Zheng L, Zhou Y, Qu C, Liu X, Chen H, Cheng Z. Azide-Dye Unexpected Bone Targeting for Near-Infrared Window II Osteoporosis Imaging. J Med Chem 2021; 64:11543-11553. [PMID: 34342432 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Azide is an important chemical functional group and has been widely used in chemical biology. However, the impact of azide on the in vivo behaviors of compounds has been rarely studied. Herein, azide was introduced into a fluorescent dye for the near-infrared window two (NIR-II) bone imaging. Specifically, we designed and synthesized the small-molecule NIR-II dyes, N3-FEP-4T capped with azide and FEP-4T without azide capping. In vitro assays revealed that N3-FEP-4T showed 5- and 5.6- times higher hydroxyapatite accumulation and macrophage uptake than those of FEP-4T, respectively. Moreover, N3-FEP-4T displayed higher bone uptakes and much better bone NIR-II imaging quality, demonstrating the specific bone-targeting ability of the azide-containing probe. N3-FEP-4T was then further successfully used for osteoporosis NIR-II imaging. Overall, our study provides insights into the impact of azide on the in vivo behavior of azide-containing compounds and opens a new window for biological application of azide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 12 Urumchi Middle Road, Jing'an District, Shanghai 200040, China.,Molecular Imaging Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, 2800 Gongwei Road, Huinan Town, Pudong New District, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Aiyan Ji
- Molecular Imaging Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhiming Wang
- Molecular Imaging Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hongyue Lou
- Molecular Imaging Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jiafeng Li
- Molecular Imaging Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lingling Zheng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 12 Urumchi Middle Road, Jing'an District, Shanghai 200040, China.,Molecular Imaging Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, 2800 Gongwei Road, Huinan Town, Pudong New District, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Yujing Zhou
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 12 Urumchi Middle Road, Jing'an District, Shanghai 200040, China.,Molecular Imaging Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, 2800 Gongwei Road, Huinan Town, Pudong New District, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Chunrong Qu
- Molecular Imaging Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xingdang Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 12 Urumchi Middle Road, Jing'an District, Shanghai 200040, China.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, 2800 Gongwei Road, Huinan Town, Pudong New District, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Molecular Imaging Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhen Cheng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 12 Urumchi Middle Road, Jing'an District, Shanghai 200040, China.,Molecular Imaging Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Bio-X Program, and Department of Radiology, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5344, United States
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Pandiyarajan CK, Genzer J. UV- and Thermally-Active Bifunctional Gelators Create Surface-Anchored Polymer Networks. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2100266. [PMID: 34173291 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A versatile one-step synthesis of surface-attached polymer networks using small bifunctional gelators (SBG), namely 4-azidosulfonylphenethyltrimethoxysilane (4-ASPTMS) and 6-azidosulfonylhexyltriethoxysilane (6-ASHTES) is reported. A thin layer (≈200 nm) of a mixture comprising ≈90% precursor polymer and 10% of 4-ASPTMS or 10% 6-ASHTES on a silicon wafer is deposited. Upon UV irradiation (≈l-254 nm) or annealing (>100 °C) layers, sulfonyl azides (SAz) release nitrogen by forming singlet and triplet nitrenes that concurrently react with any C─H bond in the vicinity resulting in sulfonamide crosslinks. Condensation among tri-alkoxy groups (i.e., methoxy or ethoxy) in bulk connects the SBG units, which completes the crosslinking. Concurrently, when such functionalities react with hydroxyl groups at the surface, which enable the covalent attachment of the crosslinked polymer chains. A systematic investigation on reaction mechanism and gel formation using spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy in the attenuated total reflection mode (FTIR-ATR) is performed. Analogous thermally initiated gelation for both 4-ASPTMS and 6-ASHTES is found. The 6-ASHTES is UV inactive at ≈l-254 nm, while the 4-ASPTMS is active and forms gels. The difference is attributed to the aromatic nature of 4-ASPTMS that absorb UV light at ≈l-254 nm due to π-π* transition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jan Genzer
- Global Station for Soft Matter, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, 060-0808, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zeppuhar AN, Wolf SM, Falvey DE. Photoacid Generators Activated through Sequential Two-Photon Excitation: 1-Sulfonatoxy-2-alkoxyanthraquinone Derivatives. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:5227-5236. [PMID: 34129332 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c01619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Two sulfonate ester derivatives of anthraquinone, 1-tosyloxy-2-methoxy-9,10-anthraquinone (1a) and 1-trifluoromethylsulfonoxy-2-methoxy-9,10-anthraquinone (1b), were prepared and their ability to produce strong acids upon photoexcitation was examined. It is shown that these compounds generate acid with a yield that increases with light intensity when the applied photon dose is held constant. Additional experiments show that the rate of acid generation increases fourfold when visible light (532 nm) laser pulses are combined with ultraviolet (355 nm) compared with ultraviolet alone. Continuous wave diode laser photolysis also affects acid generation with a rate that depends quadratically on the light intensity. Density functional theory calculations, laser flash photolysis, and chemical trapping experiments support a mechanism, whereby an initially formed triplet state (T1) is excited to a higher triplet state which in turn undergoes homolysis of the RS(O2)-OAr bond. Secondary reactions of the initially formed sulfonyl radicals produce strong acids. It is demonstrated that high-intensity photolysis of either 1a or 1b can initiate cationic polymerization of ethyl vinyl ether.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea N Zeppuhar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Steven M Wolf
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Daniel E Falvey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Maegawa K, Tanimoto H, Onishi S, Tomohiro T, Morimoto T, Kakiuchi K. Taming the reactivity of alkyl azides by intramolecular hydrogen bonding: site-selective conjugation of unhindered diazides. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01088c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The intramolecular hydrogen bonding in the α-azido secondary acetamides (α-AzSAs) enabled site-selective integration onto the diazide modular hubs even without steric hindrance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koshiro Maegawa
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), 8916-5 Takayamacho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Hiroki Tanimoto
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), 8916-5 Takayamacho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Seiji Onishi
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), 8916-5 Takayamacho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Takenori Tomohiro
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Tsumoru Morimoto
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), 8916-5 Takayamacho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Kiyomi Kakiuchi
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), 8916-5 Takayamacho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Leyva E, Aguilar J, González‐Balderas RM, Vega‐Rodríguez S, Loredo‐Carrillo SE. Synthesis of nitrophenyl and fluorophenyl azides and diazides by S
N
Ar under phase‐transfer or microwave irradiation: Fast and mild methodologies to prepare photoaffinity labeling, crosslinking, and click chemistry reagents. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.4171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Leyva
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí San Luis Potosí SLP Mexico
| | - Johana Aguilar
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí San Luis Potosí SLP Mexico
| | | | - Sarai Vega‐Rodríguez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí San Luis Potosí SLP Mexico
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Leyva E, Platz MS, Loredo-Carrillo SE, Aguilar J. Fluoro Aryl Azides: Synthesis, Reactions and Applications. CURR ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272824999200608132505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
The complex photochemistry of aryl azides has fascinated scientists
for several decades. Spectroscopists have investigated the intermediates formed by
different analytical techniques. Theoretical chemists have explained the intrinsic interplay of
intermediates under different experimental conditions.
Objective & Method:
A complete understanding of the photochemistry of a given fluoro
aryl azide is a basic requisite for its use in chemistry. In this review, we will discuss the
synthesis of several fluoro substituted aryl azides and the reactions and intermediates generated
upon photolysis and thermolysis of these azides and some examples of their applications
in photoaffinity labeling and organic synthesis.
Conclusion:
In spite of the extensive research on the photochemistry of fluoro aryl azides, there are some areas
that remain to be investigated. The application of this reaction in the synthesis of novel heterocyclic compounds
has not been fully studied. Since fluorophenyl azides are known to undergo C-H and N-H insertion reactions,
they could be used to prepare new fluorinated molecules or in the biochemical process known as photoaffinity
labeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Leyva
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Manuel Nava No. 6, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., 78210, Mexico
| | - Matthew S. Platz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii, Hilo, 200 West Kawili St. Hilo, HI 96720, United States
| | - Silvia E. Loredo-Carrillo
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Manuel Nava No. 6, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., 78210, Mexico
| | - Johana Aguilar
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Manuel Nava No. 6, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., 78210, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|