Synthesis and Characterization of New Series of 1,3-5-Triazine Hydrazone Derivatives with Promising Antiproliferative Activity

1,3,5-Triazine as a promising scaffold in the development of therapeutic agents against breast cancer

1,3,5-Triazine scaffold has garnered considerable interest due to its wide-ranging pharmacological properties, particularly in the field of cancer research. Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among women. Approximately one in eight women will receive a diagnosis of invasive breast cancer during their lifetime. The five-year survival rate for invasive breast cancer is less than 30 %, indicating a need to develop a more effective therapeutic agent targeting breast cancer. This review discusses bioactive 1,3,5-triazines targeting breast cancer cells by the inhibition of different enzymes, which include PI3K, mTOR, EGFR, VEGFR, FAK, CDK, DHFR, DNA topoisomerase, ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, carbonic anhydrase, and matrix metalloproteinase. The anticancer agent search in some drug discovery programs is based on compound screening for antiproliferative activity. Often, multiple targets contribute to the anticancer effect of 1,3,5-triazines and this approach allows identification of active molecules prior to identification of their targets.

Synthesis, Structural Properties and Biological Activities of Novel Hydrazones of 2-, 3-, 4-Iodobenzoic Acid

Nowadays, searching for novel antimicrobial agents is crucial due to the increasing number of resistant bacterial strains. Moreover, cancer therapy is a major challenge for modern medicine. Currently used cytostatics have a large number of side effects and insufficient therapeutic effects. Due to the above-mentioned facts, we undertook research to synthesize novel compounds from the acylhydrazone group aimed at obtaining potential antimicrobial and anticancer agents. As a starting material, we employed hydrazides of 2-, 3- or 4-iodobenzoic acid, which gave three series of acylhydrazones in the condensation reaction with various aldehydes. The chemical structure of all obtained compounds was confirmed by IR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR. The structure of selected compounds was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Additionally, all samples were characterized using powder X-ray diffraction. The other issue in this research was to examine the possibility of the solvent-free synthesis of compounds using mechanochemical methods. The biological screening results revealed that some of the newly synthesized compounds indicated a beneficial antimicrobial effect even against MRSA-the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 43300 strain. In many cases, the antibacterial activity of synthesized acylhydrazones was equal to or better than that of commercially available antibacterial agents that were used as reference substances in this research. Significantly, the tested compounds do not show toxicity to normal cell lines either.

CuO nanoparticles for green synthesis of significant anti-Helicobacter pylori compounds with in silico studies

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a universal health intimidation as mentioned by the World Health Organization. The primary causal agent linked to a number of illnesses, including inflammation and the development of stomach ulcers, is Helicobacter pylori. Since, H. pylori develops antibiotic resistance quickly, current H. pylori treatment approaches are becoming less effective. Our research aims to highlight novel formulation antibiotics using CuO-NPs as catalysts and studied their activity as anti-helicobacter pylori supported by computational studies (POM analysis and molecular docking) software. They were designed for anti-Helicobacter Pylori action. All compounds revealed a bactericidal effect better than the reference McFarland standards.

Triazine Derivative as Putative Candidate for the Reduction of Hormone-Positive Breast Tumor: In Silico, Pharmacological, and Toxicological Approach

Background and objectives: Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease that poses the highest incidence of morbidity among women and presents many treatment challenges. In search of novel breast cancer therapies, several triazine derivatives have been developed for their potential chemotherapeutic activity. This study aims to evaluate the N-nitroso-N-methyl urea (NMU)-induced anti-mammary gland tumor activity of 2,4,6 (O-nitrophenyl amino) 1,3,5-triazine (O-NPAT). Methods: The in silico modeling and in vitro cytotoxicity assay were performed to strengthen the research hypothesis. For in vivo experimentation, 30 female rats were divided into five groups. Group I (normal control) received normal saline. Group II (disease control) received NMU (50 mg/kg). Group III (standard control) was treated with tamoxifen (5 mg/kg). Groups IV and V received O-NPAT at a dose level of 30 and 60 mg/kg, respectively. For tumor induction, 3 intraperitoneal doses of NMU were given at a 3-week interval, whereas all treatment compounds were administered orally for 14 consecutive days. Biochemical and oxidative stress markers were estimated for all experimental animals. DNA strand breakage alongside inflammatory markers was also measured for the analysis of inflammation. The hormonal profile of progesterone and estrogen was also estimated. Results: The test compound presented a significant reduction in organ weight and restored the hepatic and renal enzymes. O-NPAT treatments enhanced the antioxidant enzyme level of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and total sulfhydryl (TSH), with a highly significant reduction in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and lipid peroxidation. Also, the decrease in fragmented DNA, hormonal levels (estradiol and progesterone), and inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α) justified the dosage efficacy further supported by histopathological findings. Conclusion: All results indicated the anti-breast tumor activity of O-NPAT and presented its possibility of exploitation for beneficial effects in breast cancer treatment.

The Antiproliferative and Apoptotic Effect of a Novel Synthesized S-Triazine Dipeptide Series, and Toxicity Screening in Zebrafish Embryos

Several derivatives containing morpholine/piperidine, anilines, and dipeptides as pending moieties were prepared using s-triazine as a scaffold. These compounds were evaluated for their anticancer activity against two human breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231), a colon cancer cell line (HCT-116), and a non-tumorigenic cell line (HEK 293). Tamoxifen was used as a reference. Animal toxicity tests were carried out in zebrafish embryos. Most of these compounds showed a higher activity against breast cancer than colon cancer. Compound 3a-which contains morpholine, aniline, and glycylglycinate methyl ester-showed a high level of cytotoxicity against MCF-7 cells with IC₅₀ values of less than 1 µM. This compound showed a much lower level of toxicity against the non-tumorigenic HEK-293 cell line, and in the in vivo studies using zebrafish embryos. Furthermore, it induced cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase, and apoptosis in MCF-7 cells. On the basis of our results, 3a emerges as a potential candidate for further development as a therapeutic drug to treat hormone receptor-positive breast cancer.

Sholkamy E, Ali Khan S, Ul-Haq Z, Sharma A, G. de la Torre B, Albericio F, El-Faham A. Novel 4,6-Disubstituted s-Triazin-2-yl Amino Acid Derivatives as Promising Antifungal Agents

A novel series of 4,6-disubstituted s-triazin-2-yl amino acid derivatives was prepared and characterized. Most of them showed antifungal activity against Candida albicans compared to clotrimazole (standard drug). Compounds bearing aniline derivatives, piperidine and glycine on the triazine core showed the highest inhibition zones at concentrations of 50, 100, 200, and 300 μg per disc. In addition, docking studies revealed that all the compounds accommodated well in the active site residues of N-myristoltransferase (NMT) and exhibited complementarity, which explains the observed antifungal activity. Interestingly, none of these compounds showed antibacterial activity.

Synthesis, Anti-proliferative Activity, and Molecular Docking Study of New Series of 1,3-5-Triazine Schiff Base Derivatives

Based on the use of s-triazine as a scaffold, we report here a new series of s-triazine Schiff base derivatives and their anti-proliferative activity against two cancer cell lines: human breast carcinoma (MCF-7), and colon cancer (HCT-116) compared with tamoxifen as a reference compound. Several derivatives exhibited growth inhibition activity in the sub-micromolar range. The results reveal that the s-triazine Schiff base derivatives showed varied activities and that the substituents on the s-triazine core have a great effect on the anti-proliferative activity. Compounds with a piperidino and benzylamino substituent on the s-triazine moiety 4b and 4c were most effective in both cell lines compared to the reference compound used. In addition, compound 4b has a para chlorine atom on the benzylidine residue, demonstrating the most potent activity with IC₅₀ values of 3.29 and 3.64 µM in MCF-7 and HCT-116, respectively. These results indicate that in general, the nature of the substituents on the triazine core and the type of substituent on the benzilyldene ring significantly influenced the anti-proliferative activity. The results obtained from the anti-proliferative activity and the molecular docking study indicate that s-triazine-hydrazone derivatives may be an excellent scaffold for the development of new anti-cancer agents.