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Ding L, Wang L, Yang J, Jiang C, Sun X, Huang H, Zhan X, Liu F, Zhang Q. (+)-Borneol Protects Dopaminergic Neuronal Loss in Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-Induced Parkinson's Disease Mice: A Study of Dopamine Level using In Vivo Brain Microdialysis. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:2308-2321. [PMID: 38747405 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.4c00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Considerable research efforts have been directed toward the symptom relief of Parkinson's disease (PD) by attenuating dopamine (DA) depletion. One common feature of these existing therapies is their unavailability of preventing the neurodegenerative process of dopaminergic neurons. (+)-Borneol, a natural highly lipid-soluble bicyclic monoterpene, has been reported to regulate the levels of monoamine neurotransmitters in the central nervous system and exhibit neuroprotective effects. However, the effect of (+)-borneol on the dopaminergic neuronal loss of methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced PD mice is not defined. Herein, we first report that 30 mg/kg (+)-borneol significantly attenuated the motor deficits of PD mice, which benefits from markedly increasing the level of DA and decreasing the metabolic rate of DA in the striatum of conscious and freely moving mouse detected by ultraperformance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry online combined with in vivo brain microdialysis sampling. It is worth noting that the enhanced level of DA by (+)-borneol was enabled by the reduction in loss of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and striatum and promotion of reserpine- or nomifensine-induced DA release in PD mice. Interestingly, (+)-borneol evidently inhibited the decreased expression levels of DA transporter (DAT) and vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) on the MPTP mouse model of PD. Moreover, (+)-borneol suppressed the neuroinflammation by inhibiting the production of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α and attenuated oxidative stress by decreasing the level of MDA and increasing the activities of SOD and GSH-px in PD mice. These findings demonstrate that (+)-borneol protects DA neurons by inhibiting neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. Further research work for the neuroprotection mechanism of (+)-borneol will focus on reactive oxygen species-mediated apoptosis. Therefore, (+)-borneol is a potential therapeutic candidate for retarding the neurodegenerative process of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Long Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Jiaxin Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Cuicui Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Xifeng Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Huite Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Xiuyuan Zhan
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Feilong Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Qunlin Zhang
- Stomatologic Hospital and College, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei 230032, China
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei 230032, China
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Thapa R, Goyal A, Gupta G, Bhat AA, Singh SK, Subramaniyan V, Sharma S, Prasher P, Jakhmola V, Singh SK, Dua K. Recent developments in the role of protocatechuic acid in neurodegenerative disorders. EXCLI JOURNAL 2023; 22:595-599. [PMID: 37636028 PMCID: PMC10450212 DOI: 10.17179/excli2023-5940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Riya Thapa
- School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jagatpura, Mahal Road, Jaipur, India
| | - Ahsas Goyal
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, U.P., India
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jagatpura, Mahal Road, Jaipur, India
- Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Science, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - Asif Ahmad Bhat
- School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jagatpura, Mahal Road, Jaipur, India
| | - Santosh Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jagatpura, Mahal Road, Jaipur, India
| | - Vetriselvan Subramaniyan
- Pharmacology Unit, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University, Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Sanjay Sharma
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS, V. L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, India
| | - Parteek Prasher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Energy Acres, Dehradun 248007, India
| | - Vikas Jakhmola
- Uttaranchal Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun 248007, India
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India
- Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology, Sydney, Ultimo-NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Kamal Dua
- Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology, Sydney, Ultimo-NSW 2007, Australia
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology, Sydney, Ultimo-NSW 2007, Australia
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Chen WST, Lin TY, Kuo CH, Hsieh DJY, Kuo WW, Liao SC, Kao HC, Ju DT, Lin YJ, Huang CY. Ginkgolide A improves the pleiotropic function and reinforces the neuroprotective effects by mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes in 6-OHDA-induced cell model of Parkinson's disease. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:1358-1370. [PMID: 36863713 PMCID: PMC10042680 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common disorder attributed to the loss of midbrain dopamine (mDA) neurons and reduced dopamine secretion. Currently, the treatment regimes for PD comprise deep brain stimulations, however, it attenuates the PD progression marginally and does not improve neuronal cell death. We investigated the function of Ginkgolide A (GA) to reinforce Wharton's Jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells (WJMSCs) for treating the in vitro model of PD. GA enhanced the self-renewal, proliferation, and cell homing function of WJMSCs as assessed by MTT and transwell co-culture assay with a neuroblastoma cell line. GA pre-treated WJMSCs can restore 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced cell death in a co-culture assay. Furthermore, exosomes isolated from GA pre-treated WJMSCs significantly rescued 6-OHDA-induced cell death as determined by MTT assay, flow cytometry, and TUNEL assay. Western blotting showed that apoptosis-related proteins were decreased following GA-WJMSCs exosomal treatment which further improved mitochondrial dysfunction. We further demonstrated that exosomes isolated from GA-WJMSCs could restore autophagy using immunofluorescence staining and immunoblotting assay. Finally, we used the alpha-synuclein recombinant protein and found that exosomes derived from GA-WJMSCs led to the reduced aggregation of alpha-synuclein compared to that in control. Our results suggested that GA could be a potential candidate for strengthening stem cell and exosome therapy for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Shao-Tsu Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
- School of Medicine Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ying Lin
- Cardiovascular and Mitochondrial Related Disease Research Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hua Kuo
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Dennis Jine-Yuan Hsieh
- Clinical Laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- School of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Wen Kuo
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chieh Liao
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Chuan Kao
- Department of Public Health, Tzu Chi University, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Da-Tong Ju
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jung Lin
- Cardiovascular and Mitochondrial Related Disease Research Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yang Huang
- Cardiovascular and Mitochondrial Related Disease Research Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Center of General Education, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Tzu Chi University of Science and Technology, Hualien 970, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
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Wiklund L, Sharma A, Muresanu DF, Zhang Z, Li C, Tian ZR, Buzoianu AD, Lafuente JV, Nozari A, Feng L, Sharma HS. TiO 2-Nanowired Delivery of Chinese Extract of Ginkgo biloba EGb-761 and Bilobalide BN-52021 Enhanced Neuroprotective Effects of Cerebrolysin Following Spinal Cord Injury at Cold Environment. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 32:353-384. [PMID: 37480466 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-32997-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Military personnel during combat or peacekeeping operations are exposed to extreme climates of hot or cold environments for longer durations. Spinal cord injury is quite common in military personnel following central nervous system (CNS) trauma indicating a possibility of altered pathophysiological responses at different ambient temperatures. Our previous studies show that the pathophysiology of brain injury is exacerbated in animals acclimated to cold (5 °C) or hot (30 °C) environments. In these diverse ambient temperature zones, trauma exacerbated oxidative stress generation inducing greater blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and cell damage. Extracts of Ginkgo biloba EGb-761 and BN-52021 treatment reduces brain pathology following heat stress. This effect is further improved following TiO2 nanowired delivery in heat stress in animal models. Several studies indicate the role of EGb-761 in attenuating spinal cord induced neuronal damages and improved functional deficit. This is quite likely that these effects are further improved following nanowired delivery of EGb-761 and BN-52021 with cerebrolysin-a balanced composition of several neurotrophic factors and peptide fragments in spinal cord trauma. In this review, TiO2 nanowired delivery of EGb-761 and BN-52021 with nanowired cerebrolysin is examined in a rat model of spinal cord injury at cold environment. Our results show that spinal cord injury aggravates cord pathology in cold-acclimated rats and nanowired delivery of EGb-761 and BN-52021 with cerebrolysin significantly induced superior neuroprotection, not reported earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Wiklund
- Department of Surgical Sciences, International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aruna Sharma
- Department of Surgical Sciences, International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Dafin F Muresanu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Medicine & Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- "RoNeuro" Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese Medicine Hospital of Guangdong Province; The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Yuexiu District, China
| | - Cong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese Medicine Hospital of Guangdong Province; The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Yuexiu District, China
| | - Z Ryan Tian
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Anca D Buzoianu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - José Vicente Lafuente
- LaNCE, Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Ala Nozari
- Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lianyuan Feng
- Department of Neurology, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Zhongshan Road (West), Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Hari Shanker Sharma
- Department of Surgical Sciences, International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Efficient Sustained-Release Nanoparticle Delivery System Protects Nigral Neurons in a Toxin Model of Parkinson’s Disease. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081731. [PMID: 36015354 PMCID: PMC9415969 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a serious neurodegenerative disease wherein the progressive destruction of dopaminergic neurons results in a series of related movement disorders. Effective oral delivery of anti-Parkinson’s drugs is challenging owing to the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the limited plasma exposure. However, polymeric nanoparticles possess great potential to enhance oral bioavailability, thus improving drug accumulation within the brain. In this work, biodegradable poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(trimethylene carbonate) (PEG-PTMC) nanoparticles (PPNPs) were developed to deliver Ginkgolide B (GB) as a potent treatment for PD, aiming to enhance its accumulation within both the blood and the brain. The resultant GB-PPNPs were able to facilitate sustained GB release for 48 h and to protect against 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridine (MPP+)-induced neuronal cytotoxicity without causing any toxic damage. Subsequent pharmacokinetic studies revealed that GB-PPNPs accumulated at significantly higher concentrations in the plasma and brain relative to free GB. Oral GB-PPNP treatment was also linked to desirable outcomes in an animal model of PD, as evidenced by improvements in locomotor activity, levels of dopamine and its metabolites, and tyrosine hydroxylase activity. Together, these data suggest that PPNPs may represent promising tools for the effective remediation of PD and other central nervous system disorders.
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Guo Y, Mao M, Li Q, Yu X, Zhou L. Extracts of Ginkgo flavonoids and ginkgolides improve cerebral ischaemia-reperfusion injury through the PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 signalling pathway and multicomponent in vivo processes. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 99:154028. [PMID: 35279613 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral ischaemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI) is a common disease characterized by severe attacks and a high disabling rate worldwide. Oxidative stress injury has been proposed as a major risk factor for CIRI. Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) has been shown to elicit vascular protective effects, the main components of which are Ginkgo flavonoids (GF) and ginkgolides (GL). Our previous study showed that GF and GL played a central role in protecting CIRI, but the mechanism remains unclear. This study aimed to further reveal the protective effect mechanism of GF and GL in rats with CIRI. METHODS The antioxidant activity in vitro was assessed by the DPPH method. The model used in this study was established by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and reperfusion; the level of CIRI was assessed by nerve function score and TTC staining; we measured the oxidative stress indices in the brain cortex, including LDH, GSH-Px, and the protein contents of Akt, p-Akt, Nrf2, and HO-1; HPLC-MS was used to detect drug concentrations in rat plasma at different times after administration of GF and GL; and the pharmacokinetic parameters of each component were calculated by Drug and Statistic Version 3.2.6 (DAS 3.2.6) software and SPSS 17.0. RESULTS Regarding the DPPH free radical scavenging ability, GF performed better free radical scavenging ability than GL. In terms of the nerve function score and TTC staining, there were no statistically significant differences among the GF, GL and combined groups; however, there were significant differences in reducing the activity of LDH and increasing the activity of GSH-Px in the three administration groups. For the expression of Akt, p-Akt, Nrf2, and HO-1, the combined group had a significant effect compared with that in the GF or GL group. In addition, there was a significant multicomponent interaction in vivo in the combined group compared with the GF or GL group. CONCLUSION After GF and GL were used in combination, the effect of anti-CIRI was more pronounced. This result indicated that GF and GL might improve CIRI by activating the PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 signalling pathway and promoting multicomponent interactions in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Guo
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China.
| | - Mingjiang Mao
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Qiuying Li
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Xiahui Yu
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Liping Zhou
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
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OUP accepted manuscript. J Pharm Pharmacol 2022; 74:1040-1050. [DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgab177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Han NR, Ko SG, Park HJ, Moon PD. Dexamethasone Attenuates Oncostatin M Production via Suppressing of PI3K/Akt/NF-κB Signaling in Neutrophil-like Differentiated HL-60 Cells. Molecules 2021; 27:molecules27010129. [PMID: 35011361 PMCID: PMC8746434 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncostatin M (OSM) plays a role in various inflammatory reactions, and neutrophils are the main source of OSM in pulmonary diseases. However, there is no evidence showing the mechanism of OSM production in neutrophils. While dexamethasone (Dex) has been known to exert anti-inflammatory activity in various fields, the precise mechanisms of OSM downregulation by Dex in neutrophils remain to be determined. Here, we examined how OSM is produced in neutrophil-like differentiated HL-60 cells. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and Western blot analysis were utilized to assess the potential of Dex. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) stimulation resulted in OSM elevation in neutrophil-like dHL-60 cells. OSM elevation induced by GM-CSF is regulated by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/nuclear factor (NF)-kB signal cascades. GM-CSF stimulation upregulated phosphorylated levels of PI3K or Akt or NF-κB in neutrophil-like dHL-60 cells. Treatment with Dex decreased OSM levels as well as the phosphorylated levels of PI3K or Akt or NF-κB in neutrophil-like dHL-60 cells. Our findings show the potential of Dex in the treatment of inflammatory diseases via blocking of OSM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na-Ra Han
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea;
- Korean Medicine-Based Drug Repositioning Cancer Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea;
| | - Seong-Gyu Ko
- Korean Medicine-Based Drug Repositioning Cancer Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea;
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Hi-Joon Park
- Department of Anatomy & Information Sciences, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea;
| | - Phil-Dong Moon
- Center for Converging Humanities, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-961-0897
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The Positive Role and Mechanism of Herbal Medicine in Parkinson's Disease. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:9923331. [PMID: 34567415 PMCID: PMC8457986 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9923331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex neurodegenerative disease, manifested by the progressive functional impairment of the midbrain nigral dopaminergic neurons. Due to the unclear underlying pathogenesis, disease-modifying drugs for PD remain elusive. In Asia, such as in China and India, herbal medicines have been used in the treatment of neurodegenerative disease for thousands of years, which recently attracted considerable attention because of the development of curative drugs for PD. In this review, we first summarized the pathogenic factors of PD including protein aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction, ion accumulation, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress, and the related recent advances. Secondly, we summarized 32 Chinese herbal medicines (belonging to 24 genera, such as Acanthopanax, Alpinia, and Astragalus), 22 Chinese traditional herbal formulations, and 3 Indian herbal medicines, of which the ethanol/water extraction or main bioactive compounds have been extensively investigated on PD models both in vitro and in vivo. We elaborately provided pictures of the representative herbs and the structural formula of the bioactive components (such as leutheroside B and astragaloside IV) of the herbal medicines. Also, we specified the potential targets of the bioactive compounds or extractions of herbs in view of the signaling pathways such as PI3K, NF-κB, and AMPK which are implicated in oxidative and inflammatory stress in neurons. We consider that this knowledge of herbal medicines or their bioactive components can be favorable for the development of disease-modifying drugs for PD.
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Nardosinone Alleviates Parkinson's Disease Symptoms in Mice by Regulating Dopamine D2 Receptor. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:6686965. [PMID: 34426745 PMCID: PMC8380167 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6686965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma (nardostachys) is the root and rhizome of Nardostachys jatamansi DC. Recent studies have shown that nardostachys may exert an anti-PD effect. In this study, the UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS method was used to analyze the brain components of nardostachys in rats. Based on the results of UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS analysis, nardosinone was identified to be the most effective anti-PD compound in nardostachys. To further verify this inference, a mouse PD model was established and the effect of nardosinone on PD mice was determined using classic behavioral tests. The results showed that nardosinone was indeed effective for relieving PD symptoms in mice. Moreover, network pharmacology analysis was used to elucidate the mechanism underlying the anti-PD effect of nardosinone. Dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2) was identified as the key target of nardosinone-PD interaction network, which was further verified by molecular docking and Western blotting. The results demonstrated that nardosinone and DRD2 could interact with each other. Furthermore, the expression level of DRD2 was decreased in the brain tissue of PD mice, and nardosinone could restore its expression to a certain extent. In conclusion, our findings suggest that nardosinone may reduce the motor and cognitive symptoms in the animal PD model by regulating DRD2 expression.
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Abstract
The application of ginkgolides as a herbal remedy reaches ancient China. Over time many studies confirmed the neuroprotective effect of standard Ginkgo biloba tree extract—the only available ginkgolide source. Ginkgolides present a wide variety of neuroregulatory properties, commonly used in the therapy process of common diseases, such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and many other CNS-related diseases and disorders. The neuroregulative properties of ginkgolides include the conditioning of neurotransmitters action, e.g., glutamate or dopamine. Besides, natural compounds induce the inhibition of platelet-activating factors (PAF). Furthermore, ginkgolides influence the inflammatory process. This review focuses on the role of ginkgolides as neurotransmitters or neuromodulators and overviews their impact on the organism at the molecular, cellular, and physiological levels. The clinical application of ginkgolides is discussed as well.
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Lee CW, Lin HC, Wang BYH, Wang AYF, Shin RLY, Cheung SYL, Lee OKS. Ginkgolide B monotherapy reverses osteoporosis by regulating oxidative stress-mediated bone homeostasis. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 168:234-246. [PMID: 33781894 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is characterized by reductions in bone mass, which could be attributed to the dysregulation of bone homeostasis, such as the loss of balance between bone-resorbing osteoclasts and bone-forming osteoblasts. Elevated levels of oxidative stress increase bone resorption by promoting osteoclastogenesis and inhibiting the osteogenesis. Ginkgolide B (GB), a small natural molecule from Ginkgo biloba, has been reported to possess pharmacological activities by regulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) in aging-related degenerative diseases. Herein, we assessed the therapeutic effects of GB on the bone phenotypes of mice with osteoporosis induced by (I) aging, (II) ovariectomy, and (III) glucocorticoids. In all three animal models, oral gavage of GB significantly improved bone mass consistent with the increase in the OPG-to-RANKL ratio. In the in vitro experiments, GB promoted osteogenesis in aged mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and repressed osteoclastogenesis in aged macrophages by reducing ROS. The serum protein profile in GB-treated aged mice revealed moderate rejuvenating effects; signaling pathways associated with ROS were also regulated. The anabolic and anti-catabolic effects of GB were illustrated by the reduction in ROS. Our results indicate that GB is effective in treating osteoporosis. The use of GB in patients with osteoporosis is worthy of further clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Wei Lee
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China; Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China.
| | - Hui-Chu Lin
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China.
| | - Belle Yu-Hsuan Wang
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China.
| | - Amanda Yu-Fan Wang
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China.
| | - Rita Lih-Ying Shin
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China.
| | - Stella Yee Lo Cheung
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China.
| | - Oscar Kuang-Sheng Lee
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China; Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China; Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China; Department of Orthopedics, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Wang J, Chen X, Bai W, Wang Z, Xiao W, Zhu J. Study on Mechanism of Ginkgo biloba L. Leaves for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases Based on Network Pharmacology. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:1881-1894. [PMID: 33988813 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03315-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba L. leaves (GBLs), as widely used plant extract sources, significantly improve cognitive, learning and memory function in patients with dementia. However, few studies have been conducted on the specific mechanism of Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). In this study, network pharmacology was employed to elucidate potential mechanism of GBLs in the treatment of NDs. Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP) was used to obtain the chemical components in accordance with the screening principles of oral availability and drug-like property. Potential targets of GBLs were integrated with disease targets, and intersection targets were exactly the potential action targets of GBLs for treating NDs; these key targets were enriched and analyzed by the protein protein interaction (PPI) analysis and molecular docking verification. Key genes were ultimately used to find the biological pathway and explain the therapeutic mechanism by Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis. Twenty-seven active components of GBLs may affect biological processes such as oxidative reactions and activate transcription factor activities. These components may also affect 120 metabolic pathways, such as the PI3K/AKT pathway, by regulating 147 targets, including AKT1, ALB, HSP90AA1, PTGS2, MMP9, EGFR and APP. By using the software iGEMDOCK, the main target proteins were found to bind well to the main active components of GBLs. GBLs have the characteristics of multi-component and multi-target synergistic effect on the treatment of NDs, which preliminarily predicted its possible molecular mechanism of action, and provided the basis for the follow-up study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Chemistry and Applications of Plant Resources, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Lianyungang, 222000, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical New-tech for Chinese Medicine, Lianyungang, 222000, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xialin Chen
- Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Lianyungang, 222000, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical New-tech for Chinese Medicine, Lianyungang, 222000, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Weirong Bai
- Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Lianyungang, 222000, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical New-tech for Chinese Medicine, Lianyungang, 222000, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenzhong Wang
- Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Lianyungang, 222000, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical New-tech for Chinese Medicine, Lianyungang, 222000, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xiao
- Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Lianyungang, 222000, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China. .,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical New-tech for Chinese Medicine, Lianyungang, 222000, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jingbo Zhu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, Liaoning, People's Republic of China. .,Institute of Chemistry and Applications of Plant Resources, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.
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