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Tengattini S, Rubes D, Serra M, Piubelli L, Pollegioni L, Calleri E, Bavaro T, Massolini G, Terreni M, Temporini C. Glycovaccine Design: Optimization of Model and Antitubercular Carrier Glycosylation via Disuccinimidyl Homobifunctional Linker. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051321. [PMID: 37242563 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Conjugation via disuccinimidyl homobifunctional linkers is reported in the literature as a convenient approach for the synthesis of glycoconjugate vaccines. However, the high tendency for hydrolysis of disuccinimidyl linkers hampers their extensive purification, which unavoidably results in side-reactions and non-pure glycoconjugates. In this paper, conjugation of 3-aminopropyl saccharides via disuccinimidyl glutarate (DSG) was exploited for the synthesis of glycoconjugates. A model protein, ribonuclease A (RNase A), was first considered to set up the conjugation strategy with mono- to tri- mannose saccharides. Through a detailed characterization of synthetized glycoconjugates, purification protocols and conjugation conditions have been revised and optimized with a dual aim: ensure high sugar-loading and avoid the presence of side reaction products. An alternative purification approach based on hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) allowed the formation of glutaric acid conjugates to be avoided, and a design of experiment (DoE) approach led to optimal glycan loading. Once its suitability was proven, the developed conjugation strategy was applied to the chemical glycosylation of two recombinant antigens, native Ag85B and its variant Ag85B-dm, that are candidate carriers for the development of a novel antitubercular vaccine. Pure glycoconjugates (≥99.5%) were obtained. Altogether, the results suggest that, with an adequate protocol, conjugation via disuccinimidyl linkers can be a valuable approach to produce high sugar-loaded and well-defined glycovaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Tengattini
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Davide Rubes
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Massimo Serra
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Luciano Piubelli
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Loredano Pollegioni
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Enrica Calleri
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Teodora Bavaro
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Gabriella Massolini
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Terreni
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Caterina Temporini
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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Robescu MS, Alcántara AR, Calvio C, Morelli CF, Speranza G, Ubiali D, Bavaro T. l-Theanine Goes Greener: A Highly Efficient Bioprocess Catalyzed by the Immobilized γ-Glutamyl Transferase from Bacillus subtilis. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202202108. [PMID: 36655933 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202202108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
l-Theanine (l-Th) was synthesized by simply mixing the reactants (l-glutamine and ethylamine in water) at 25 °C and Bacillus subtilis γ-glutamyl transferase (BsGGT) covalently immobilized on glyoxyl-agarose according to a methodology previously reported by our research group; neither buffers, nor other additives were needed. Ratio of l-glutamine (donor) to ethylamine (acceptor), pH, enzymatic units (IU), and reaction time were optimized (molar ratio of donor/acceptor=1 : 8, pH 11.6, 1 IU mL-1 , 6 h), furnishing l-Th in 93 % isolated yield (485 mg, 32.3 g L-1 ) and high purity (99 %), after a simple filtration of the immobilized biocatalyst, distillation of the volatiles (unreacted ethylamine) and direct lyophilization. Immobilized BsGGT was re-used (four reaction cycles) with 100 % activity retention. This enzymatic synthesis represents a straightforward, fast, high-yielding, and easily scalable approach to l-Th preparation, besides having a favorable green chemistry metrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina S Robescu
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, viale Taramelli 12, Pavia, Italy
| | - Andrés R Alcántara
- Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza de Ramon y Cajal s/n, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cinzia Calvio
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, via Ferrata 1, Pavia, Italy
| | - Carlo F Morelli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Milan, via Golgi 19, Milano, Italy
| | - Giovanna Speranza
- Department of Chemistry, University of Milan, via Golgi 19, Milano, Italy
| | - Daniela Ubiali
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, viale Taramelli 12, Pavia, Italy
| | - Teodora Bavaro
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, viale Taramelli 12, Pavia, Italy
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Hoyos P, Perona A, Bavaro T, Berini F, Marinelli F, Terreni M, Hernáiz MJ. Biocatalyzed Synthesis of Glycostructures with Anti-infective Activity. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:2409-2424. [PMID: 35942874 PMCID: PMC9454102 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Molecules containing carbohydrate moieties play essential roles in fighting a variety of bacterial and viral infections. Consequently, the design of new carbohydrate-containing drugs or vaccines has attracted great attention in recent years as means to target several infectious diseases.Conventional methods to produce these compounds face numerous challenges because their current production technology is based on chemical synthesis, which often requires several steps and uses environmentally unfriendly reactants, contaminant solvents, and inefficient protocols. The search for sustainable processes such as the use of biocatalysts and eco-friendly solvents is of vital importance. Therefore, their use in a variety of reactions leading to the production of pharmaceuticals has increased exponentially in the last years, fueled by recent advances in protein engineering, enzyme directed evolution, combinatorial biosynthesis, immobilization techniques, and flow biocatalysis. In glycochemistry and glycobiology, enzymes belonging to the families of glycosidases, glycosyltransferases (Gtfs), lipases, and, in the case of nucleoside and nucleotide analogues, also nucleoside phosphorylases (NPs) are the preferred choices as catalysts.In this Account, on the basis of our expertise, we will discuss the recent biocatalytic and sustainable approaches that have been employed to synthesize carbohydrate-based drugs, ranging from antiviral nucleosides and nucleotides to antibiotics with antibacterial activity and glycoconjugates such as neoglycoproteins (glycovaccines, GCVs) and glycodendrimers that are considered as very promising tools against viral and bacterial infections.In the first section, we will report the use of NPs and N-deoxyribosyltransferases for the development of transglycosylation processes aimed at the synthesis of nucleoside analogues with antiviral activity. The use of deoxyribonucleoside kinases and hydrolases for the modification of the sugar moiety of nucleosides has been widely investigated.Next, we will describe the results obtained using enzymes for the chemoenzymatic synthesis of glycoconjugates such as GCVs and glycodendrimers with antibacterial and antiviral activity. In this context, the search for efficient enzymatic syntheses represents an excellent strategy to produce structure-defined antigenic or immunogenic oligosaccharide analogues with high purity. Lipases, glycosidases, and Gtfs have been used for their preparation.Interestingly, many authors have proposed the use Gtfs originating from the biosynthesis of natural glycosylated antibiotics such as glycopeptides, macrolides, and aminoglycosides. These have been used in the chemoenzymatic semisynthesis of novel antibiotic derivatives by modification of the sugar moiety linked to their complex scaffold. These contributions will be described in the last section of this review because of their relevance in the fight against the spreading phenomenon of antibiotic resistance. In this context, the pioneering in vivo synthesis of novel derivatives obtained by genetic manipulation of producer strains (combinatorial biosynthesis) will be shortly described as well.All of these strategies provide a useful and environmentally friendly synthetic toolbox. Likewise, the field represents an illustrative example of how biocatalysis can contribute to the sustainable development of complex glycan-based therapies and how problems derived from the integration of natural tools in synthetic pathways can be efficiently tackled to afford high yields and selectivity. The use of enzymatic synthesis is becoming a reality in the pharmaceutical industry and in drug discovery to rapidly afford collections of new antibacterial or antiviral molecules with improved specificity and better metabolic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Hoyos
- Departamento
de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Almudena Perona
- Departamento
de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Teodora Bavaro
- Dipartimento
di Scienze del Farmaco, Università
di Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesca Berini
- Dipartimento
di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università
degli Studi dell’Insubria, Via Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Flavia Marinelli
- Dipartimento
di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università
degli Studi dell’Insubria, Via Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Marco Terreni
- Dipartimento
di Scienze del Farmaco, Università
di Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - María J. Hernáiz
- Departamento
de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain,
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Tanzi L, Rubes D, Bavaro T, Sollogoub M, Serra M, Zhang Y, Terreni M. Controlled Decoration of [60]Fullerene with Polymannan Analogues and Amino Acid Derivatives through Malondiamide-Based Linkers. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27092776. [PMID: 35566127 PMCID: PMC9101093 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the last few years, nanomaterials based on fullerene have begun to be considered promising tools in the development of efficient adjuvant/delivery systems for vaccination, thanks to their several advantages such as biocompatibility, size, and easy preparation and modification. In this work we reported the chemoenzymatic synthesis of natural polymannan analogues (di- and tri-mannan oligosaccharides characterized by α1,6man and/or α1,2man motifs) endowed with an anomeric propargyl group. These sugar derivatives were submitted to 1,3 Huisgen dipolar cycloaddition with a malondiamide-based chain equipped with two azido terminal groups. The obtained sugar-modified malondiamide derivatives were used to functionalize the surface of Buckminster fullerene (C60) in a highly controlled fashion, and yields (11–41%) higher than those so far reported by employing analogue linkers. The same strategy has been exploited to obtain C60 endowed with natural and unnatural amino acid derivatives. Finally, the first double functionalization of fullerene with both sugar- and amino acid-modified malondiamide chains was successfully performed, paving the way to the possible derivatization of fullerenes with immunogenic sugars and more complex antigenic peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Tanzi
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, viale Taramelli 12, I-27100 Pavia, Italy; (L.T.); (D.R.); (T.B.); (M.T.)
- Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Place Jussieu 4, 75005 Paris, France;
| | - Davide Rubes
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, viale Taramelli 12, I-27100 Pavia, Italy; (L.T.); (D.R.); (T.B.); (M.T.)
| | - Teodora Bavaro
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, viale Taramelli 12, I-27100 Pavia, Italy; (L.T.); (D.R.); (T.B.); (M.T.)
| | - Matthieu Sollogoub
- Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Place Jussieu 4, 75005 Paris, France;
| | - Massimo Serra
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, viale Taramelli 12, I-27100 Pavia, Italy; (L.T.); (D.R.); (T.B.); (M.T.)
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yongmin Zhang
- Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Place Jussieu 4, 75005 Paris, France;
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Marco Terreni
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, viale Taramelli 12, I-27100 Pavia, Italy; (L.T.); (D.R.); (T.B.); (M.T.)
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