1
|
Giorni P, Bulla G, Leni G, Soldano M, Tacchini M, Guerrini A, Sacchetti G, Bertuzzi T. Enhancement of agri-food by-products: green extractions of bioactive molecules with fungicidal action against mycotoxigenic fungi and their mycotoxins. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1196812. [PMID: 37305090 PMCID: PMC10248026 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1196812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Today, alternative strategies based on the use of bioactive compounds have been proposed to reduce mycotoxin contamination and limit the use of chemical fungicides. Methods In the present work, several by-products collected from the agri-food chain (i.e., red and white grape marc, red grapevine leaves, grape seeds and stalks, pear, apple, green beans, tomato, and spent hops) were subjected to green extraction protocols (i.e., steam distillation, Ultrasound-Assisted, and Naviglio® extraction) to obtain extracts rich in polyphenols and terpenes. Each extract was assessed in vitro for its ability to inhibit the development of the main mycotoxigenic species and related mycotoxins. Results and Discussion Aspergillus flavus and A. carbonarius were significantly reduced by pear (from -45 to -47%) and grape marc (from -21 to -51%) extracts, while F. graminearum was shown to be highly influenced by grape stalk, pear, and grape marc extracts (-24% on average). On the contrary, F. verticillioides was inhibited only by pear (-18%) and to a very low and negligible extent by apple (-1%) and green beans (-3%). Regarding the reduction of mycotoxins, the extracts were able to inhibit OTA from 2 to 57%, AFB1 from 5 to 75%, and DON from 14 to 72%. The highest percentages of reduction were obtained against FBs (from 11 to 94%), ZEN (from 17 to 100%), and Alternaria toxins (from 7 to 96%). In conclusion, this work provided promising results for the production of bioactive extracts obtained from agri-food by-products, which could be exploited as potential biofungicides against the development of mycotoxigenic fungi and related mycotoxins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Giorni
- Dipartimento delle Produzioni Vegetali Sostenibili (DIPROVES), Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Giulia Bulla
- Dipartimento delle Produzioni Vegetali Sostenibili (DIPROVES), Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Giulia Leni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Animali, della Nutrizione e degli Alimenti (DIANA), Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | | | - Massimo Tacchini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biotecnologie, Università Degli Studi Di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandra Guerrini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biotecnologie, Università Degli Studi Di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Gianni Sacchetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biotecnologie, Università Degli Studi Di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Terenzio Bertuzzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Animali, della Nutrizione e degli Alimenti (DIANA), Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Guerrini A, Tacchini M, Chiocchio I, Grandini A, Radice M, Maresca I, Paganetto G, Sacchetti G. A Comparative Study on Chemical Compositions and Biological Activities of Four Amazonian Ecuador Essential Oils: Curcuma longa L. (Zingiberaceae), Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf, (Poaceae), Ocimum campechianum Mill. (Lamiaceae), and Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Zingiberaceae). Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12010177. [PMID: 36671378 PMCID: PMC9855031 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12010177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Essential oils (EOs) and their vapour phase of Curcuma longa (Zingiberaceae), Cymbopogon citratus (Poaceae), Ocimum campechianum (Lamiaceae), and Zingiber officinale (Zingiberaceae) of cultivated plants grown in an Amazonian Ecuador area were chemically characterised by Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID), Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), and Head Space-Gas Chromatograph-Flame Ionization Detector-Mass Spectrometry (HS-GC-FID-MS).figure The EOs analyses led to the identification of 25 compounds for C. longa (99.46% of the total; ar-turmerone: 23.35%), 18 compounds for C. citratus (99.59% of the total; geraniol: 39.43%), 19 compounds for O. campechianum (96.24% of the total; eugenol: 50.97%), and 28 for Z. officinale (98.04% of the total; α-Zingiberene: 15.45%). The Head Space fractions (HS) revealed C. longa mainly characterised by limonene and 1,8-cineole (37.35%) and α-phellandrene (32.33%); Z. officinale and C. citratus showed camphene (50.39%) and cis-Isocitral (15.27%) as the most abundant compounds, respectively. O. campechianum EO revealed a higher amount of sesquiterpenes (10.08%), mainly characterised by E-caryophyllene (4.95%), but monoterpene fraction remained the most abundant (89.94%). The EOs were tested for antioxidant, antimicrobial, and mutagen-protective properties and compared to the Thymus vulgaris EO as a positive reference. O. campechianum EO was the most effective in all the bioactivities checked. Similar results emerged from assaying the bioactivity of the vapour phase of O. campechianum EO. The antioxidant and antimicrobial activity evaluation of O. campechianum EO were repeated through HP-TLC bioautography assay, pointing out eugenol as the lead compound for bioactivity. The mutagen-protective evaluation checked through Ames's test properly modified evidenced a better capacity of O. campechianum EO compared with the other EOs, reducing the induced mutagenicity at 0.1 mg/plate. However, even with differences in efficacy, the overall results suggest important perspectives for the functional use of the four studied EOs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Guerrini
- Pharmaceutical Biology Lab., Research Unit 7, Terra&Acqua Tech. Technopole Lab., Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, P.le Luciano Chiappini 2, 44123 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Massimo Tacchini
- Pharmaceutical Biology Lab., Research Unit 7, Terra&Acqua Tech. Technopole Lab., Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, P.le Luciano Chiappini 2, 44123 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Ilaria Chiocchio
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio, 42, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandro Grandini
- Pharmaceutical Biology Lab., Research Unit 7, Terra&Acqua Tech. Technopole Lab., Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, P.le Luciano Chiappini 2, 44123 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Matteo Radice
- Faculty of Earth Sciences, Dep. Ciencia de la Tierra, Universidad Estatal Amazónica, Km 2 ½ Via Puyo-Tena, Puyo 160150, Ecuador
| | - Immacolata Maresca
- Pharmaceutical Biology Lab., Research Unit 7, Terra&Acqua Tech. Technopole Lab., Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, P.le Luciano Chiappini 2, 44123 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Guglielmo Paganetto
- Pharmaceutical Biology Lab., Research Unit 7, Terra&Acqua Tech. Technopole Lab., Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, P.le Luciano Chiappini 2, 44123 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Gianni Sacchetti
- Pharmaceutical Biology Lab., Research Unit 7, Terra&Acqua Tech. Technopole Lab., Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, P.le Luciano Chiappini 2, 44123 Ferrara, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0532-293774 or +39-0532-974636
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dharsono HDA, Putri SA, Kurnia D, Dudi D, Satari MH. Ocimum Species: A Review on Chemical Constituents and Antibacterial Activity. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196350. [PMID: 36234883 PMCID: PMC9573401 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection by bacteria is one of the main problems in health. The use of commercial antibiotics is still one of the treatments to overcome these problems. However, high levels of consumption lead to antibiotic resistance. Several types of antibiotics have been reported to experience resistance. One solution that can be given is the use of natural antibacterial products. There have been many studies reporting the potential antibacterial activity of the Ocimum plant. Ocimum is known to be one of the medicinal plants that have been used traditionally by local people. This plant contains components of secondary metabolites such as phenolics, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, and alkaloids. Therefore, in this paper, we will discuss five types of Ocimum species, namely O. americanum, O. basilicum, O. gratissimum, O. campechianum, and O. sanctum. The five species are known to contain many chemical constituents and have good antibacterial activity against several pathogenic bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hendra Dian Adhita Dharsono
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, West Java, Indonesia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +62-8156223343
| | - Salsabila Aqila Putri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Dikdik Kurnia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Dudi Dudi
- Department of Livestock Production, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Mieke Hemiawati Satari
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, West Java, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Didehdar M, Chegini Z, Shariati A. Eugenol: A novel therapeutic agent for the inhibition of Candida species infection. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:872127. [PMID: 36016558 PMCID: PMC9395595 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.872127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The high occurrence and mortality rates related to candidiasis emphasize the urgent need to introduce new therapeutic approaches to treat this infection. Eugenol, the main phenolic component of Clove and Cinnamomum essential oil, has been used to inhibit growth and different virulence factors of Candida, including strains with decreased susceptibility to antifungals, particularly fluconazole. The results showed that this compound could bind to Candida membrane and decrease ergosterol biosynthesis, consequently leading to cell wall and membrane damage. Additionally, eugenol not only reduced germ tube formation, which reduces nutrient absorption from host tissues, but it also increased the levels of lipid peroxidation and reactive oxygen species, which induces oxidative stress and causes high permeability in the fungal cell membrane. Eugenol inhibited Candida cells’ adhesion capacity; additionally, this compound inhibited the formation of biofilms and eliminated established Candida biofilms on a variety of surfaces. Furthermore, by disrupting fungal cell integrity, eugenol could boost the entry of the antifungal drugs into the Candida cell, improving treatment efficacy. Therefore, eugenol could be used in the clinical management of various presentations of candidiasis, especially mucocutaneous presentations such as oral and vulvovaginal infections. However, further investigations, including in vivo and animal studies, toxicology studies and clinical trials, as well as molecular analysis, are needed to improve formulations and develop novel antifungal agents based on eugenol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Didehdar
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Zahra Chegini
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Aref Shariati
- Molecular and Medicine Research Center, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran
- *Correspondence: Aref Shariati,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Nutrients and Main Secondary Metabolites Characterizing Extracts and Essential Oil from Fruits of Ammodaucus leucotrichus Coss. & Dur. (Western Sahara). MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27155013. [PMID: 35956960 PMCID: PMC9370740 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27155013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The ethnobotany of the Sahrawi people considers various species of plants and crude drugs as food, cooking spices and traditional health remedies. From among these, the fruits of Ammodaucus leucotrichus Coss. & Dur. (Apiaceae), known as Saharan cumin, were chosen for our research. The present paper reports a proximate composition and mineral element analysis of various samples of A. leucotrichus fruits, collected during the balsamic period (full fruiting) from plants grown in Bir Lehlu (Western Sahara) and purchased in a local market (Tindouf). These analyses pointed out interesting nutritional values of the crude drug. Decoction and alcoholic extract, analyzed by HPLC-DAD, evidenced ammolactone-A and R-perillaldehyde as the two main isolated constituents, particularly in the ethanolic extracts (ammolactone-A, market sample: 51.71 ± 0.39 mg/g dry extract; wild sample: 111.60 ± 1.80 mg/g dry extract; R-perillaldehyde, market sample: 145.95 ± 0.35 mg/g dry extract; wild sample: 221.40 ± 0.30 mg/g dry extract). The essential oils, obtained through hydrodistillation, were characterized by GC-MS and evidenced R-perillaldehyde (market sample: 53.21 ± 1.52%; wild sample: 74.01 ± 1.75%) and limonene (market sample: 35.15 ± 1.68%; wild sample: 19.90 ± 1.86%) as the most abundant compounds. The R configuration of perillaldehyde was ascertained and a complete description of the 1H and 13C NMR spectra of ammolactone-A was performed.
Collapse
|
6
|
García-Melero J, López-Mitjavila JJ, García-Celma MJ, Rodriguez-Abreu C, Grijalvo S. Rosmarinic Acid-Loaded Polymeric Nanoparticles Prepared by Low-Energy Nano-Emulsion Templating: Formulation, Biophysical Characterization, and In Vitro Studies. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15134572. [PMID: 35806696 PMCID: PMC9267406 DOI: 10.3390/ma15134572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rosmarinic acid (RA), a caffeic acid derivative, has been loaded in polymeric nanoparticles made up of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) through a nano-emulsion templating process using the phase-inversion composition (PIC) method at room temperature. The obtained RA-loaded nanoparticles (NPs) were colloidally stable exhibiting average diameters in the range of 70–100 nm. RA was entrapped within the PLGA polymeric network with high encapsulation efficiencies and nanoparticles were able to release RA in a rate-controlled manner. A first-order equation model fitted our experimental data and confirmed the prevalence of diffusion mechanisms. Protein corona formation on the surface of NPs was assessed upon incubation with serum proteins. Protein adsorption induced an increase in the hydrodynamic diameter and a slight shift towards more negative surface charges of the NPs. The radical scavenging activity of RA-loaded NPs was also studied using the DPPH·assay and showed a dose–response relationship between the NPs concentration and DPPH inhibition. Finally, RA-loaded NPs did not affect the cellular proliferation of the human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line and promoted efficient cellular uptake. These results are promising for expanding the use of O/W nano-emulsions in biomedical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica García-Melero
- Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (CSIC-IQAC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain; (J.G.-M.); (J.-J.L.-M.)
| | - Joan-Josep López-Mitjavila
- Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (CSIC-IQAC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain; (J.G.-M.); (J.-J.L.-M.)
| | - María José García-Celma
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology, and Physical-Chemistry, R+D Associated Unit to CSIC Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, IN2UB, University of Barcelona, Joan XXIII 27-31, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain;
- Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Rodriguez-Abreu
- Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (CSIC-IQAC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain; (J.G.-M.); (J.-J.L.-M.)
- Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (C.R.-A.); (S.G.)
| | - Santiago Grijalvo
- Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (C.R.-A.); (S.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wilson TM, Murphy BJ, Abad A, Packer C, Poulson A, Carlson RE. Essential Oil Composition and Stable Isotope Profile of Cultivated Ocimum campechianum Mill. (Lamiaceae) from Peru. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27092777. [PMID: 35566129 PMCID: PMC9105928 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Ocimum campechianum Mill. (Peruvian basil) is an essential oil-bearing plant of the Lamiaceae family. Volatile oil produced through steam distillation of Peruvian basil was examined to establish the aromatic and stable isotope profiles of samples (n = 9) from three different cultivated plots in Peru. The resulting essential oils were analyzed by GC/FID, GC/MS, and GC/IRMS. In accordance with findings from other researchers, multiple chemotypes, defined by the most abundant aromatic compounds, exist within these populations. Overall, 55% of samples are the eugenol chemotype (values ranging 15.4–30.2%), 33% are the methyl eugenol chemotype (values ranging 68.1–68.7%), and a single sample is a mixture of both chemotypes, containing high levels of both eugenol (38.1%) and methyl eugenol (8.6%). Stable isotope ratios, δ2H and δ13C, performed on prominent compounds provide supporting data for distinguishing chemotypes. Complete aromatic profiles, stable isotope ratios, and essential oil yield are established for each sample. This study confirms the existence of multiple chemotypes and, for the first time, to the author’s best knowledge, establishes stable isotope ratios for O. campechianum essential oil, which proves a useful tool in further investigating plant metabolism and determining essential oil authenticity.
Collapse
|
8
|
Armijos C, Ramírez J, Salinas M, Vidari G, Suárez AI. Pharmacology and Phytochemistry of Ecuadorian Medicinal Plants: An Update and Perspectives. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14111145. [PMID: 34832927 PMCID: PMC8624270 DOI: 10.3390/ph14111145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of plants as therapeutic agents is part of the traditional medicine that is practiced by many indigenous communities in Ecuador. The aim of this study was to update a review published in 2016 by including the studies that were carried out in the period 2016–July 2021 on about 120 Ecuadorian medicinal plants. Relevant data on raw extracts and isolated secondary metabolites were retrieved from different databases, resulting in 104 references. They included phytochemical and pharmacological studies on several non-volatile compounds, as well as the chemical composition of essential oils (EOs). The tested biological activities are also reported. The potential of Ecuadorian plants as sources of products for practical applications in different fields, as well the perspectives of future investigations, are discussed in the last part of the review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chabaco Armijos
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador; (J.R.); (M.S.); (A.I.S.)
- Correspondence: (C.A.); (G.V.)
| | - Jorge Ramírez
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador; (J.R.); (M.S.); (A.I.S.)
| | - Melissa Salinas
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador; (J.R.); (M.S.); (A.I.S.)
| | - Giovanni Vidari
- Medical Analysis Department, Faculty of Science, Tishk International University, Erbil 44001, Iraq
- Correspondence: (C.A.); (G.V.)
| | - Alírica I. Suárez
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador; (J.R.); (M.S.); (A.I.S.)
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas 1040, Venezuela
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Overview of Multiple Applications of Basil Species and Cultivars and the Effects of Production Environmental Parameters on Yields and Secondary Metabolites in Hydroponic Systems. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su132011332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), including other species and cultivars, is an excellent source of nutritional compounds, the accumulation of which can be stimulated by exogenous factors (environmental and nutritional conditions). Although best practices are relatively established for mature basil plants, microgreens production requires further research to optimize quality and quantity. The study objectives are (i) to provide an overview of the many uses of basil, (ii) collate and present common hydroponic systems available in the market, (iii) review effects of key production environment parameters on basil yields in hydroponic systems, and (iv) summarize the effects of the growth environments on yield quantity and quality of basil microgreens. The paper analyzes in detail key production parameters of basil microgreens in hydroponic systems, such as temperature, humidity, pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrient solutions, and the influence of light (quantity, quality, and photoperiods). The collated literature review has shown that basil, grown hydroponically, can tolerate high variations of environmental parameters: pH 5.1–8.5, temperature 15–24 °C, relative humidity 60–70%, electrical conductivity up to 1.2 mS cm−1, depending on the developmental stage, dissolved oxygen at 4 mg L−1 (optimally 6.5 mg L−1), and light intensity between 200 and 400 μmol m−2 s−1. The study has synthesized an overview of different production parameters to provide guidance on the optimization of environmental conditions to ensure the quantity and quality production of basil microgreens. Improving the quality of basil microgreens can ideally spur continued gastronomic interest in microgreens in general, which will encourage more entrepreneurs to grow basil and other microgreens. Hence, the study findings are a great resource to learn about the effects of different environments on basil microgreen production. This information can inform research for successful production of different species and cultivars of basil microgreens, and establishing testing protocols to improve the quantity and quality of the harvest.
Collapse
|
10
|
Guerrini A, Sacchetti G, Echeverria Guevara MP, Paganetto G, Grandini A, Maresca I, Menghini L, Di Martino L, Marengo A, Tacchini M. Wild Italian Hyssopus officinalis subsp. aristatus (Godr.) Nyman: From Morphological and Phytochemical Evidences to Biological Activities. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10040631. [PMID: 33810509 PMCID: PMC8065824 DOI: 10.3390/plants10040631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Three specimens of H. officinalis subsp. aristatus were collected in three areas of the Abruzzo region (Italy) and subjected to macroscopic and microscopic observation to support their botanical identification. The essential oils (EOs) obtained from the aerial parts of the samples were characterized with the object to define their phytochemical and pharmaceutical biology profile. They highlight three different chemotypes, including one never seen in previous literature (CIV17-EO, distilled from sample harvested in 2017 at Civitaretenga), that showed a fingerprinting with the predominance of (-)-limonen-10-yl-acetate (67.9%). In 2017 European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) reported the genotoxicity of similar compounds, therefore, to dismiss any safety concern for the CIV17-EO use as flavouring substance, the Ames test was performed with no evidence of mutagenic activity. Safety of use coupled with chemical characterization of this new chemotype set the stage for a better standardization of H. officinalis EOs. The ethanolic extracts, on the other hand, with qualitatively similar chemical profiles in which caftaric, chlorogenic and rosmarinic acid were the main molecules, showed interesting antioxidant activity and a slight cytotoxicity towards the A549 cell line that could indicate a starting point for the evaluation of an additional preventive tool for maintaining health status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Guerrini
- Pharmaceutical Biology Lab., Research Unit 7 of Terra&Acqua Tech Technopole Lab., Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Piazzale Luciano Chiappini, 3, 44123 Ferrara, Italy; (A.G.); (G.S.); (G.P.); (A.G.); (I.M.)
| | - Gianni Sacchetti
- Pharmaceutical Biology Lab., Research Unit 7 of Terra&Acqua Tech Technopole Lab., Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Piazzale Luciano Chiappini, 3, 44123 Ferrara, Italy; (A.G.); (G.S.); (G.P.); (A.G.); (I.M.)
| | | | - Guglielmo Paganetto
- Pharmaceutical Biology Lab., Research Unit 7 of Terra&Acqua Tech Technopole Lab., Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Piazzale Luciano Chiappini, 3, 44123 Ferrara, Italy; (A.G.); (G.S.); (G.P.); (A.G.); (I.M.)
| | - Alessandro Grandini
- Pharmaceutical Biology Lab., Research Unit 7 of Terra&Acqua Tech Technopole Lab., Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Piazzale Luciano Chiappini, 3, 44123 Ferrara, Italy; (A.G.); (G.S.); (G.P.); (A.G.); (I.M.)
| | - Immacolata Maresca
- Pharmaceutical Biology Lab., Research Unit 7 of Terra&Acqua Tech Technopole Lab., Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Piazzale Luciano Chiappini, 3, 44123 Ferrara, Italy; (A.G.); (G.S.); (G.P.); (A.G.); (I.M.)
| | - Luigi Menghini
- Department of Pharmacy, Botanical Garden “Giardino dei Semplici”, Università degli Studi “Gabriele d’Annunzio”, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Luciano Di Martino
- Ufficio Monitoraggio e Conservazione Biodiversità Vegetale, Ente Parco Nazionale della Majella, Via Badia, 28 loc. Badia Morronese, 67039 Sulmona (AQ), Italy;
| | - Arianna Marengo
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Torino, Italy;
| | - Massimo Tacchini
- Pharmaceutical Biology Lab., Research Unit 7 of Terra&Acqua Tech Technopole Lab., Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Piazzale Luciano Chiappini, 3, 44123 Ferrara, Italy; (A.G.); (G.S.); (G.P.); (A.G.); (I.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-3284517778
| |
Collapse
|