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Kumar H, Dhanjal DS, Guleria S, Nepovimova E, Sethi N, Dhalaria R, Kuca K. Hepatoprotective effects of fruits pulp, seed, and peel against chemical-induced toxicity: Insights from in vivo studies. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 189:114742. [PMID: 38754807 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
The liver is a vital organ in human physiology positioned in the upper right quadrant of the peritoneal cavity, which plats a critical role in metabolic processes, detoxification of various substances and overall homeostasis. Along with these critical functions, hepatic diseases impose as significant global health threat. Liver illness is the cause of two million fatalities every year, or 4% of all deaths. Traditionally, healthcare providers have prescribed antibacterial and antiviral medications to address liver illness. Nephrotoxicity is a frequently observed negative reaction to drugs, with the majority of such events happening in individuals who have advanced cirrhosis. Thus, recognizing this gap, there is a dire need of exploration of pharmaceutical alterative for hepatic diseases, with special focus on their efficacy and reduced toxicity. Fruits have long been known to therapeutic impact on human health, thus exploration of fruits components namely pulp, seeds and peels containing phytochemicals have emerged as a promising avenue for hepatoprotective interventions. Thus, review comprehends the information about worldwide burden of chemical induced toxicity and injuries as well as highlight the on-going challenges in hepatic disease management. It also shed light on the valuable contributions fruit parts and their phytocompounds obtained from different components of fruits. Fruit pulp, especially when rich in flavonoids, has demonstrated significant potential in animal model studies. It has been observed to enhance the activity of antioxidant enzymes and reduce the expression of pro-inflammatory markers. The methanolic and ethanolic extracts have demonstrated the most favorable outcomes. Further, this review also discusses about the safety assessments of fruits extracts for their utilization as hepatoprotective agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsh Kumar
- Centre of Advanced Technologies, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Daljeet Singh Dhanjal
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Shivani Guleria
- Department of Biotechnology, TIFAC-Centre of Relevance and Excellence in Agro and Industrial Biotechnology (CORE), Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, 147001, India.
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Nidhi Sethi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, India
| | - Rajni Dhalaria
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, 173229, India.
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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Singai C, Pitchakarn P, Taya S, Phannasorn W, Wongpoomchai R, Wongnoppavich A. Chemopreventive Potential of Phyllanthus emblica Fruit Extract against Colon and Liver Cancer Using a Dual-Organ Rat Carcinogenesis Model. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:818. [PMID: 39065670 PMCID: PMC11280025 DOI: 10.3390/ph17070818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Humans are frequently exposed to various carcinogens capable of inducing cancer in multiple organs. Phyllanthus emblica (P. emblica) is known for its strong antioxidant properties and potential in cancer prevention. However, its effectiveness against combined carcinogens remains relatively unexplored. This study aimed to assess the chemopreventive potential of the ethanolic extract of P. emblica fruits against preneoplastic lesions in the liver and colon using a rat model. Rats were administered with diethylnitrosamine (DEN) and 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) to induce hepato- and colon carcinogenesis, respectively. The ethanolic extract of P. emblica fruit at 100 and 500 mg/kg bw significantly reduced the number of preneoplastic lesions in the liver by 74.7% and 55.6%, respectively, and in the colon by 39.2% and 40.8%, respectively. Similarly, the extract decreased the size of preneoplastic lesions in the liver by 75.2% (100 mg/kg bw) and 70.6% (500 mg/kg bw). Furthermore, the extract significantly reduced the cell proliferation marker in the liver by 70.3% (100 mg/kg bw) and 61.54% (500 mg/kg bw), and in the colon by 62.7% (100 mg/kg bw) and 60.5% (500 mg/kg bw). The ethanolic extract also enhanced liver antioxidant enzyme activities and demonstrated free radical scavenging in DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays. Additionally, the dichloromethane fraction of P. emblica showed significant cancer prevention potential by reducing intracellular ROS and NO production by 61.7% and 35.4%, respectively, in RAW 264.7 macrophages. It also exhibited antimutagenic effects with a reduction of 54.0% against aflatoxin B1 and 52.3% against 2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline-induced mutagenesis in Salmonella typhimurium. Finally, this study highlights the chemopreventive activity of P. emblica fruit extract against the initiation of early-stage carcinogenic lesions in the liver and colon in rats treated with dual carcinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chonikarn Singai
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (C.S.); (P.P.); (W.P.); (R.W.)
| | - Pornsiri Pitchakarn
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (C.S.); (P.P.); (W.P.); (R.W.)
| | - Sirinya Taya
- Functional Food Research Unit, Multidisciplinary Research Institute, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Warunyoo Phannasorn
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (C.S.); (P.P.); (W.P.); (R.W.)
| | - Rawiwan Wongpoomchai
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (C.S.); (P.P.); (W.P.); (R.W.)
| | - Ariyaphong Wongnoppavich
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (C.S.); (P.P.); (W.P.); (R.W.)
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Panritdum P, Muangnoi C, Tuntipopipat S, Charoenkiatkul S, Sukprasansap M. Cleistocalyx nervosum var. paniala berry extract and cyanidin-3-glucoside inhibit hepatotoxicity and apoptosis. Food Sci Nutr 2024; 12:2947-2962. [PMID: 38628219 PMCID: PMC11016384 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Excessive oxidative toxicity in liver cells is a significant risk factor that can cause cellular injury, leading to the development of chronic liver disease (CLD). Natural anthocyanins have been shown to prevent the harmful effects of oxidative toxicity in mammalian cells. Ripe Cleistocalyx nervosum var. paniala berry fruits are rich in anthocyanins, which have been reported to possess many health benefits. Therefore, this study examined the protective effect of ethanolic fruit extract of C. nervosum var. paniala (CNPE) against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative damage and cell death in human hepatoma HepG2 cells. Results showed that CNPE had strong antioxidant capabilities and high amounts of total phenolics and anthocyanins. HPLC analysis showed that CNPE consists of cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G). Our investigations found that HepG2 cells pretreated with CNPE or anthocyanin C3G inhibited H2O2-induced cellular damage and apoptosis by increasing the viability of cells, the expression of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 protein, and the activities of cellular antioxidant enzymes, namely SOD, CAT, and GPx. Moreover, both CNPE and C3G significantly suppressed expression of apoptotic proteins (Bax and cytochrome c) and the activities of cleaved caspase-9 and caspase-3 caused by H2O2. Our results indicate that CNPE and C3G can suppress H2O2-induced hepatotoxicity and cell death through stimulation of endogenous antioxidant enzyme activities and inhibition of apoptosis pathway in HepG2 cells. These findings might support development of CNPE as an alternative natural product for preventing CLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasitta Panritdum
- Graduate student in Master of Science Program in Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital and Institute of NutritionMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Chawanphat Muangnoi
- Cell and Animal Model Unit, Institute of NutritionMahidol UniversityNakhon PathomThailand
| | - Siriporn Tuntipopipat
- Cell and Animal Model Unit, Institute of NutritionMahidol UniversityNakhon PathomThailand
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Li X, Lao R, Lei J, Chen Y, Zhou Q, Wang T, Tong Y. Natural Products for Acetaminophen-Induced Acute Liver Injury: A Review. Molecules 2023; 28:7901. [PMID: 38067630 PMCID: PMC10708418 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28237901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver plays a vital role in metabolism, synthesis, and detoxification, but it is susceptible to damage from various factors such as viral infections, drug reactions, excessive alcohol consumption, and autoimmune diseases. This susceptibility is particularly problematic for patients requiring medication, as drug-induced liver injury often leads to underestimation, misdiagnosis, and difficulties in treatment. Acetaminophen (APAP) is a widely used and safe drug in therapeutic doses but can cause liver toxicity when taken in excessive amounts. This study aimed to investigate the hepatotoxicity of APAP and explore potential treatment strategies using a mouse model of APAP-induced liver injury. The study involved the evaluation of various natural products for their therapeutic potential. The findings revealed that natural products demonstrated promising hepatoprotective effects, potentially alleviating liver damage and improving liver function through various mechanisms such as oxidative stress and inflammation, which cause changes in signaling pathways. These results underscore the importance of exploring novel treatment options for drug-induced liver injury, suggesting that further research in this area could lead to the development of effective preventive and therapeutic interventions, ultimately benefiting patients with liver injury caused by medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyangzi Li
- School of Medicine, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China; (X.L.); (R.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Ruyang Lao
- School of Medicine, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China; (X.L.); (R.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Jiawei Lei
- School of Medicine, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China; (X.L.); (R.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Yuting Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian 116000, China;
| | - Qi Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China;
| | - Ting Wang
- School of Medicine, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China; (X.L.); (R.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Yingpeng Tong
- School of Pharmacy, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China;
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Vachiraarunwong A, Tuntiwechapikul W, Wongnoppavich A, Meepowpan P, Wongpoomchai R. 2,4'-dihydroxy-6'-methoxy-3',5'-dimethylchalcone from Cleistocalyx nervosum var. paniala seeds attenuated the early stage of diethylnitrosamine and 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colorectal carcinogenesis. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115221. [PMID: 37517291 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dichloromethane extract of Cleistocalyx nervosum var. paniala seeds exhibited an anticarcinogenicity against chemically-induced the early stages of carcinogenesis in rats. This study aimed to identify anticarcinogenic compounds from C. nervosum seed extract (CSE). METHODS Salmonella mutation assay was performed to determine mutagenicity and antimutagenicity of partially purified and purified compounds of CSE. The anticarcinogenic enzyme-inducing activity was measured in Hepa1c1c7. Moreover, the anticancer potency was examined on various human cancer cell lines. The anticarcinogenicity of DMC was investigated using dual-organ carcinogenicity model. The number of preneoplastic lesions was evaluated in the liver and colon. The inhibitory mechanisms of DMC on liver- and colorectal carcinogenesis were investigated. RESULTS Six partially purified fractions (MK1 - MK6) and purified compounds, including 2,4'-dihydroxy-6'-methoxy-3',5'-dimethylchalcone (DMC) and hariganetin, were obtained from CSE. Among these fractions, MK4 and DMC presented the greatest antimutagenicity against indirect mutagens in bacterial model. Moreover, MK5 possessed an effective anticarcinogenic enzyme inducer in Hepa1c1c7. The MK4, DMC and CSE showed greater anticancer activity on all cell lines and exhibited the most effective toxicity on colon cancer cells. Furthermore, DMC inhibited the formation of colonic preneoplastic lesions in carcinogens-treated rats. It reduced PCNA-positive cells and frequency of BCAC in rat colon. DMC also enhanced the detoxifying enzyme, GST, in rat livers. CONCLUSIONS DMC obtained from CSE may be a promising cancer chemopreventive compound of colorectal cancer process in rats. It could increase detoxifying enzymes and suppress the cell proliferation process resulting in prevention of post-initiation stage of colorectal carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpamas Vachiraarunwong
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
| | - Wirote Tuntiwechapikul
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
| | - Ariyaphong Wongnoppavich
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
| | - Puttinan Meepowpan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
| | - Rawiwan Wongpoomchai
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
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Janpaijit S, Sillapachaiyaporn C, Theerasri A, Charoenkiatkul S, Sukprasansap M, Tencomnao T. Cleistocalyx nervosum var. paniala Berry Seed Protects against TNF-α-Stimulated Neuroinflammation by Inducing HO-1 and Suppressing NF-κB Mechanism in BV-2 Microglial Cells. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28073057. [PMID: 37049819 PMCID: PMC10095692 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Sustained inflammatory responses have been implicated in various neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). Cleistocalyx nervosum var. paniala (CN), an indigenous berry, has been reported to exhibit several health-beneficial properties. However, investigation of CN seeds is still limited. The objective of this study was to evaluate the protective effects of ethanolic seed extract (CNSE) and mechanisms in BV-2 mouse microglial cells using an inflammatory stimulus, TNF-α. Using LC-MS, ferulic acid, aurentiacin, brassitin, ellagic acid, and alpinetin were found in CNSE. Firstly, we examined molecular docking to elucidate its bioactive components on inflammation-related mechanisms. The results revealed that alpinetin, aurentiacin, and ellagic acid inhibited the NF-κB activation and iNOS function, while alpinetin and aurentiacin only suppressed the COX-2 function. Our cell-based investigation exhibited that cells pretreated with CNSE (5, 10, and 25 μg/mL) reduced the number of spindle cells, which was highly observed in TNF-α treatment (10 ng/mL). CNSE also obstructed TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 mRNA levels and repressed the TNF-α and IL-6 releases in a culture medium of BV-2 cells. Remarkably, CNSE decreased the phosphorylated forms of ERK, p38MAPK, p65, and IκB-α related to the inhibition of NF-κB binding activity. CNSE obviously induced HO-1 protein expression. Our findings suggest that CNSE offers good potential for preventing inflammatory-related NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakawrat Janpaijit
- Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Chanin Sillapachaiyaporn
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Atsadang Theerasri
- Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Somsri Charoenkiatkul
- Institute of Nutrition, Salaya Campus, Mahidol University, Nakhonpathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Monruedee Sukprasansap
- Food Toxicology Unit, Institute of Nutrition, Salaya Campus, Mahidol University, Nakhonpathom 73170, Thailand
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (T.T.); Tel.: +66-28002380 (M.S.); +66-22181533 (T.T.)
| | - Tewin Tencomnao
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Natural Products for Neuroprotection and Anti-Ageing Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (T.T.); Tel.: +66-28002380 (M.S.); +66-22181533 (T.T.)
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Utama K, Khamto N, Meepowpan P, Aobchey P, Kantapan J, Meerak J, Roytrakul S, Sangthong P. 2',4'-Dihydroxy-6'‑methoxy-3',5'-dimethylchalcone and its amino acid-conjugated derivatives induce G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis via BAX/BCL2 ratio upregulation and in silico insight in SiHa cell lines. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 184:106390. [PMID: 36813001 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
We modified the chemical structure of 2',4'-dihydroxy-6'‑methoxy-3',5'-dimethylchalcone (DMC, 1), a phytochemical found in the seed of Syzygium nervosum A.Cunn. ex DC., by conjugation with the amino acid L-alanine (compound 3a) or L-valine (compound 3b) to enhance anticancer activity and water solubility. Compounds 3a and 3b had antiproliferative activity in human cervical cancer cell lines (C-33A, SiHa and HeLa), with half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of 7.56 ± 0.27 and 8.24 ± 0.14 µM, respectively in SiHa cells; these values were approximately two-fold greater than DMC. We investigated the biological activities of compounds 3a and 3b based on a wound healing assay, a cell cycle assay and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression analysis to determine the possible mechanism of anticancer activity. Compounds 3a and 3b inhibited SiHa cell migration in the wound healing assay. After treatment with compounds 3a and 3b, there was an increase in SiHa cells in the G1 phase, indicative of cell cycle arrest. Moreover, compound 3a showed potential anticancer activity by upregulating TP53 and CDKN1A that resulted in upregulation of BAX and downregulation of CDK2 and BCL2, leading to apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. The BAX/BCL2 expression ratio was increased after treatment with compound 3avia the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. In silico molecular dynamics simulation and binding free energy calculation shed light on how these DMC derivatives interact with the HPV16 E6 protein, a viral oncoprotein associated with cervical cancer. Our findings suggest that compound 3a is a potential candidate for anti-cervical cancer drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kraikrit Utama
- Interdisciplinary Program in Biotechnology, Graduate School, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Research Center on Chemistry for Development of Health Promoting Products from Northern Resources, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Nopawit Khamto
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Graduate School, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Puttinan Meepowpan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Paitoon Aobchey
- Science and Technology Research Institute, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Jiraporn Kantapan
- Department of Radiologic Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Jomkhwan Meerak
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Sittiruk Roytrakul
- Functional Ingredients and Food Innovation Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Bangkok, 12120, Thailand
| | - Padchanee Sangthong
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Research Center on Chemistry for Development of Health Promoting Products from Northern Resources, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
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Chilvery S, Yelne A, Khurana A, Saifi MA, Bansod S, Anchi P, Godugu C. Acetaminophen induced hepatotoxicity: An overview of the promising protective effects of natural products and herbal formulations. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 108:154510. [PMID: 36332383 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The liver plays an important role in regulating the metabolic processes and is the most frequently targeted organ by toxic chemicals. Acetaminophen (APAP) is a well-known anti-allergic, anti-pyretic, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), which upon overdose leads to hepatotoxicity, the major adverse event of this over-the-counter drug. PURPOSE APAP overdose induced acute liver injury is the second most common cause that often requires liver transplantation worldwide, for which N-acetyl cysteine is the only synthetic drug clinically approved as an antidote. So, it was felt that there is a need for the novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of liver diseases with less adverse effects. This review provides detailed analysis of the different plant extracts; phytochemicals and herbal formulations for the amelioration of APAP-induced liver injury. METHOD The data was collected using different online resources including PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, Springer, and Web of Science using keywords given below. RESULTS Over the past decades various reports have revealed that plant-based approaches may be a better treatment choice for the APAP-induced hepatotoxicity in pre-clinical experimental conditions. Moreover, herbal compounds provide several advantages over the synthetic drugs with fewer side effects, easy availability and less cost for the treatment of life-threatening diseases. CONCLUSION The current review summarizes the hepatoprotective effects and therapeutic mechanisms of various plant extracts, active phytoconstituents and herbal formulations with potential application against APAP induced hepatotoxicity as the numbers of hepatoprotective natural products are more without clinical relativity. Further, pre-clinical pharmacological research will contribute to the designing of natural products as medicines with encouraging prospects for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrilekha Chilvery
- Department of Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Amit Yelne
- Department of Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Amit Khurana
- Department of Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Mohd Aslam Saifi
- Department of Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Sapana Bansod
- Department of Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Pratibha Anchi
- Department of Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Chandraiah Godugu
- Department of Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
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