An In Situ Formation of Ionic Liquid for Enrichment of Triazole Fungicides in Food Applications Followed by HPLC Determination

Triazoles in the environment: An update on sample pretreatment and analysis methods

Triazoles, due to their high bactericidal performance, have been widely used in the agricultural, clinical, and chemical industry. However, triazoles have been proven to cause endocrine-toxic and organ impairment in humans as a potentially toxic substance. Besides, because of the improper use and difficulty of degradation, triazoles pesticide residues left in the environment could pose a threat to the environment. Therefore, the rapid, reliable, accurate, and high-sensitivity triazoles analysis methods are significantly essential to effectively monitor their presence in various samples and safeguard human health. This review aims to summarize and update the progress of the pretreatment and analytical methods of triazole fungicides in environmental samples from 2012 to 2024. Common pretreatment methods used to extract and purify targets include simple steps (e.g., protein precipitation and coated blade spray), liquid-liquid extraction, solid-phase extraction, and various microextraction methods such as liquid-phase microextraction and solid-phase microextraction, among others. Detection methods mainly include liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, supercritical fluid chromatography, sensing methods, and capillary electrophoresis. In addition, we elaborate and compare the advantages and disadvantages of different pretreatment and analytical methods, and their development prospects are discussed.

Easy and fast synthesis of MnCo-LDH yolk-shell spheres porous composites applied electrospinning nanofibers highly effective for extracting triazole fungicides

Today, the wide utilization of triazole fungicides due to environmental damage and its side effects has raised global concern. Thus, in this investigation, polyacrylonitrile/MnCo-layered double hydroxides nanofiber was synthesized and applied as an effective and novel adsorbent at thin-film solid-phase micro-extraction technique for the quick and concurrent extraction of five triazole fungicides in fruit and vegetable samples before quantitative analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet. The incorporation of MnCo-layered double hydroxides with porous structure and abundant functional groups in a polymer medium improves the extraction efficiency of nanofibers owing to hydrogen bonding and π-π interactions formed between analytes and synthesized nano-adsorbent. Various important elements that affect the extraction efficiency of the intended analytes were optimized using a time-variable approach. Under the optimum conditions, the limit of detection and quantification range from 0.1 to 0.15 and 0.3-0.5 ng mL-1, respectively.

Quick synthesis of CoFe-PBA@GO with electrochemical method as a novel, sensitive, and degradable nanocomposite applied in nanofibers for triazole extraction before HPLC-UV analysis

Today, the wide use of triazole fungicides due to environmental damage and its side effects has raised global concern. Hence, in this research, poly-vinyl alcohol/polyacrylic-acid/CoFe-PBA@GO electrospun nanofiber was synthesized and applied as effective, degradable, and novel adsorbent at pipette-tip microextraction (PT-μSPE) method for the rapid and concurrent extraction of five of triazole fungicides in fruit and vegetable samples prior to quantitative analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet. The incorporation of CoFe-PBA@GO with superporous structure and abundant functional groups in a polymer medium improves the extraction efficiency of nanofibers due to hydrogen bonding and π-π interactions formed between analytes and synthesized nano-adsorbent. Various important elements that affect the extraction yield of the target analytes were optimized utilizing a time-variable approach. Under the optimum conditions, dynamic range was attained in the range of 0.3-900.0 ng/mL with correlation coefficients ≥ 0.999. The identification limit of the PT-μSPE-HPLC-UV method ranged from 0.1 to 0.3 ng/mL.

Efficient analyses of triazole fungicides in water, honey and soy milk samples by popping candy-generated CO2 and sugaring-out-assisted supramolecular solvent-based microextraction prior to HPLC determinations

An enrichment method, namely popping candy-generated CO₂ and sugaring-out-assisted supramolecular solvent-based microextraction (PGS-SUPRA), was investigated for the determination of triazole fungicide residues in water, honey and soy milk samples. The extraction process was carried out by adding popping candies into a centrifuge tube. Consequently, rapid dispersion and mass transfer of extractants can be achieved without using dispersants and auxiliary devices, and therefore, the extraction efficiency increased. The extraction parameters affecting the efficiency of the developed method were investigated. The presented method was then analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Under the selected condition, the wide linearity of triazole fungicides after preconcentration by the proposed microextraction method ranged from 30 to 1000 μg L^-1 for triadimefon and from 90 to 1000 μg L^-1 for myclobutanil, tebuconazole and hexaconazole, with a coefficient for determination (R ²) greater than 0.992. The limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantitation (LOQs) were in the range of 10-30 μg L^-1 and 30-90 μg L^-1, respectively. The precisions were assessed from the relative standard deviations (RSDs) of the retention time and peak area obtained from intra- (n = 3) and inter-day (n = 3 × 5) experiments, and were greater than 1.66% and 13.52%, respectively. Moreover, the proposed method provided high enhancement factors (EnFs) ranging from 14 to 51 folds. This technique has been prosperously applied for the extraction of fungicide residues in water, honey and soy milk samples with a recovery within the range of 60-114%. Overall, the developed method was found to be advantageous as compared with other sample preparation methods.