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Sekar K, Doineau R, Mayarambakam S, Schmaltz B, Poulin-Vittrant G. Control of ZnO nanowires growth in flexible perovskite solar cells: A mini-review. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24706. [PMID: 38322830 PMCID: PMC10844130 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to their excellent properties, Zinc oxide nanowires (ZnO NW) have been attractive and considered as a promising electron-transporting layer (ETL) in flexible Perovskite Solar Cells (FPSCs). Since the first report on ZnO NWs-based FPSCs giving 2.6 % power conversion efficiency (in 2013), great improvements have been made, allowing to reach up to∼15 % nowadays. However, some issues still need to be addressed, especially on flexible substrates, to achieve uniform and well-aligned ZnO NWs via low-cost chemical solution techniques. Several parameters, such as the growing method (time, temperature, precursors concentration), addition of seed layer (thickness, roughness, annealing temperature) and substrate (rigid or flexible), play a crucial role in ZnO NWs properties (i.e., length, diameter, density and aspect ratio). In this review, these parameters allowing to control the properties of ZnO NWs, like the growth techniques, utilization of seed layers and the growing method (time or precursors concentration) have been summarized. Then, a particular focus on the ZnO NW's role in FPSCs as well as the use of these results on the development of ZnO NWs-based FPSCs have been highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthick Sekar
- GREMAN UMR 7347, Université de Tours, CNRS, INSA Centre Val de Loire, 37071 Tours, France
| | - Raphaël Doineau
- GREMAN UMR 7347, Université de Tours, CNRS, INSA Centre Val de Loire, 37071 Tours, France
| | | | - Bruno Schmaltz
- PCM2E EA 6299, Université de Tours, Parc de Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France
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Anang FEB, Wei X, Xu J, Cain M, Li Z, Brand U, Peiner E. Area-Selective Growth of Zinc Oxide Nanowire Arrays for Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:261. [PMID: 38398989 PMCID: PMC10892005 DOI: 10.3390/mi15020261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
In this work, we present the area-selective growth of zinc oxide nanowire (NW) arrays on patterned surfaces of a silicon (Si) substrate for a piezoelectric nanogenerator (PENG). ZnO NW arrays were selectively grown on patterned surfaces of a Si substrate using a devised microelectromechanical system (MEMS)-compatible chemical bath deposition (CBD) method. The fabricated devices measured a maximum peak output voltage of ~7.9 mV when a mass of 91.5 g was repeatedly manually placed on them. Finite element modeling (FEM) of a single NW using COMSOL Multiphysics at an applied axial force of 0.9 nN, which corresponded to the experimental condition, resulted in a voltage potential of -6.5 mV. The process repeated with the same pattern design using a layer of SU-8 polymer on the NWs yielded a much higher maximum peak output voltage of ~21.6 mV and a corresponding peak power density of 0.22 µW/cm3, independent of the size of the NW array. The mean values of the measured output voltage and FEM showed good agreement and a nearly linear dependence on the applied force on a 3 × 3 µm2 NW array area in the range of 20 to 90 nN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Eric Boye Anang
- Institute of Semiconductor Technology, TU Braunschweig, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany; (X.W.); (J.X.); (E.P.)
- Scientific Metrology Department, Ghana Standards Authority, Accra P.O. Box MB 245, Ghana
| | - Xuanwei Wei
- Institute of Semiconductor Technology, TU Braunschweig, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany; (X.W.); (J.X.); (E.P.)
| | - Jiushuai Xu
- Institute of Semiconductor Technology, TU Braunschweig, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany; (X.W.); (J.X.); (E.P.)
| | - Markys Cain
- Electrosciences Ltd., Farnham, Surrey GU9 9QT, UK;
| | - Zhi Li
- Surface Metrology Department, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), 38116 Braunschweig, Germany; (Z.L.); (U.B.)
| | - Uwe Brand
- Surface Metrology Department, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), 38116 Braunschweig, Germany; (Z.L.); (U.B.)
| | - Erwin Peiner
- Institute of Semiconductor Technology, TU Braunschweig, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany; (X.W.); (J.X.); (E.P.)
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Chrystie RSM. A Review on 1-D Nanomaterials: Scaling-Up with Gas-Phase Synthesis. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202300087. [PMID: 37309743 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nanowire-like materials exhibit distinctive properties comprising optical polarisation, waveguiding, and hydrophobic channelling, amongst many other useful phenomena. Such 1-D derived anisotropy can be further enhanced by arranging many similar nanowires into a coherent matrix, known as an array superstructure. Manufacture of nanowire arrays can be scaled-up considerably through judicious use of gas-phase methods. Historically, the gas-phase approach however has been extensively used for the bulk and rapid synthesis of isotropic 0-D nanomaterials such as carbon black and silica. The primary goal of this review is to document recent developments, applications, and capabilities in gas-phase synthesis methods of nanowire arrays. Secondly, we elucidate the design and use of the gas-phase synthesis approach; and finally, remaining challenges and needs are addressed to advance this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin S M Chrystie
- Department of Chemical Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, KFUPM Box 5050, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
- IRC for Membranes & Water Security, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, KFUPM Box 5051, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
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Consonni V. ZnO Nanowires: Growth, Properties, and Energy Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2519. [PMID: 37764547 PMCID: PMC10535177 DOI: 10.3390/nano13182519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
As a biocompatible semiconductor composed of abundant elements, ZnO, in the form of nanowires, exhibits remarkable properties, mainly originating from its wurtzite structure and correlated with its high aspect ratio at nanoscale dimensions [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Consonni
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP, F-38016 Grenoble, France
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Influence of Mechanical Properties on the Piezoelectric Response of UV-Cured Composite Films Containing Different ZnO Morphologies. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15051159. [PMID: 36904400 PMCID: PMC10006948 DOI: 10.3390/polym15051159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
ZnO flower-like (ZFL) and needle (ZLN) structures were synthesized and embedded into UV-curable acrylic resin (EB), with the aim to study the effect of filler loading on the piezoelectric properties of the resulting composite films. The composites showed uniform dispersion of fillers within the polymer matrix. However, by increasing the filler amount, the number of aggregates increased, and ZnO fillers appeared not to be perfectly embedded in polymer film, indicating poor interaction with acrylic resin. The filler content increase caused an increase in glass transition temperature (Tg) and a decrease in storage modulus in the glassy state. In particular, compared with pure UV-cured EB (Tg = 50 °C), 10 wt.% ZFL and ZLN presented Tg values of 68 and 77 °C, respectively. The piezoelectric response generated by the polymer composites was good when measured at 19 Hz as a function of the acceleration; the RMS output voltages achieved at 5 g were 4.94 and 1.85 mV for the composite films containing ZFL and ZLN, respectively, at their maximum loading levels (i.e., 20 wt.%). Further, the RMS output voltage increase was not proportional to the filler loading; this finding was attributable to the decrease in the storage modulus of the composites at high ZnO loading rather than the dispersion of filler or the number of particles on the surface.
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Mu J, Xian S, Yu J, Zhao J, Song J, Li Z, Hou X, Chou X, He J. Synergistic Enhancement Properties of a Flexible Integrated PAN/PVDF Piezoelectric Sensor for Human Posture Recognition. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:1155. [PMID: 35407273 PMCID: PMC9000213 DOI: 10.3390/nano12071155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The flexible pressure sensor has attracted much attention due to its wearable and conformal advantage. All the same, enhancing its electrical and structural properties is still a huge challenge. Herein, a flexible integrated pressure sensor (FIPS) composed of a solid silicone rubber matrix, composited with piezoelectric powers of polyacrylonitrile/Polyvinylidene fluoride (PAN/PVDF) and conductive silver-coated glass microspheres is first proposed. Specifically, the mass ratio of the PAN/PVDF and the rubber is up to 4:5 after mechanical mixing. The output voltage of the sensor with composite PAN/PVDF reaches 49 V, which is 2.57 and 3.06 times that with the single components, PAN and PVDF, respectively. In the range from 0 to 800 kPa, its linearity of voltage and current are all close to 0.986. Meanwhile, the sensor retains high voltage and current sensitivities of 42 mV/kPa and 0.174 nA/kPa, respectively. Furthermore, the minimum response time is 43 ms at a frequency range of 1-2.5 Hz in different postures, and the stability is verified over 10,000 cycles. In practical measurements, the designed FIPS showed excellent recognition abilities for various gaits and different bending degrees of fingers. This work provides a novel strategy to improve the flexible pressure sensor, and demonstrates an attractive potential in terms of human health and motion monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiliang Mu
- Science and Technology on Electronic Test and Measurement Laboratory, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China; (S.X.); (J.Y.); (J.Z.); (J.S.); (Z.L.); (X.H.); (X.C.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jian He
- Science and Technology on Electronic Test and Measurement Laboratory, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China; (S.X.); (J.Y.); (J.Z.); (J.S.); (Z.L.); (X.H.); (X.C.)
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Bah M, Tlemcani TS, Boubenia S, Justeau C, Vivet N, Chauveau JM, Jomard F, Nadaud K, Poulin-Vittrant G, Alquier D. Assessing the electrical activity of individual ZnO nanowires thermally annealed in air. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:1125-1135. [PMID: 36131772 PMCID: PMC9417669 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00860a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ZnO nanowires (NWs) are very attractive for a wide range of nanotechnological applications owing to their tunable electron concentration via structural and surface defect engineering. A 2D electrical profiling of these defects is necessary to understand their restructuring dynamics during engineering processes. Our work proposes the exploration of individual ZnO NWs, dispersed on a SiO2/p++-Si substrate without any embedding matrix, along their axial direction using scanning capacitance microscopy (SCM), which is a useful tool for 2D carrier profiling. ZnO NWs are hydrothermally grown using 0-20 mM ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH), one of the reactants of the hydrothermal synthesis, and then annealed in a tube oven at 350 °C/1.5-15 h and 450 °C/15 h. While the as-grown ZnO NWs are highly conductive, the annealed ones exhibit significant SCM data with a high signal-to-noise ratio and temperature-dependent uniformity. The SCM signal of ZnO NWs is influenced by both their reduced dimensionality and the electron screening degree inside them. The electrical activity of ZnO NWs is only observed below a critical defect concentration that depends on the annealing temperature. Optimal SCM signals of 200 and 147 mV are obtained for samples with 0 and 20 mM NH4OH, respectively, and annealed at 350 °C/15 h. The corresponding electron concentrations of 3.27 × 1018 and 4.58 × 1018 cm-3 were estimated from the calibration curve, respectively. While thermal treatment in air of ZnO NWs is an effective approach to tune the defect density, 2D electrical mapping enables identifying their optimal electrical characteristics, which could help to boost the performance of final devices exploiting their coupled semiconducting-piezoelectric properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micka Bah
- GREMAN UMR 7347, Université de Tours, CNRS, INSA Centre Val de Loire 37071 Tours France
| | | | - Sarah Boubenia
- GREMAN UMR 7347, Université de Tours, CNRS, INSA Centre Val de Loire 37071 Tours France
| | - Camille Justeau
- GREMAN UMR 7347, Université de Tours, CNRS, INSA Centre Val de Loire 37071 Tours France
| | - Nicolas Vivet
- STMicroelectronics Tours 10 Rue Thalès de Milet 37100 Tours France
| | - Jean-Michel Chauveau
- Université Cote d'azur, CNRS, CRHEA Rue B. Gregory F-06560 Valbonne France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Université Versailles-Saint-Quentin, CNRS, GEMAC 78035 Versailles France
| | - François Jomard
- Université Paris-Saclay, Université Versailles-Saint-Quentin, CNRS, GEMAC 78035 Versailles France
| | - Kevin Nadaud
- GREMAN UMR 7347, Université de Tours, CNRS, INSA Centre Val de Loire 37071 Tours France
| | | | - Daniel Alquier
- GREMAN UMR 7347, Université de Tours, CNRS, INSA Centre Val de Loire 37071 Tours France
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Polewczyk V, Magrin Maffei R, Vinai G, Lo Cicero M, Prato S, Capaldo P, Dal Zilio S, di Bona A, Paolicelli G, Mescola A, D’Addato S, Torelli P, Benedetti S. ZnO Thin Films Growth Optimization for Piezoelectric Application. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:6114. [PMID: 34577322 PMCID: PMC8472809 DOI: 10.3390/s21186114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The piezoelectric response of ZnO thin films in heterostructure-based devices is strictly related to their structure and morphology. We optimize the fabrication of piezoelectric ZnO to reduce its surface roughness, improving the crystalline quality, taking into consideration the role of the metal electrode underneath. The role of thermal treatments, as well as sputtering gas composition, is investigated by means of atomic force microscopy and x-ray diffraction. The results show an optimal reduction in surface roughness and at the same time a good crystalline quality when 75% O2 is introduced in the sputtering gas and deposition is performed between room temperature and 573 K. Subsequent annealing at 773 K further improves the film quality. The introduction of Ti or Pt as bottom electrode maintains a good surface and crystalline quality. By means of piezoelectric force microscope, we prove a piezoelectric response of the film in accordance with the literature, in spite of the low ZnO thickness and the reduced grain size, with a unipolar orientation and homogenous displacement when deposited on Ti electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Polewczyk
- Laboratorio TASC, Istituto Officina dei Materiali (IOM)-CNR, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (G.V.); (P.C.); (S.D.Z.); (P.T.)
| | - Riccardo Magrin Maffei
- Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, Via Campi 213/a, 41125 Modena, Italy; (R.M.M.); (A.d.B.); (G.P.); (A.M.); (S.D.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche Informatiche Matematiche, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 213/a, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Giovanni Vinai
- Laboratorio TASC, Istituto Officina dei Materiali (IOM)-CNR, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (G.V.); (P.C.); (S.D.Z.); (P.T.)
| | - Matteo Lo Cicero
- A.P.E. Research srl, Area Science Park, Basovizza, ss14 Km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (M.L.C.); (S.P.)
| | - Stefano Prato
- A.P.E. Research srl, Area Science Park, Basovizza, ss14 Km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (M.L.C.); (S.P.)
| | - Pietro Capaldo
- Laboratorio TASC, Istituto Officina dei Materiali (IOM)-CNR, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (G.V.); (P.C.); (S.D.Z.); (P.T.)
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Padova, Via F Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Simone Dal Zilio
- Laboratorio TASC, Istituto Officina dei Materiali (IOM)-CNR, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (G.V.); (P.C.); (S.D.Z.); (P.T.)
| | - Alessandro di Bona
- Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, Via Campi 213/a, 41125 Modena, Italy; (R.M.M.); (A.d.B.); (G.P.); (A.M.); (S.D.)
| | - Guido Paolicelli
- Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, Via Campi 213/a, 41125 Modena, Italy; (R.M.M.); (A.d.B.); (G.P.); (A.M.); (S.D.)
| | - Andrea Mescola
- Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, Via Campi 213/a, 41125 Modena, Italy; (R.M.M.); (A.d.B.); (G.P.); (A.M.); (S.D.)
| | - Sergio D’Addato
- Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, Via Campi 213/a, 41125 Modena, Italy; (R.M.M.); (A.d.B.); (G.P.); (A.M.); (S.D.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche Informatiche Matematiche, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 213/a, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Piero Torelli
- Laboratorio TASC, Istituto Officina dei Materiali (IOM)-CNR, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (G.V.); (P.C.); (S.D.Z.); (P.T.)
| | - Stefania Benedetti
- Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, Via Campi 213/a, 41125 Modena, Italy; (R.M.M.); (A.d.B.); (G.P.); (A.M.); (S.D.)
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