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Liu J, Yang Y, Qi Y. Effect of saffron supplementation on the glycemic outcomes in diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1349006. [PMID: 38559777 PMCID: PMC10978759 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1349006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim This meta-analysis was conducted to investigate the impact of saffron supplementation on the glycemic outcomes in patients with diabetes. Methods Eight electronic databases were systematically searched from inception to March 31, 2023. RCTs of patients with diabetes receiving saffron compared with placebo which reported glycemic control outcomes were identified. WMD and 95% CIs were pooled using fixed-effects or random-effects models, depending on the significance of heterogeneity. Results Out of the 837 citations screened, ten RCTs were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. A total of 562 participants were enrolled, with 292 assigned to the intervention group and 270 to the control group. Saffron was administered at a dose of 5 mg/day to 1 g/day. Compared with placebo, saffron supplementation significantly reduced FPG (WMD = -8.42 mg/dL; 95% CI: -13.37, -3.47; p = 0.001) and HbA1c (WMD = -0.22%; 95% CI: -0.33, -0.10; p < 0.001). However, there was no significant effect on insulin levels, QUICKI and HOMA-IR. Conclusion Saffron is effective for patients with diabetes in terms of FPG and HbA1c, therefore, it appears to be a promising adjuvant for the glycemic control of DM. However, the overall methodological quality of the identified studies is heterogeneous, limiting the interpretation of the benefit of saffron in diabetes. More long-term follow-up, well-designed and large-scale clinical trials are warranted to draw definitive conclusions. Systematic review registration The protocol of review was registered in International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) (ID: CRD42023426353).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Tianyou Hospital, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Tianyou Hospital, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yun Qi
- Department of Endocrinology, Tianyou Hospital, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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2
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Mahmod AI, Haif SK, Kamal A, Al-Ataby IA, Talib WH. Chemoprevention effect of the Mediterranean diet on colorectal cancer: Current studies and future prospects. Front Nutr 2022; 9:924192. [PMID: 35990343 PMCID: PMC9386380 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.924192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer and the second most deadly cancer worldwide. Nevertheless, more than 70% of CRC cases are resulted from sporadic tumorigenesis and are not inherited. Since adenoma-carcinoma development is a slow process and may take up to 20 years, diet-based chemoprevention could be an effective approach in sporadic CRC. The Mediterranean diet is an example of a healthy diet pattern that consists of a combination of nutraceuticals that prevent several chronic diseases and cancer. Many epidemiological studies have shown the correlation between adherence to the Mediterranean diet and low incidence of CRC. The goal of this review is to shed the light on the anti-inflammatory and anti-colorectal cancer potentials of the natural bioactive compounds derived from the main foods in the Mediterranean diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Ismail Mahmod
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutic, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Shatha Khaled Haif
- Department of Pharmacy, Princess Sarvath Community College, Amman, Jordan
| | - Ayah Kamal
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutic, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Israa A Al-Ataby
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutic, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Wamidh H Talib
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutic, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
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3
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Sadigi B, Yarani R, Mirghafourvand M, Travica N, Yousefi Z, Shakouri SK, Ostadrahimi A, Mobasseri M, Pociot F, Sanaie S, Araj-Khodaei M. The effect of saffron supplementation on glycemic parameters: An overview of systematic reviews. Phytother Res 2022; 36:3444-3458. [PMID: 35778993 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Due to the widespread use of herbal medicine and evidence pointing to the health benefits of saffron supplementation, this review was performed to evaluate the effects of saffron supplementation on glycemic parameters and lipid profiles based on previous reviews. Relevant articles were retrieved from various databases, which included PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane until 2020, with no date restrictions. The quality of the included reviews was assessed using the Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR) checklist. Finally, of 877 obtained articles, eight reviews meeting the inclusion criteria were included for analysis. Among the eight included reviews, seven articles were meta-analyses. In addition, one review had an average quality while seven had a good quality. A narrative description of the included reviews was performed, while a network meta-analysis was not conducted. A brief review of the results was reported according to the weighted mean difference and mean difference. Seven included reviews assessed the effects of saffron or crocin supplementation on glycemic parameters, and six examined these effects on lipid profile parameters. Almost half of the articles reported significant effects of these supplements on glycemic parameters and lipid profiles. Taken together, results suggest that saffron supplementation may improve glycemic and lipid profile parameters; however, further high-quality studies are needed to confirm the clinical efficacy of saffron on glycemic parameters and lipid profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Sadigi
- Student Research Committee, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Persian Medicine, Faculty of Traditional Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Yarani
- Translational Type 1 Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Mojgan Mirghafourvand
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nikolaj Travica
- Food and Mood Centre, IMPACT-The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Zahra Yousefi
- Research Center of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Seyed Kazem Shakouri
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Research Center, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Ostadrahimi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Majid Mobasseri
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of medical sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Flemming Pociot
- Translational Type 1 Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sarvin Sanaie
- Research Center for Integrative Medicine in Aging, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mostafa Araj-Khodaei
- Research Center for Integrative Medicine in Aging, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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4
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Safety Assessment and Pain Relief Properties of Saffron from Taliouine Region (Morocco). Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27103339. [PMID: 35630819 PMCID: PMC9144369 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Saffron is the most expensive spice in the world. In addition to its culinary utilization, this spice is used for medicinal purposes such as in pain management. In this study, the analgesic activity of Crocus sativus stigma extract (CSSE) was evaluated in rodents and its possible physiological mechanism was elucidated. The anti-nociceptive effect of CSSE was evaluated using three animal models (hot plate, writhing, and formalin tests). The analgesic pathways involved were assessed using various analgesia-mediating receptors antagonists. The oral administration of CSSE, up to 2000 mg/kg, caused no death or changes in the behavior or in the hematological and biochemical blood parameters of treated animals nor in the histological architecture of the animals’ livers and kidneys. CSSE showed a central, dose-dependent, anti-nociceptive effect in response to thermal stimuli; and a peripheral analgesic effect in the test of contortions induced by acetic acid. The dual (central and peripheral) analgesic effect was confirmed by the formalin test. The anti-nociceptive activity of CSSE was totally or partially reversed by the co-administration of receptor antagonists, naloxone, atropine, haloperidol, yohimbine, and glibenclamide. CSSE influenced signal processing, by the modulation of the opioidergic, adrenergic, and muscarinic systems at the peripheral and central levels; and by regulation of the dopaminergic system and control of the opening of the ATP-sensitive K+ channels at the spinal level. The obtained data point to a multimodal mechanism of action for CSSE: An anti-inflammatory effect and a modulation, through different physiological pathways, of the electrical signal generated by the nociceptors. Further clinical trials are required to endorse the potential utilization of Moroccan saffron as a natural painkiller.
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Iwansyah AC, Luthfiyanti R, Ardiansyah RCE, Rahman N, Andriana Y, Hamid HA. Antidiabetic activity of Physalis angulata L. fruit juice on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2022; 145:313-319. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sajb.2021.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Alves NM, Cruz VDS, Nepomuceno LL, Soares NP, Arnhold E, Graziani D, Gonçalves PDAM, Badan GHS, Santos ADM, Araújo EGD. Turmeric ethanol extract (Curcuma longa L.) reduces apoptosis and promotes canine osteosarcoma cell proliferation. CIÊNCIA ANIMAL BRASILEIRA 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1809-6891v23e-72215e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Curcuma longa L., also known as turmeric, has been widely studied for its various therapeutic properties, including antineoplastic action. The ethanolic extract of the plant contains several phenolic compounds, especially curcumin. Osteosarcoma is a predominant bone tumor in dogs and humans, characterized by high metastatic potential and an unfavorable prognosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of turmeric ethanol extract on canine osteosarcoma cells from established culture. The cells were cultured and treated with different curcumin concentrations (0, 10 μM, 20 μM, 50 μM, 100 μM, and 1000 μM) and exposure times (24h, 48h, and 72h). We first performed tetrazolium reduction technique (MTT) assay and calculated IC50. An immunocytochemistry assay was performed after extract treatment to verify the expression of mutated p53 and therefore study the proliferative potential of malignant cells; Bcl-2 and Ki-67 were used to assess apoptosis and the degree of malignancy, respectively. The extract enhanced the proliferation of canine osteosarcoma cells, reaching 3,819.74% at 50 μM of curcumin. The extract also significantly altered the expression of mutated p53 and Ki-67 proteins but not that of Bcl-2, suggesting that it did not induce this antiapoptotic pathway. Overall, these results are prerequisite to better understanding how natural compounds such as turmeric ethanolic extract affect cell proliferation and could be used to treat various diseases.
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Alves NM, Cruz VDS, Nepomuceno LL, Soares NP, Arnhold E, Graziani D, Gonçalves PDAM, Badan GHS, Santos ADM, Araújo EGD. Extrato etanólico de açafrão (Curcuma longa L.) reduz apoptose e promove proliferação de células de osteossarcoma canino. CIÊNCIA ANIMAL BRASILEIRA 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1809-6891v23e-72715p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Resumo A Curcuma longa L., planta conhecida popularmente como açafrão, tem sido amplamente estudada por suas diversas propriedades terapêuticas, incluindo a ação antineoplásica. O extrato etanólico da planta contém diversos compostos fenólicos, com destaque para a curcumina. O osteossarcoma é um tumor ósseo predominante em cães e humanos, caracterizado por apresentar alto potencial metastático e prognóstico desfavorável. Procurou-se investigar os efeitos de diferentes concentrações de curcumina do extrato etanólico de açafrão sobre células de osteossarcoma canino de cultura estabelecida. As células foram cultivadas e submetidas ao tratamento com extrato com diferentes concentrações de curcumina (0, 10 μM, 20 μM, 50 μM, 100 μM e 1000 μM) e tempos de exposição (24h, 48h e 72h) pelo EEA. Inicialmente, foram realizados: técnica de redução do tetrazólio (MTT) e cálculo da IC50. Posteriormente, após o tratamento com o extrato, realizou-se o ensaio de imunocitoquímica para verificar a expressão de p53 mutada e estudar o potencial proliferativo das células malignas; Bcl-2, com intuito de averiguar o estímulo de via antiapoptótica; e o marcador Ki-67, que sinaliza aumento no grau de malignidade. O extrato promoveu proliferação de células de osteossarcoma canino, com incremento de até 3819,74% na concentração de 50μM de curcumina. O composto também alterou a expressão das proteínas p53 mutante e Ki-67 significativamente, mas não alterou a expressão de Bcl-2, mostrando que não induziu a via antiapoptótica mediada por esta. Estes resultados demonstram que o extrato etanólico do açafrão apresenta potencial proliferativo sobre células de osteossarcoma canino, sugerindo a necessidade de conscientização e conhecimento dos reais efeitos de determinados compostos naturais, considerados seguros ao serem utilizados como tratamento de diversas enfermidades.
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Morvaridzadeh M, Agah S, Dulce Estêvão M, Hosseini AS, Heydari H, Toupchian O, Abdollahi S, Persad E, Abu‐Zaid A, Rezamand G, Heshmati J. Effect of saffron supplementation on oxidative stress parameters: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:5809-5819. [PMID: 34646548 PMCID: PMC8498059 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS), the absence of equilibrium between prooxidants and antioxidants in the body, has been shown to play a pivotal role in the initiation and progression of many diseases. Saffron has been noted for its antioxidant capacity and can be used to improve OS parameters in unhealthy patients. Our aim was to evaluate the efficacy of saffron supplementation on OS parameters in unhealthy patients in randomized controlled trials (RCTs). We searched Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane CENTRAL, Scopus, and Web of Science without language restrictions for RCTs up until April 2021. Studies were included if they compared any form of saffron supplementation to placebo or no supplementation on OS parameters in unhealthy patients. Using a random-effects model with calculated standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), we quantitatively synthesized the data. Heterogeneity was assessed using Cochrane's I 2 values. Ten randomized controlled trials were eligible for this review. Seven were included in the meta-analysis and indicated an association between saffron intake and a statistically significant decrease in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels (SMD: -0.40; 95% CI: -0.63, -0.17; I 2 = 32.6%) and a significant increase in total antioxidant capacity (TAC, SMD: 0.24; 95% CI: 0.05, 0.42; I 2 = 00.0%). Saffron intake was shown to significantly impact MDA and TAC, indicating its beneficial properties in improving OS in unhealthy patients. However, additional RCTs are required to evaluate the effect on other OS parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojgan Morvaridzadeh
- Songhor Healthcare CenterKermanshah University of Medical SciencesKermanshahIran
| | - Shahram Agah
- Colorectal Research CenterIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | | | - Ava Sadat Hosseini
- Department of Education and Health PromotionSchool of HealthIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Hafez Heydari
- Cellular and Molecular Research CenterSabzevar University of Medical SciencesSabzevarIran
| | - Omid Toupchian
- Department of Nutrition and public HealthSchool of HealthNorth Khorasan University of Medical SciencesBojnurdIran
| | - Shima Abdollahi
- Department of Nutrition and public HealthSchool of HealthNorth Khorasan University of Medical SciencesBojnurdIran
| | - Emma Persad
- Department for Evidence‐Based Medicine and EvaluationDanube University KremsKremsAustria
| | - Ahmed Abu‐Zaid
- Department of PharmacologyCollege of Graduate Health SciencesUniversity of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisTNUSA
| | | | - Javad Heshmati
- Songhor Healthcare CenterKermanshah University of Medical SciencesKermanshahIran
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Roshanravan N, Ghaffari S. The therapeutic potential of Crocus sativus Linn.: A comprehensive narrative review of clinical trials. Phytother Res 2021; 36:98-111. [PMID: 34532906 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Crocus sativus Linn. (Saffron) is valued worldwide for its potential use in the management of various degenerative disorders, including cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), diabetes, cancer, metabolic syndrome (MetS), neurodegenerative diseases, immune disorders, and sexual dysfunction. Previous reports, based on clinical trials, suggest that crocetin, crocin, picrocrocin, and safranal are the main bioactive components of saffron with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects. In this comprehensive narrative review, we studied the recent clinical trials, investigating the medicinal applications of saffron and/or its components. The present results can provide important insights into the potential of saffron in preventing and treating different disorders, with a special focus on the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms. However, further high-quality studies are needed to firmly establish the clinical efficacy of saffron in treating some degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Roshanravan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Samad Ghaffari
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Kadoglou NPE, Christodoulou E, Kostomitsopoulos N, Valsami G. The cardiovascular-protective properties of saffron and its potential pharmaceutical applications: A critical appraisal of the literature. Phytother Res 2021; 35:6735-6753. [PMID: 34448254 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Saffron, the dried stigma of Crocus sativus L., is used in traditional medicine for its healing properties and the treatment of various pathological conditions. The present literature review aimed to summarize and evaluate the preclinical and clinical data regarding the protective effects and mechanisms of saffron and its main components (crocin, crocetin, safranal) on cardiovascular risk factors and diseases. Many in vitro and animal studies have been conducted implicating antioxidant, hypolipidemic, anti-diabetic, and antiinflammatory impact of saffron and its constituents. Notably, there is evidence of direct atherosclerosis regression and stabilization in valid atherosclerosis-prone animal models. However, current clinical trials have shown mostly weak effects of saffron and its constituents on cardiovascular risk factors: (a) Modest lowering of fasting blood glucose, without significant reduction of HbA1c in type 2 diabetic patients, (b) moderate/controversial hypolipidemic effects, (c) negligible hypotensive effect, and (d) inconsistent modification of metabolic syndrome parameters. There are important drawbacks in clinical trial design, including the absence of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic tests, the wide variance of doses and cohorts' characteristics, the small number of patients, the short duration. Therefore, large, properly designed, high-quality clinical trials, focusing on specific conditions are required to evaluate the biological/pharmacological activities and firmly establish the clinical efficacy of saffron and its possible therapeutic uses in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eirini Christodoulou
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics-Pharmacokinetics, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Kostomitsopoulos
- Center of Clinical Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia Valsami
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics-Pharmacokinetics, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Fang QW, Fu WW, Yang JL, Lu Y, Chen JC, Wu PY, Zhang X, Xu HX. New monoterpenoids from the stigmas of Crocus sativus. J Nat Med 2021; 76:102-109. [PMID: 34417964 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-021-01559-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
One new compound, crocusatin M (1), and three new glycosidic compounds, crocusatins N-P (2-4), along with nine known compounds were isolated from the dried stigmas of Crocus sativus. The structures of new compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis, and the absolute configurations of 1, 2, and 3 were unambiguously assigned by the comparison of experimental and calculated ECD data. This is the first report of the isolation of 4 with the HMG moiety from the genus Crocus. Compounds 1 and 4 exhibited weak anti-inflammatory activities on inhibiting lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NO production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Wei Fang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Cai Lun Lu 1200, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Wei Fu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Cai Lun Lu 1200, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jin-Ling Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Cai Lun Lu 1200, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Cai Lun Lu 1200, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang-Cheng Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Cai Lun Lu 1200, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei-Ying Wu
- Saffron Div. of Shanghai Traditional Chinese Medicine Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 200002, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Saffron Div. of Shanghai Traditional Chinese Medicine Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 200002, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Xi Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Cai Lun Lu 1200, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China. .,Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200002, People's Republic of China.
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Lambrianidou A, Koutsougianni F, Papapostolou I, Dimas K. Recent Advances on the Anticancer Properties of Saffron ( Crocus sativus L.) and Its Major Constituents. Molecules 2020; 26:E86. [PMID: 33375488 PMCID: PMC7794691 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26010086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of death globally with an estimated 9.6 million deaths in 2018 and a sustained rise in its incidence in both developing and developed countries. According to the WHO, about 1 in 6 deaths is due to cancer. Despite the emergence of many pioneer therapeutic options for patients with cancer, their efficacy is still time-limited and noncurative. Thus, continuous intensive screening for superior and safer drugs is still ongoing and has resulted in the detection of the anticancer properties of several phytochemicals. Among the spices, Crocus sativus L. (saffron) and its main constituents, crocin, crocetin, and safranal, have attracted the interest of the scientific community. Pharmacological experiments have established numerous beneficial properties for this brilliant reddish-orange dye derived from the flowers of a humble crocus family species. Studies in cultured human malignant cell lines and animal models have demonstrated the cancer prevention and antitumor activities of saffron and its main ingredients. This review provides an insight into the advances in research on the anticancer properties of saffron and its components, discussing preclinical data, clinical trials, and patents aiming to improve the pharmacological properties of saffron and its major ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Konstantinos Dimas
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece; (A.L.); (F.K.); (I.P.)
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