Predictive Value of the Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP) for the Risk of Incident Ischemic Heart Disease among Non-Diabetic Koreans

Atherogenic index of plasma as a predictor of coronary artery disease: a cohort study in south of Iran

BACKGROUND

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is an atherosclerotic disease of an inflammatory nature. Previous studies examining the relationship between triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol have highlighted the importance of plasma atherogenic index (AIP) as an important predictor of coronary heart disease. However, due to the lack of adequate information on this topic, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between AIP and coronary heart disease risk.

RESULTS

This study included 2,226 women and 1,690 men aged 35-70 years who participated in the Bandar Kong Cohort study and met the eligibility criteria. The data was collected using a checklist and questionnaires, which were designed by experienced individuals. After participants completed a registration form and gave informed consent, face-to-face interviews were conducted by trained experts. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire had been verified by the national cohort team prior to its use. The Ethics Committee of Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences (IR.HUMS.REC.1400.171) approved the study. Data from the initial cohort survey using SPSS software version 25, were analyzed to include several factors, including age, sex, smoking status, body mass index (BMI), physical activity level, socioeconomic status, AIP, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure. The prevalence of coronary heart disease was found to be 7.5% higher in people with a BMI of 25 or higher. Also, Individuals with low physical activity had a higher prevalence. Individuals with CAD had significantly higher mean values for the AIP, age, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure (0.46, 57.50, 128.43, and 81.10, respectively) compared to those without CAD. Furthermore, patients with CAD had lower years of education (2649.45 and 3.59) than individuals without CAD (P < 0.05). Importantly, our findings showed that AIP increased the odds ratio of coronary heart disease by 1.86 as an independent risk factor.

CONCLUSIONS

Based on our investigation, the AIP is a valuable and independent predictive risk factor for coronary artery disease. This index can be utilized effectively due to its accessibility and affordability, making it a promising tool for risk assessment in clinical settings.

The association of in-utero exposure to air pollution and atherogenic index of plasma in newborns

BACKGROUND

Prenatal exposure to particulate matter (PM) and traffic was associated with the programming of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in early life. However, the exact underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the association between in-utero exposure to PMs and traffic indicators with the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) in newborns, which is a precise index reflecting an enhancement of lipid risk factors for CVDs.

METHODS

In this cross-sectional study, a total of 300 mother-newborn pairs were enrolled in Sabzevar, Iran. Spatiotemporal land-use regression models were used to estimate the level of PM1, PM2.5 and PM10 at the mother's residential address. The total length of streets in different buffers (100,300 and 500m) and proximity to major roads were calculated as indicators of traffic. The AIP of cord blood samples was calculated using an AIP calculator. Multiple linear regression models were used to examine the association of PM concentrations as well as traffic indicators with AIP controlled for relevant covariates.

RESULTS

PM2.5 exposure was significantly associated with higher levels of AIP in newborns. Each interquartile range (IQR) increment of PM2.5 concentration at the mothers' residential addresses was associated with a 5.3% (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.0, 10.6%, P = 0.04) increase in the AIP. Associations between PM1, PM10 and traffic indicators with cord blood level of AIP were positive but not statistically significant.

CONCLUSION

Our findings showed that in utero exposure to PM2.5 may be associated with CVDs programming through the increase of atherogenic lipids.

Elevated atherogenic index of plasma associated with stroke risk in general Chinese

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

The atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) is supposed to be associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD), but there is limited evidence on its longitudinal effect. Our study aimed to explore the associations between baseline and long-term AIP with the risk of stroke and its subtypes.

METHODS AND RESULTS

A total of 97,959 participants free of stroke at baseline were included in the Kailuan study. The AIP was calculated as the logarithm of the ratio of triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The updated mean AIP was calculated as the average of the AIP from baseline to the first occurrence of outcome or the end of follow-up. The outcome was the first occurrence of stroke, including ischemic stroke (IS) and intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). We used univariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazard models to explore the association between AIP and the risk of stroke. During a median follow-up of 12.79 years, a total of 6307 participants developed stroke, including 5482 IS and 1024 ICH. Compared with the 1st quartile of baseline AIP, the multivariate-adjusted HR in the 4th quartile was 1.12 (95% CI, 1.03-1.22, p for trend <0.001) for stroke risk. Same results were found in IS, but no significant association was found for ICH. The associations between updated mean AIP and stroke and its subtypes showed similar results.

CONCLUSIONS

Elevated levels of both baseline and long-term updated mean AIP were associated with the risk of stroke and IS but not ICH in the general population.

Association Between Atherogenic Index of Plasma and Risk of Incident Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events

It is unclear whether the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) is associated with major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) in the general population. A total of 361,644 participants (aged 56.19 ± 8.09 years; 44.79% male) free of a history of MACEs at baseline from the UK Biobank data were included in the analysis. The AIP was calculated using log (triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol). Over a mean follow-up of 12.19 ± 1.60 years, 16,683 participants developed MACEs. After adjustment for traditional risk factors, each 1 unit increase in AIP was associated with a 45.3% higher risk of incident MACEs (hazard ratio (HR), 1.453 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.371-1.540], P < 0.001). Results were similar when individuals were categorized by the AIP quartiles (HR, 1.283 [95% CI 1.217-1.351]; comparing extreme quartiles). The subgroup analyses showed that the association between AIP and risk of incident MACEs was more obvious in female participants who are < 60 years old and free of hypertension or diabetes. Sensitivity analysis included participants without any lipid-lowering medication or excluded incident MACEs in the first 2 years of follow-up confirming the robustness of the findings. Elevated AIP is a risk factor of incident MACEs in the general population, independent of traditional risk factors.Dynamic monitoring of the AIP may help select the population at high risk of cardiovascular events and guide primary prevention.

Longitudinal trajectories of atherogenic index of plasma and risks of cardiovascular diseases: results from the Korean genome and epidemiology study

BACKGROUND

Although the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) based on a single measurement is a known risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), little is known about whether changes in AIP over time are related to incident CVD. We aimed to determine whether AIP trajectory, which reflects homogenous AIP trends for a particular period, is associated with CVD risk.

METHODS

Data from 5,843 participants of the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES) were analyzed. The KoGES had been conducted biennially from the baseline survey (2001-2002) to the eighth follow-up survey (2017-2018). The research design specifies the exposure period from baseline to the third follow-up, designates the latent period at the fourth follow-up, and establishes the event accrual period from the fifth to the eighth follow-up. During the exposure period, we identified two trajectories: a decreasing (n = 3,036) and an increasing group (n = 2,807) using latent variable mixture modeling. Information on CVD was collected initially through the self-reporting, followed by in depth person-to-person interview conducted by a well-trained examiner. During the event accrual period, the cumulative incidence rates of CVD between the two AIP trajectory groups were estimated using Kaplan-Meier analysis with the log-rank test. Multiple Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

RESULTS

The increasing AIP trajectory group had a significantly higher cumulative incidence rate of CVD than the decreasing AIP trajectory group. Compared to the decreasing AIP trajectory group, the increasing AIP trajectory group had a higher risk of incident CVD (HR: 1.31, 95% CI: 1.02-1.69) after adjusting for confounders.

CONCLUSIONS

The risk of incident CVD increased when the AIP level showed an increasing trend and remained high over a long period. This suggests that checking and managing the trajectory of the AIP can be a preventive strategy for incident CVD.

The relation between atherogenic index of plasma and cardiovascular outcomes in prediabetic individuals with unstable angina pectoris

BACKGROUND

The atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) is a novel biomarker associated with atherosclerosis, and an important risk factor for atherosclerosis, but its relation with cardiovascular prognosis in prediabetic patients with unstable angina pectoris (UAP) is still uncertain.

METHODS

This study included 1096 prediabetic patients with UAP who were subjected to follow-up for a maximum of 30 months, with cardiac death, refractory angina, and non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI) being the primary cardiovascular endpoints.

RESULTS

A significantly increased AIP was observed for the group with primary cardiovascular endpoints. Kaplan-Meier curves corresponding to these endpoints revealed pronounced differences between these two AIP groups (Log-rank P < 0.001). Multivariate Cox proportional hazards analyses highlighted AIP as being independent related to this primary endpoint (HR 1.308, 95% CI: 1.213-1.412, P < 0.001). AIP addition to the baseline risk model improved the prediction of the primary endpoint (AUC: baseline model, 0.622, vs. baseline model + AIP, 0.739, P < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

AIP could be used to predict cardiovascular events in prediabetic individuals with UAP.

Association between cumulative atherogenic index of plasma exposure and risk of myocardial infarction in the general population

BACKGROUND

Atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) has been confirmed as a novel marker for myocardial infarction (MI), but few evidence on the long-term AIP and MI risk in general populations. We thus aimed to evaluate the relationships of cumulative exposure to AIP and its accumulation time course with the risk of MI.

METHODS

A total of 54,440 participants were enrolled in the Kailuan study. Time-weighted cumulative AIP was calculated as the weighted sum of the mean AIP value for each time interval, then normalized by total exposure duration, the exposure duration was from 2006 to 2010. Duration of high AIP exposure was defined as the duration with high AIP and ranged from 0 to 6 years. The time course of AIP accumulation was categorized by the combination of time-weighted cumulative AIP < or ≥ median (- 0.12) and AIP slope.

RESULTS

After 11.05 years of follow-up, 766 incident MI cases were documented. After adjustment for potential confounders, higher risk of MI was observed in participants with the highest time-weighted cumulative AIP quartile (HR, 1.89; 95% CI 1.47-2.43), the longest exposure duration of high AIP (HR, 1.52; 95% CI 1.18-1.95), and those with high time-weighted cumulative AIP and negative slope (HR, 1.42; 95% CI 1.13-1.79).

CONCLUSIONS

Long-term cumulative exposure to AIP and the time course of AIP accumulation increased the risk of MI. High AIP earlier resulted in a greater risk increase than later in life with the same time-weighted cumulative AIP, emphasizing the importance of controlling atherogenic dyslipidemia early in life.

Therapeutic implication of Sonic Hedgehog as a potential modulator in ischemic injury

Sonic Hedgehog (SHh) is a homology protein that is involved in the modeling and development of embryonic tissues. As SHh plays both protective and harmful roles in ischemia, any disruption in the transduction and regulation of the SHh signaling pathway causes ischemia to worsen. The SHh signal activation occurs when SHh binds to the receptor complex of Ptc-mediated Smoothened (Smo) (Ptc-smo), which initiates the downstream signaling cascade. This article will shed light on how pharmacological modifications to the SHh signaling pathway transduction mechanism alter ischemic conditions via canonical and non-canonical pathways by activating certain downstream signaling cascades with respect to protein kinase pathways, angiogenic cytokines, inflammatory mediators, oxidative parameters, and apoptotic pathways. The canonical pathway includes direct activation of interleukins (ILs), angiogenic cytokines like hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), and hypoxia-inducible factor alpha (HIF-), which modulate ischemia. The non-canonical pathway includes indirect activation of certain pathways like mTOR, PI3K/Akt, MAPK, RhoA/ROCK, Wnt/-catenin, NOTCH, Forkhead box protein (FOXF), Toll-like receptors (TLR), oxidative parameters such as GSH, SOD, and CAT, and some apoptotic parameters such as Bcl2. This review provides comprehensive insights that contribute to our knowledge of how SHh impacts the progression and outcomes of ischemic injuries.

The Comparison of the Associations of Lipoprotein(a) and the Atherogenic Index of Plasma With Coronary Artery Calcification in Patients Without High LDL-C: A Comparative Analysis

Objective

Lipoprotein(a) (Lp[a]) and the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) have been reported as predictive markers of coronary artery calcium (CAC). However, previous studies demonstrated that the cardiovascular risk associations with Lp(a) are attenuated in patients with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels ≤135 mg/dL. However, few articles have identified the risk factors of CAC in patients without high LDL-C. Therefore, we performed this study to investigate the association of Lp(a) and AIP with CAC in patients with LDL-C levels ≤135 mg/dL.

Methods

This study included 625 lipid-lowering agent naive patients with LDL-C levels ≤135 mg/dL who underwent coronary computed tomographic angiography. We performed multivariate logistic regression analysis to evaluate the risk factors for a coronary artery calcium score (CACS) >0, CACS ≥400, and CAC ≥90th percentile.

Results

The mean age of the patients was 55.0±7.9 years and their mean LDL-C level was 94.7 ±23.3 mg/dL. Multivariate regression analysis showed that age, male sex, diabetes, hypertension, Lp(a), and AIP were independent predictors of CAS>0. Age, male sex, and diabetes were independent predictors of CACS≥400. Diabetes, hypertension, and AIP were independent predictors of CAC ≥90th percentile (all p<0.05). Unlike Lp(a), higher AIP tertiles were associated with significantly higher CAC percentiles and greater proportions of patients with CACS ≥400 and CAC ≥90th percentile.

Conclusion

In patients without high LDL-C, AIP could be a more reliable predictor of CAC than Lp(a).

Association between the atherogenic index of plasma and major adverse cardiovascular events among non-diabetic hypertensive older adults

Background

Literature on the association between the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) and the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) among non-diabetic hypertensive older adults is quite limited.

Methods

A post-hoc analysis of data obtained from the Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial was performed. The predictive value of AIP on the risk of MACEs among non-diabetic hypertensive older adults was assessed to evaluate whether the benefit of intensive blood pressure (BP) control in preventing MACEs is consistent in different AIP subgroups.

Results

In this study, 9323 participants with AIP were included, out of which 561 (6.02%) had composite cardiovascular outcomes during a median of 3.22 years of follow-up. Patients in the highest AIP quartile had a significantly increased risk of the primary outcome. In the fully adjusted Model 3, the adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) of the primary outcome for participants in Q2, Q3, and Q4 of AIP were 1.32 (1.02, 1.72), 1.38 (1.05, 1.81), and 1.56 (1.17, 2.08) respectively. Consistently, the trend test for the association between AIP quartiles and the primary outcome showed that a higher AIP quartile was associated with a significantly higher risk of the primary outcome (adjusted HR (95%CI) in model 3:1.14 (1.04, 1.25), P = 0,004). However, within each AIP quartile, absolute event rates were lower in the intensive treatment group. No evidence was found for the interaction between intensive BP control and AIP for the risk of the primary outcome (P for interaction = 0.932).

Conclusion

This study found that elevated AIP was independently and positively associated with the risk of MACEs among non-diabetic hypertensive older adults. The benefits of intensive BP control in managing cardiovascular events were consistent in different AIP subgroups.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12944-022-01670-6.

Association of the atherogenic index of plasma with cardiovascular risk beyond the traditional risk factors: a nationwide population-based cohort study

Background

The atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) is composed of triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and is a novel marker for assessing the risk of atherogenicity and cardiometabolic health. An association between AIP and greater frequency of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and high cardiovascular (CV) disease risk has been reported. However, only few studies have examined the correlation between AIP and CV risk in general populations. We thus aimed to evaluate the relationship between AIP and CV diseases using a large-scale population dataset from the Korean National Health Insurance Service-National Health Screening Cohort (NHIS-HEALS).

Methods

A total of 514,866 participants were enrolled from the NHIS-HEALS and classified according to the AIP quartiles. We performed univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analyses to determine the association between AIP and MACEs, CV events, and CV mortality.

Results

During follow-up, we documented 12,133, 11,055, and 1942 cases of MACEs, CV events, and CV mortality, respectively. The multivariate-adjusted hazard ratios [HRs; 95% confidence interval (CI)] for MACEs gradually and significantly increased with the AIP quartiles [1.113 (1.054–1.175) in Q2, 1.175 (1.113–1.240) in Q3, and 1.278 (1.209–1.350) in Q4], following an adjustment for the conventional CV risk factors, including age, sex, body mass index, smoking, alcohol drinking, physical activities, household income, fasting glucose, systolic blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and estimated glomerular filtration rate. In subgroup analyses, the association of AIP with MACEs and CV events was particularly outstanding in patients with diabetes.

Conclusions

AIP was significantly associated with CV risks after adjusting for the traditional risk factors. Therefore, it may be used as an effective mass screening method to identify patients at a high risk of CV events.

Supplementary information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12933-022-01522-8.

Atherogenic Risk, Anthropometry, Diet and Physical Activity in a Sample of Spanish Commercial Airline Pilots

Cardiovascular accidents are the most disabling event for pilots, causing complicated situations during flight and the withdrawal of license. The study aims to assess the modifiable risk factors and the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) associated with anthropometric, physiometabolic and lifestyle profiles in a sample of Spanish aviation pilots. Data from pilots’ clinical and professional history, anthropometric and bioelectrical impedance assessments of nutritional status, and diet and physical activity questionnaires. The sample comprised 304 men pilots. Up to 53.6% showed excess weight, of which 6.4% were obese, 64.3% presented high relative adiposity and 64.6% showed abdominal obesity. Regarding the physiometabolic profile, 10.0% had hypertension, 42.6% hypercholesterolemia, 9.4% high LDL and 10.6% low HDL, 9.4% hyperglycemia and 8.1% hypertriglyceridemia. The adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) was high in 29.7% and low in 14.7%. Most of the sample showed a good physical activity level. The AIP risk increased with higher obesity indicators and LDL cholesterol levels. There was an inverse relationship between the MedDiet adherence and vigorous physical activity and the risk of atherogenicity. Elevated rates of overweight, abdominal obesity and hypercholesterolemia were found, contributing to the atherogenic risk of plasma (AIP). This parameter was significantly associated with all anthropometric indicators and LDL cholesterol. Prevention plans on reducing excess fat and blood cholesterol levels are recommended to reduce cardiovascular risk in Spanish aviation pilots and ensure flight safety.

Atherogenic Index of Plasma and Its Association with Risk Factors of Coronary Artery Disease and Nutrient Intake in Korean Adult Men: The 2013–2014 KNHANES

Coronary artery disease (CAD) has been linked to one of the highest death rates globally. The atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) may be an important predictor of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease, superior to the standard atherosclerotic lipid profile. This study investigated the relationship between AIP and obesity indices, blood glucose, lipid profile, and nutrient intake status in Korean adult men. The study included 1292 males aged ≥19 years old who participated in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2013–2014. Participants were divided into four groups according to AIP quartiles, calculated as log (triglyceride (TG)/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)). Body mass index, waist circumference, fasting blood glucose, hemoglobin A1c, total cholesterol, TG, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels increased as AIP levels increased, whereas HDL-C level declined. As the level of AIP increased, intake of saturated fatty acid, calcium, phosphorus, riboflavin, milk, and dairy product decreased significantly, and the contribution rate of milk and dairy products to fat intake decreased. AIP was linked to obesity indices, blood glucose, and blood lipid profile in Korean men, suggesting that it could predict CAD.

Atherogenic index of plasma for non-diabetic, coronary artery disease patients after percutaneous coronary intervention: a prospective study of the long-term outcomes in China

Background

Non-diabetic coronary artery disease (CAD) patients are thought to encounter metabolic dysfunction and while these changes may be imperceptible to the patient they probably influence outcomes. At present, there is no system to support patients sensing these subtle changes, nor is there an established model for prognoses. The Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP) index has already proven useful for atherosclerosis although further research is needed, especially for those without hyperglycemia.

Methods

This is a prospective study of 5538 non-diabetic CAD patients who had received percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Participants were assigned to one of three groups according to their AIP index. High AIP index cases were then compared to low index patients according to major adverse cardiac events (MACE). Restricted cubic spline (RCS) analysis was also conducted to investigate interrelations between AIP index levels and hazard ratios (HR) for MACEs.

Results

Patients with a high AIP index encountered metabolic dysfunction compared to those with a low AIP index i.e., higher Body Mass Index (BMI), Total Cholesterol (TC), Triglycerides (TG), and uric acid as well as lower HDL-C. Each of the aforementioned interrelations were significant with p values of less than 0.001. There was also a significant increase in the number of MACEs in the high AIP index group compared to the low AIP index group (HR: 1.37, 95% CI 1.04–1.81; p = 0.025). A J-shaped RCS curve highlighted a change in the HR after the 0.18 juncture (HR per SD: 1.20, 95% CI 0.96–1.50). Further subgroup analysis supported the main findings, all with HRs greater than one.

Conclusion

The AIP index could be used in prognostics for non-diabetic CAD patients 2 years after PCI. The relationship between hazard ratio and the AIP index appears to be J-shaped. Although, further multi-center studies designed for non-diabetic patients with potential metabolic dysfunction should be conducted to determine the value of the AIP index.

Longitudinal Effects of Serum Calcium and Phosphate Levels and Their Ratio on Incident Ischemic Heart Disease among Korean Adults

Serum calcium and phosphate levels are controlled by a regulatory system, but their individual concentration tendencies and interactions may affect long-term vascular health. This study aimed to assess the effects of serum calcium and phosphate levels on incident ischemic heart disease (IHD) in a large-scale community-dwelling Korean cohort. We evaluated 15,259 non-diabetic individuals (median age, 45 years; range, 30–85) without previous IHD or ischemic stroke using the Korean National Health Insurance data. The study population was classified based on the calcium, phosphate, and calcium/phosphate ratios. Using Cox proportional hazards regression models, we estimated hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for IHD over 50 months after baseline enrolment. The age- and sex-adjusted incidence of IHD gradually increased with serum calcium and phosphate quartiles and decreased with calcium/phosphate ratio quartiles, with an overall crude rate of 2.1% (315/15,259). After setting the lowest calcium, phosphate, and calcium/phosphate ratio quartiles as a reference group, the HRs (95% CIs) of the highest calcium, phosphate, and calcium/phosphate ratio quartiles for IHD were 1.77 (1.15–2.72), 1.73 (1.18–2.55), and 0.58 (0.39–0.87), respectively, after adjusting for potential confounding variables. Serum calcium and phosphate levels were positively associated with IHD incidence, while the serum calcium/phosphate ratio exhibited an inverse relationship. Serum calcium and phosphate homeostasis may merit serious consideration to understand the pathogenesis of coronary atherosclerosis as a risk modifier for IHD.

Predictive Value of Plasma Atherogenic Index for Microalbuminuria in Newly Diagnosed Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

PURPOSE

This study aims to explore the predictive value of plasma atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) for microalbuminuria (MAU) in newly diagnosed patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

METHODS

This study was a retrospective study, which included 335 newly diagnosed T2DM patients. They were divided into microalbuminuria group (group A, n = 105 cases) and no microalbuminuria group (group B, n = 230 cases) according to whether microalbuminuria occurred. General information and laboratory examination indexes of patients were collected, and AIP was calculated. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the independent risk factors of microalbuminuria in T2DM patients, and receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was established to evaluate the predictive value of AIP on MAU of newly diagnosed T2DM patients.

RESULTS

According to general data analysis, AIP level in group A was significantly higher than that in group B (P < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that AIP was an independent risk factor for microalbuminuria (P < 0.05). The receiver operating characteristic curve showed that the area under the curve (AUC) of AIP was 0.772 (P < 0.05), which had a good predictive value for the occurrence of MAU in newly diagnosed T2DM patients. The waist-hip ratio, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, fasting blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin and AIP were used to make a joint model, and the AUC was 0.841 (P < 0.05), which had a better predictive value for the occurrence of MAU.

CONCLUSIONS

AIP is an independent risk factor and could predict the occurrence of MAU in newly diagnosed T2DM patients. AIP provides clinicians a reliable basis to quickly identify high-risk patients and formulate appropriate treatment strategies.