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Kruszewski M, Kruszewski A, Tabęcki R, Kuźmicki S, Stec K, Ambroży T, Aksenov MO, Merchelski M, Danielik T. Effectiveness of high-fat and high-carbohydrate diets on body composition and maximal strength after 15 weeks of resistance training. Adv Med Sci 2024; 69:139-146. [PMID: 38428587 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2024.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to compare High Carbohydrates Low Fat (HCLF) and Low Carbohydrate High Fat (LCHF) diets in terms of changes in body composition and maximal strength. PATIENTS/METHODS The study involved 48 men aged 25 ± 2.5, divided into two groups, one of which (n = 23) was following the LCHF diet and the other (n = 25) the HCLF diet. Both groups performed the same resistance training protocol for 15 weeks. Maximal strength in squat, bench press and deadlift was assessed pre- and post-intervention. Measurements of selected body circumferences and tissue parameters were made using the multifunctional, multi-frequency, direct bioelectric impedance InBody 770 analyzer from InBody Co., Ltd (Cerritos, California, USA). The team with the necessary qualifications and experience in research performed all the measurements and maintained participants' oversight throughout the entire length of the study. RESULTS Both nutritional approaches were effective in terms of reducing body fat mass. The HCLF group achieved greater skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Significant decreases in body circumferences, especially in the abdominal area, were observed for both dietary approaches. Maximal strength significantly increased in the HCLF group and decreased in the LCHF group. CONCLUSION Holistic analysis of the results led to the conclusion that both dietary approaches may elicit positive adaptations in body composition. The two approaches constitute useful alternatives for both recreational exercisers and physique athletes with body composition goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Kruszewski
- Department of Physical Education, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Artur Kruszewski
- Department of Physical Education, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafał Tabęcki
- Department of Physical Education, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Stanisław Kuźmicki
- Department of Physical Education, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Stec
- Department of Health Sciences, Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, Częstochowa, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Ambroży
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Physical Education in Kraków, Cracow, Poland
| | - Maksim Olegovich Aksenov
- Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, Academic Department of Physical Education, Moscow, Russia; Banzarov Buryat State University, Department of Physical Education Theory, Faculty of Physical Training, Sport and Tourism, Ulan-Ude, Russia
| | - Maciej Merchelski
- Department of Physical Education, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Danielik
- Department of Physical Education, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Grabia M, Perkowski J, Socha K, Markiewicz-Żukowska R. Female Athlete Triad and Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs): Nutritional Management. Nutrients 2024; 16:359. [PMID: 38337644 PMCID: PMC10857508 DOI: 10.3390/nu16030359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The female athlete triad (TRIAD) is a spectrum of disorders involving low energy availability (LEA), low bone mineral density, and menstrual disorders. It is increasingly common to use the term 'relative energy deficiency in sport' (RED), emphasising the extensive impact of LEA on the body. The aim of this narrative review was to gather original research encompassing female athletes across various sports as well as to collect findings on the potential of a nutrition-focused approach to prevent or treat the aforementioned disorders. A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed and Scopus. Several challenges were identified regarding the adequacy of the energy availability, protein, and carbohydrate requirements in the diets of female athletes. Moreover, insufficient intake of vitamin D has been observed across all athlete groups studied. This insufficiency also extends to the average requirement for Ca, Mg, the Ca/P ratio, Zn, and Fe. To address those concerns, a nutritional approach is proposed in the latter part of this review. The factors that can improve the absorption of micronutrients have also been discussed. The TRIAD/REDs affect an ever-growing number of women and require appropriate therapeutic management, particularly through nutritional care. Therefore, cooperation within an interdisciplinary team comprising a physician, nutritionist, physiotherapist, and psychologist is crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Grabia
- Department of Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Białystok, 2D Mickiewicza Street, 15-222 Białystok, Poland (K.S.)
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Posthumus L, Driller M, Winwood P, Gill N. The Development of a Resting Metabolic Rate Prediction Equation for Professional Male Rugby Union Players. Nutrients 2024; 16:271. [PMID: 38257164 PMCID: PMC10819669 DOI: 10.3390/nu16020271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Determining resting metabolic rate (RMR) is an important aspect when calculating energy requirements for professional rugby union players. Prediction equations are often used for convenience to estimate RMR. However, the accuracy of current prediction equations for professional rugby union players remains unclear. The aims of this study were to examine the RMR of professional male rugby union players compared to nine commonly used prediction equations and develop and validate RMR prediction equations specific to professional male rugby union players. One hundred and eight players (body mass (BM) = 102.9 ± 13.3 kg; fat-free mass (FFM) = 84.8 ± 10.2 kg) undertook Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry scans to assess body composition and indirect calorimetry to determine RMR. Mean RMR values of 2585 ± 176 kcal∙day-1 were observed among the group with forwards (2706 ± 94 kcal·day-1), demonstrating significantly (p < 0.01; d = 1.93) higher RMR compared to backs (2465 ± 156 kcal·day-1), which appeared to be due to their higher BM and FFM measures. Compared to the measured RMR for the group, seven of the nine commonly used prediction equations significantly (p < 0.05) under-estimated RMR (-104-346 kcal·day-1), and one equation significantly (p < 0.01) over-estimated RMR (192 kcal·day-1). This led to the development of a new prediction equation using stepwise linear regression, which determined that the strongest predictor of RMR for this group was FFM alone (R2 = 0.70; SEE = 96.65), followed by BM alone (R2 = 0.65; SEE = 104.97). Measuring RMR within a group of professional male rugby union players is important, as current prediction equations may under- or over-estimate RMR. If direct measures of RMR cannot be obtained, we propose the newly developed prediction equations be used to estimate RMR within professional male rugby union players. Otherwise, developing team- and/or group-specific prediction equations is encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan Posthumus
- Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, The University of Waikato, Hamilton 3216, New Zealand;
- New Zealand Rugby, Wellington 6011, New Zealand
- Faculty of Health, Education and Environment, Toi Ohomai Institute of Technology, Tauranga 3112, New Zealand;
| | - Matthew Driller
- Sport, Performance, and Nutrition Research Group, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, Melbourne 3086, Australia;
| | - Paul Winwood
- Faculty of Health, Education and Environment, Toi Ohomai Institute of Technology, Tauranga 3112, New Zealand;
- Department of Sport and Recreation, Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 0627, New Zealand
| | - Nicholas Gill
- Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, The University of Waikato, Hamilton 3216, New Zealand;
- New Zealand Rugby, Wellington 6011, New Zealand
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Kysel P, Haluzíková D, Pleyerová I, Řezníčková K, Laňková I, Lacinová Z, Havrlantová T, Mráz M, Kasperová BJ, Kovářová V, Thieme L, Trnovská J, Svoboda P, Hubáčková SŠ, Vilikus Z, Haluzík M. Different Effects of Cyclical Ketogenic vs. Nutritionally Balanced Reduction Diet on Serum Concentrations of Myokines in Healthy Young Males Undergoing Combined Resistance/Aerobic Training. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15071720. [PMID: 37049560 PMCID: PMC10096784 DOI: 10.3390/nu15071720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Myokines represent important regulators of muscle metabolism. Our study aimed to explore the effects of a cyclical ketogenic reduction diet (CKD) vs. a nutritionally balanced reduction diet (RD) combined with regular resistance/aerobic training in healthy young males on serum concentrations of myokines and their potential role in changes in physical fitness. Twenty-five subjects undergoing regular resistance/aerobic training were randomized to the CKD (n = 13) or RD (n = 12) groups. Anthropometric and spiroergometric parameters, muscle strength, biochemical parameters, and serum concentrations of myokines and cytokines were assessed at baseline and after 8 weeks of intervention. Both diets reduced body weight, body fat, and BMI. Muscle strength and endurance performance were improved only by RD. Increased musclin (32.9 pg/mL vs. 74.5 pg/mL, p = 0.028) and decreased osteonectin levels (562 pg/mL vs. 511 pg/mL, p = 0.023) were observed in RD but not in the CKD group. In contrast, decreased levels of FGF21 (181 pg/mL vs. 86.4 pg/mL, p = 0.003) were found in the CKD group only. Other tested myokines and cytokines were not significantly affected by the intervention. Our data suggest that changes in systemic osteonectin and musclin levels could contribute to improved muscle strength and endurance performance and partially explain the differential effects of CKD and RD on physical fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Kysel
- Department of Sports Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, 128 08 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Denisa Haluzíková
- Department of Sports Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, 128 08 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Iveta Pleyerová
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 140 21 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Řezníčková
- Diabetes Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 140 21 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Laňková
- Diabetes Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 140 21 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeňka Lacinová
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 140 21 Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, 121 11 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Havrlantová
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 140 21 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miloš Mráz
- Diabetes Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 140 21 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Judita Kasperová
- Diabetes Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 140 21 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Viktorie Kovářová
- Diabetes Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 140 21 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Thieme
- Diabetes Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 140 21 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslava Trnovská
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 140 21 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Svoboda
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 140 21 Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Soňa Štemberková Hubáčková
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 140 21 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Vilikus
- Department of Sports Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, 128 08 Prague, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: (Z.V.); (M.H.)
| | - Martin Haluzík
- Diabetes Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 140 21 Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, 121 11 Prague, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: (Z.V.); (M.H.)
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Śliż D, Wiecha S, Ulaszewska K, Gąsior JS, Lewandowski M, Kasiak PS, Mamcarz A. COVID-19 and athletes: Endurance sport and activity resilience study-CAESAR study. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1078763. [PMID: 36589442 PMCID: PMC9800893 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1078763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic and imposed restrictions influenced athletic societies, although current knowledge about mild COVID-19 consequences on cardiopulmonary and physiologic parameters remains inconclusive. This study aimed to assess the impact of mild COVID-19 inflection on cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) performance among endurance athletes (EA) with varied fitness level. Materials and Methods: 49 EA (nmale = 43, nfemale = 6, mean age = 39.94 ± 7.80 yr, height = 178.45 cm, weight = 76.62 kg; BMI = 24.03 kgm-2) underwent double treadmill or cycle ergometer CPET and body analysis (BA) pre- and post-mild COVID-19 infection. Mild infection was defined as: (1) without hospitalization and (2) without prolonged health complications lasting for >14 days. Speed, power, heart rate (HR), oxygen uptake (VO2), pulmonary ventilation, blood lactate concentration (at the anaerobic threshold (AT)), respiratory compensation point (RCP), and maximum exertion were measured before and after COVID-19 infection. Pearson's and Spearman's r correlation coefficients and Student t-test were applied to assess relationship between physiologic or exercise variables and time. Results: The anthropometric measurements did not differ significantly before and after COVID-19. There was a significant reduction in VO2 at the AT and RCP (both p < 0.001). Pre-COVID-19 VO2 was 34.97 ± 6.43 ml kg·min-1, 43.88 ± 7.31 ml kg·min-1 and 47.81 ± 7.81 ml kg·min-1 respectively for AT, RCP and maximal and post-COVID-19 VO2 was 32.35 ± 5.93 ml kg·min-1, 40.49 ± 6.63 ml kg·min-1 and 44.97 ± 7.00 ml kg·min-1 respectively for AT, RCP and maximal. Differences of HR at AT (p < 0.001) and RCP (p < 0.001) was observed. The HR before infection was 145.08 ± 10.82 bpm for AT and 168.78 ± 9.01 bpm for RCP and HR after infection was 141.12 ± 9.99 bpm for AT and 165.14 ± 9.74 bpm for RCP. Time-adjusted measures showed significance for body fat (r = 0.46, p < 0.001), fat mass (r = 0.33, p = 0.020), cycling power at the AT (r = -0.29, p = 0.045), and HR at RCP (r = -0.30, p = 0.036). Conclusion: A mild COVID-19 infection resulted in a decrease in EA's CPET performance. The most significant changes were observed for VO2 and HR. Medical Professionals and Training Specialists should be aware of the consequences of a mild COVID-19 infection in order to recommend optimal therapeutic methods and properly adjust the intensity of training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Śliż
- 3rd Department of Internal Diseases and Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland,Students’ Scientific Group of Lifestyle Medicine, 3rd Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland,Polish Society of Lifestyle Medicine, Warsaw, Poland,School of Public Health, Postgraduate Medical Education Center, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Szczepan Wiecha
- Department of Physical Education and Health in Biala Podlaska, Faculty in Biala Podlaska, Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Biala Podlaska, Poland,*Correspondence: Szczepan Wiecha, ; Przemysław Seweryn Kasiak,
| | - Katarzyna Ulaszewska
- Students’ Scientific Group of Lifestyle Medicine, 3rd Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub S. Gąsior
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and General Pediatrics, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Lewandowski
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology Collegium Medicum, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Przemysław Seweryn Kasiak
- 3rd Department of Internal Diseases and Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland,Students’ Scientific Group of Lifestyle Medicine, 3rd Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland,*Correspondence: Szczepan Wiecha, ; Przemysław Seweryn Kasiak,
| | - Artur Mamcarz
- 3rd Department of Internal Diseases and Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland,Polish Society of Lifestyle Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
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