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Albaker WI, Al-Hariri MT, Al Elq AH, Alomair NA, Alamoudi AS, Voutchkov N, Ihm S, Namazi MA, Alsayyah AA, AlRubaish FA, Alohli FT, Zainuddin FA, Alobaidi AA, Almuzain FA, Elamin MO, Alamoudi NB, Alamer MA, Alghamdi AA, AlRubaish NA. Beneficial effects of adding magnesium to desalinated drinking water on metabolic and insulin resistance parameters among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled clinical trial. NPJ CLEAN WATER 2022; 5:63. [PMID: 36408199 PMCID: PMC9660218 DOI: 10.1038/s41545-022-00207-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
There is evidence that increasing the consumption of water containing magnesium can improve glucose metabolism and insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This trial was undertaken with the objective of evaluating the effect of adding different concentrations of magnesium chloride to the desalinated drinking water on the glycemic, metabolic, and insulin resistance parameters among patients with T2DM. A randomized cross-sectional controlled clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of adding magnesium chloride supplement to desalinated drinking water consumed by patients with T2DM on the glycemic and metabolic parameters and indicators of insulin sensitivity. The total number of patients with T2DM who successfully completed the trial is 102. Patients were randomly allocated into three groups: the first group received bottled water without added magnesium (0 mg/L) (Group A, n = 37); the second group received bottled water with a low level of magnesium (20 mg/L) (Group B, n = 33); and the third group received drinking water with a high level of magnesium (50 mg/L) (Group C, n = 32). The daily consumption of elemental magnesium for a period of 3 months resulted in significant improvement in HbA1C (8.0 vs 8.2%, p = 0.04), insulin level (7.5 vs 9.9 μIU/mL, p = 0.03), and homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance (HOMA.IR) (2.5 vs 2.9, p = 0.002) in group C. However, there was no significant improvement in fasting blood glucose (FBS) level or lipid profile. The results of this study suggest that oral magnesium supplementation at the given dose of 50 mg/L daily added to drinking water could improve long-term glycemic control indicators and reduce insulin resistance in patients with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed I. Albaker
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Eastern Province Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed T. Al-Hariri
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Eastern Province Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulmohsen H. Al Elq
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Eastern Province Saudi Arabia
| | - Nuhad A. Alomair
- Department of Chemistry, Science College, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Eastern Province Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed S. Alamoudi
- Desalination Technologies Research Institute, Saline Water Conversation Corporation, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nikalay Voutchkov
- Desalination Technologies Research Institute, Saline Water Conversation Corporation, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Seungwon Ihm
- Desalination Technologies Research Institute, Saline Water Conversation Corporation, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A. Namazi
- Desalination Technologies Research Institute, Saline Water Conversation Corporation, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A. Alsayyah
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Eastern Province Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatima A. AlRubaish
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Eastern Province Saudi Arabia
| | - Fadwa T. Alohli
- Department of Family Medicine, Armed Forces Hospital, Dhahran, Eastern Province Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatma A. Zainuddin
- Department of Medical Allied Services, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University -King Fahd Hospital of the University Eastern Province, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anwar A. Alobaidi
- Department of Medical Allied Services, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University -King Fahd Hospital of the University Eastern Province, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatimah A. Almuzain
- Department of Medical Allied Services, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University -King Fahd Hospital of the University Eastern Province, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed O. Elamin
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Eastern Province Saudi Arabia
| | - Naela B. Alamoudi
- College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Eastern Province Saudi Arabia
- Present Address: Emergency Medicine Department, King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Eastern Health Cluster, Dammam, Eastern Province Saudi Arabia
| | - Mashael A. Alamer
- Intern, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Eastern Province Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman A. Alghamdi
- Intern, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Eastern Province Saudi Arabia
| | - Nafie A. AlRubaish
- Intern, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Eastern Province Saudi Arabia
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Kheriji N, Boukhalfa W, Mahjoub F, Hechmi M, Dakhlaoui T, Mrad M, Hadj Salah Bahlous A, Ben Amor N, Jamoussi H, Kefi R. The Role of Dietary Intake in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Importance of Macro and Micronutrients in Glucose Homeostasis. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14102132. [PMID: 35631273 PMCID: PMC9143672 DOI: 10.3390/nu14102132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is increasing worldwide. Genetics and lifestyle, especially diet, are contributing factors. Analyses of macro- and micronutrient intake across global populations may help to explain their impact on glucose homeostasis and disease development. To this end, 420 Tunisians were enrolled in a prospective cross-sectional study of daily food consumption. Various data were collected and blood samples were drawn for biochemical assay. A 24-h recall questionnaire was obtained from participants to evaluate dietary intake. Statistical analyses were conducted using Nutrilog and R software. Biochemical analyses stratified the studied population (n = 371) into three groups: diabetics (n = 106), prediabetics (n = 192) and controls (n = 73); 49 subjects were excluded. Our results showed that Tunisians had hypercaloric diets high in carbohydrates and fat with variability in the levels of some vitamins and minerals, including riboflavin and niacin, that were statistically different among groups. The lower intake of vitamin D was associated with a greater risk of T2D. Higher vitamin A and sodium intake were associated with poor glucose homeostasis, although protein intake may improve it. In perspective, nutrigenomic studies can provide insight into problematic diets and poor eating habits and offer opportunities to analyze the effects of behavioral changes that can mitigate T2D development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Kheriji
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar Tunis, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (N.K.); (W.B.); (M.H.)
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, EL Manar I, Tunis 2092, Tunisia; (M.M.); (A.H.S.B.)
| | - Wided Boukhalfa
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar Tunis, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (N.K.); (W.B.); (M.H.)
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, EL Manar I, Tunis 2092, Tunisia; (M.M.); (A.H.S.B.)
| | - Faten Mahjoub
- National Institute of Nutrition & Food Technology of Tunis, Service “A” of Nutritional Diseases, Tunis 1007, Tunisia; (F.M.); (H.J.)
| | - Meriem Hechmi
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar Tunis, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (N.K.); (W.B.); (M.H.)
| | - Thouraya Dakhlaoui
- Regional Association of Diabetics of Zaghouan-Regional Hospital of Zaghouan, Zaghwān 1100, Tunisia;
| | - Mehdi Mrad
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, EL Manar I, Tunis 2092, Tunisia; (M.M.); (A.H.S.B.)
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry and Hormonology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis 1002, Tunisia
| | - Afef Hadj Salah Bahlous
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, EL Manar I, Tunis 2092, Tunisia; (M.M.); (A.H.S.B.)
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry and Hormonology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis 1002, Tunisia
| | - Nadia Ben Amor
- Research Unit UR18ES01 on “Obesity”, National Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Tunis 2092, Tunisia;
| | - Henda Jamoussi
- National Institute of Nutrition & Food Technology of Tunis, Service “A” of Nutritional Diseases, Tunis 1007, Tunisia; (F.M.); (H.J.)
- Research Unit UR18ES01 on “Obesity”, National Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Tunis 2092, Tunisia;
| | - Rym Kefi
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar Tunis, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (N.K.); (W.B.); (M.H.)
- Correspondence:
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